Download Sectionalism, Civil War and Reconstruction Test Review 1. List

Sectionalism, Civil War and Reconstruction Test Review
1. List characteristics of the 3 eras:
a. Sectionalism: Protective Tariffs, Increasing divide between North and South, Manufacturing
society vs. Plantation society, strong central gov’t vs. states’ rights, Missouri Compromise,
Compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott decision, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Election
of 1860
b. Civil War: Secession, slavery and states’ rights, Abraham Lincoln, Confederate States of
America, Union.
NORTH: Union, Yankees, Yanks; color: blue
SOUTH: Confederacy, Confederates, Rebels, Johnny Reb, color: gray
c. Reconstruction: process of restoring, repairing (1867-1877). Divided the South into 5 military
reconstruction districts.
Was good and bad—Freedman’s Bureau helped distribute food and supplies. But the Black
Codes were like slavery in disguise—forced former slaves to work for white plantation owners to
pay off “debts” and “fines”.
2.
Explain the significance of the following date, 1861-1865.
Years that the Civil War was fought.
3. Analyze the impact of tariff’s on different sections of the United States.
a. North: high tariffs help the industrial North by making their prices more competitive against
cheap imports; North liked the tariffs because it caused Americans to buy more American-made
products from their industry.
b. South: had little industry and imported most non-agriculture goods; saw the high tariff as a
burden imposed by the more industrialized and populated North. The tariffs hurt Europe so
Europe imported less Southern cotton—so the income of Southerners went down, while the cost
of goods went up b/c of the tariffs—so a lose-lose situation for the South.
c. West: the West backed government spending on internal improvements such as new roads
and canals, and those improvements were financed by money made from the tariffs—so they
generally supported tariffs.
Explain the causes of the Civil War, including sectionalism, states’ rights, and slavery:
a.
Missouri Compromise - : by Henry Clay, allowed for Missouri to enter the Union as a slave
state and Maine as a free state, this maintained the balance in the Senate.
b.
Compromise of 1850 - by Henry Clay, California is admitted as a free state, the slave trade is
banned in Washington DC, New Mexico and Utah would be allowed to have popular
sovereignty (choose to have slavery or not), and a stronger fugitive slave law is passed.
(Texas gives up claims to NM, etc.)
c.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Passed to encourage settlement of the west, allowed Kansas and Nebraska to have popular
sovereignty. Led to a rush from both the North and South to occupy the territories so that
each could sway the opinion/vote=>led to “Bleeding Kansas”!
d. Dred Scott v. Sandford -- ruled slaves were property, not citizens, therefore could not bring a
case to court
Motivated North to join abolitionist movement since it explained the horrors of being a
slave, but South hated it since they believed they took care of their slaves
4.
e. Harper’s Ferry and John Brown - Worried many Southerners when John Brown tried to raid a
weapon store so that he could arm the slaves
5.
Evaluate the impact of selected landmark Supreme Court decisions, including
Dred Scott vs. Sanford, on the life of the United States.
Confirmed the status of slaves as property rather than citizens—so declared slavery legal.
Also, Congress had no authority over slavery in the territories, and upon statehