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Sectionalism, Civil War and Reconstruction Test Review 1. List characteristics of the 3 eras: a. Sectionalism: Protective Tariffs, Increasing divide between North and South, Manufacturing society vs. Plantation society, strong central gov’t vs. states’ rights, Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott decision, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Election of 1860 b. Civil War: Secession, slavery and states’ rights, Abraham Lincoln, Confederate States of America, Union. NORTH: Union, Yankees, Yanks; color: blue SOUTH: Confederacy, Confederates, Rebels, Johnny Reb, color: gray c. Reconstruction: process of restoring, repairing (1867-1877). Divided the South into 5 military reconstruction districts. Was good and bad—Freedman’s Bureau helped distribute food and supplies. But the Black Codes were like slavery in disguise—forced former slaves to work for white plantation owners to pay off “debts” and “fines”. 2. Explain the significance of the following date, 1861-1865. Years that the Civil War was fought. 3. Analyze the impact of tariff’s on different sections of the United States. a. North: high tariffs help the industrial North by making their prices more competitive against cheap imports; North liked the tariffs because it caused Americans to buy more American-made products from their industry. b. South: had little industry and imported most non-agriculture goods; saw the high tariff as a burden imposed by the more industrialized and populated North. The tariffs hurt Europe so Europe imported less Southern cotton—so the income of Southerners went down, while the cost of goods went up b/c of the tariffs—so a lose-lose situation for the South. c. West: the West backed government spending on internal improvements such as new roads and canals, and those improvements were financed by money made from the tariffs—so they generally supported tariffs. Explain the causes of the Civil War, including sectionalism, states’ rights, and slavery: a. Missouri Compromise - : by Henry Clay, allowed for Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state, this maintained the balance in the Senate. b. Compromise of 1850 - by Henry Clay, California is admitted as a free state, the slave trade is banned in Washington DC, New Mexico and Utah would be allowed to have popular sovereignty (choose to have slavery or not), and a stronger fugitive slave law is passed. (Texas gives up claims to NM, etc.) c. Kansas-Nebraska Act Passed to encourage settlement of the west, allowed Kansas and Nebraska to have popular sovereignty. Led to a rush from both the North and South to occupy the territories so that each could sway the opinion/vote=>led to “Bleeding Kansas”! d. Dred Scott v. Sandford -- ruled slaves were property, not citizens, therefore could not bring a case to court Motivated North to join abolitionist movement since it explained the horrors of being a slave, but South hated it since they believed they took care of their slaves 4. e. Harper’s Ferry and John Brown - Worried many Southerners when John Brown tried to raid a weapon store so that he could arm the slaves 5. Evaluate the impact of selected landmark Supreme Court decisions, including Dred Scott vs. Sanford, on the life of the United States. Confirmed the status of slaves as property rather than citizens—so declared slavery legal. Also, Congress had no authority over slavery in the territories, and upon statehood, each territory would determine whether it would be a slave state or a free state. 6. a. b. c. d. Explain the roles played by significant individuals during the Civil War: Jefferson Davis: President of the Confederacy during the Civil War. Ulysses S. Grant: Commanding General of the Union Army. Robert E. Lee: Commanding General of the Confederate Army. Abraham Lincoln: 16th President of the United States. 1st Republican President 7. a. Explain the roles played by heroes, such as congressional Medal of Honor recipients: William Carney: served in the 54th Massachusetts Regiment (Union) during the Civil War, he was the first black soldier to receive the Medal of Honor. Phillip Bazaar: : was in the Union navy, won the Medal of Honor for his distinguished service in the Civil War—first Hispanic to win the Medal of Honor b. 8. 9. a. b. Describe the contributions of military leader, Stonewall Jackson. Confederate General in the Civil War, earned his nickname “Stonewall” at the Battle of Bull Run, gifted tactical commander and led troops in the 1st and 2nd Battles of Bull Run (Manassas) and Antietam. Robert E. Lee’s right-hand man. Killed at Chancelorsville by “friendly fire”. Explain the significant events of the Civil War: Firing on Fort Sumter: First shots of the Civil War, the North surrenders the fort, no deaths. Union Blockade: aka “Anaconda Plan” - blockaded Southern ports and harbors to cut off supplies to South c. Battle of Antietam: Battle happened in the North, the bloodiest single day battle, North won. Over 23,000 casualties in 12 hours. d. Emancipation Proclamation: Freed the slaves in the Confederacy, Lincoln was waiting for a victory to announce this and Antietam was as close as he could get. Makes the Civil War a war against slavery. In doing so, he guarantees that the Confederacy wouldn’t receive any foreign support during the war. e. Battle of Vicksburg: After months of a siege (surrounding the city and cutting off all resources) Grant and the Union win, gaining control of the Mississippi river and cutting the South in half. f. Battle of Gettysburg: 51,000 casualties, the second battle to take place in the North. Viewed as a turning point of the war, because after the Union victory the South was never able to invade the North again during the war. g. Gettysburg Address: Lincoln gave a 2-minute speech that addressed what the war had come to mean. It was very meaningful and helped war-weary Americans to look beyond the war and focus on their shared ideals. h. Sherman’s March to the Sea: Sherman led his army away from its supply lines and lived off of the resources they passed through as they marched into the South. They burned, killed, and tore up anything useful to the Confederates. It became known as “total war” / “scorched earth” strategy i. Appomattox Courthouse: Place of Lee’s surrender to Grant, ending the Civil War. j. Assassination of Abraham Lincoln: Shot and killed by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater. 15. Analyze the leadership qualities of Abraham Lincoln. Honesty, Courage, Inspirational, Thoughtful. Through his leadership the Union was preserved and slavery eventually abolished after his assassination in 1865. 16. Analyze Abraham Lincoln’s 1st and 2nd Inaugural Addresses Lincolns First Inaugural Address: a. Liberty: b. Equality: c. Union: d. Government: b. a. Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address: Liberty: b. Equality: c. Union: d. Government: RECONSTRUCTION 17. Radical Republicans: Lincoln was a Republican who wanted to heal the nation and embrace the South again with forgiveness and generosity. But the Radical Republicans wanted to treat the South more harshly. They were against some of Lincoln’s plans for Reconstruction such as allowing Southern states to come back into the Union after ratifying the 13 th amendment, requiring only 10% of white voters to take an oath of allegiance, and compensation of slaveowners 18. Scallawags: Southerners who worked with Republicans during Reconstruction—were viewed as traitors by the South 19. Carpetbaggers: Northerners who went down South during Reconstruction to take advantage of things—hated by South 20. Evaluate legislative reform programs of the Radical Reconstruction Congress and reconstructed state governments: a. Freedmen’s Bureau: : provided food, clothing and education to freedmen (former slaves) and refugees; greatly expanded educational opportunities for newly freed slaves—built lots of schools b. Reconstruction Act of 1867: separated the South into 10 states—then divided into 5 military reconstruction districts. Gave African males the right to vote. th c. 13 Amendment: abolished slavery d. 14th Amendment: guarantees citizenship and rights to all people born or naturalized in the United States e. 15th Amendment: guarantees the right to vote to all citizens regardless of race 21. Describe the impact of 19th-century amendments, including 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments, on life in the United States. Freed all slaves without compensation to slave owners. Led to greater freedom and opportunities for African-Americans. Also led to economic depression in the South and widespread settlement of the West. 22. Explain the economic, political, and social problems during Reconstruction and evaluate their impact on different groups: a. Black Codes: Laws passed in the South during Reconstruction to limit the opportunities for blacks—designed to restrict freedmen’s activity and ensure their availability as a labor force now that slavery was abolished. While the Freedmen’s Bureau was trying to ensure fair wages, economic opportunity and education for former slaves, the Black Codes sought to limit progress (ex: limited to agricultural work, could not assemble without a white person present, could not marry person of another race, etc.) B/c work was limited to agriculture, but they had no money to buy land, farm animals or tools, freedmen had to go back and work for plantation owners (who had no workers now)—led to freedmen becoming sharecroppers and tenant farmers and being taken advantage of by plantation owners…again! b. Jim Crow Laws: : Laws passed by the South to bypass laws created by the Radical Republicans to aid freedmen and any other federal law that Southerners did not agree with concerning African-Americans. Segregated blacks from whites—separate everything => separate but equal c. Ku Klux Klan: : Secret society that gained support in 1868 and sought to destroy the Republican Party in the South; used harsh intimidation tactics on African Americans and other groups that helped African Americans. Goal was to terrorize freedmen so that they would be afraid to exercise their newly won rights. 1. Identify the effects of legislative acts: a. Homestead Act: Granted adult heads of families 160 acres of public land for a minimal fee. Had to “improve” the land by building a dwelling and cultivating the land and after 5 years you were entitled to the property. IMPACT: Accelerated the settlement of the West—gov’t provided federal land for settlers b. Morrill Act: Made it possible for new western states to establish colleges for their citizens— higher education possible for settlers in West. Geared towards institutions which emphasized agriculture and mechanic arts. IMPACT: Accelerated the settlement of the West—gov’t provided federal land to build colleges. University of Nebraska, Washington State, Clemson, Cornell, University of Texas and Texas A&M—all chartered as land grant schools. c. Dawes Act: Law allowed gov’t to break up Indian reservation land, which was held in common by the members of a tribe, into small allotments to be parceled out to individuals. Plus, the land usually given to the Indians was desert-like conditions unsuitable for farming. IMPACT: This was intended to break up American Indian tribes and force them to assimilate into American culture. Applying the Principles of the Constitution Match each statement below with the constitutional principle it best describes P-popular sovereignty F-federalism R-republicanism L-limited government S-separation of powers C-checks and balances __R_ 19. The people elect senators to serve in Washington, D.C. __S_ 20. The national government conducts foreign policy. __P_ 21. “We the people . . . do ordain and establish this Constitution.” __C_ 22. Congress may impeach judges and the president. __L_ 23. Government officials are never above the law. __P_24. Government is by the consent of the governed. _C__25. The president appoints federal judges who are then approved by Congress. __S_26. The Legislative Branch makes the laws. _C__27. Congress can override a presidential veto by a 2/3rds vote in each house. _F__28. Both the federal and state governments can impose taxes. 29.Many Americans supported the Indian Removal Act of 1830 because it — A. B. C. D. punished Native Americans for attacks on Washington, D.C. opened Native American lands to settlement by white citizens forced U.S. citizenship on Native Americans forced Native American leaders out of the U.S. Congress 30. What was a major effect of the 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford decision? A Southerners were upset by the federal government’s disregard of states’ rights. B Stephen Douglas abandoned his support for popular sovereignty. C Abraham Lincoln gained national recognition because he wrote the decision. D Northerners were angered because the decision could extend slavery into territories. Historical Documents that Influenced the U.S. System of Government Primary Source Influential Idea(s) 31. Magna Carta 32. English Bill of Rights 33. Mayflower Compact 34. Declaration of Independence 35. Federalist Papers 36. An unalienable right — A. is a right that cannot be taken away without due process B. is established by majority vote C. favors some people’s rights over others’ D. applies only in one’s home country 37. The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution — A. brought immediate equality to Native Americans B. established a process for the admission of western states into the Union C. created new congressional districts D. granted civil rights primarily to African Americans NORTH/Union 38. Reasons for Fighting 39. Advantages/ 40. Disadvantages 41.President SOUTH/Confederacy 42.Military Leader(s) 43.Who surrendered to Whom and WHERE (name the place where the surrender took place)? 44. Marbury v. Madison - Supreme Court case – established _judicial review________. 45. What was the impact of the cotton gin? 46. Define Sectionalism – 47. Frederick Douglas – 48. Quakers – 49. Civil Disobedience – 50. Henry David Thoreau - 51. Radical Reconstruction – 52. Henry Clay – 53. Clara Barton – 54. John Wilkes Booth – Supreme Court Cases Marbury v. Madison was the 1803 Court decision that gave the Supreme Court the right to determine whether a law violates the Constitution. It set up the principle of judicial review. 1. Dred Scott v. Sanford was the Supreme Court decision that said slaves were property and not citizens. 2. Gibbons v. Ogden a landmark decision of the Supreme Court that held the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution 3. Maryland v. McCullough established the principles that the federal government possesses broad powers to pass a number of types of laws, and that the states cannot interfere with any federal agency by imposing a direct tax upon it. 4. Plessy v. Ferguson upheld the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal." 5. Brown v. Board of Education declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. 6. Wocester v. Georgia the U.S. Supreme Court held in 1832 that the Cherokee Indians constituted a nation holding distinct sovereign powers. Important dates -Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement, was founded in 1607. -Arrival of the Pilgrims and signing of the Mayflower Compact in 1620 – self government -The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776. -The Constitution of the United States was written in 1787. -President Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803.doubled size of US -The Civil War was fought from 1861-1865.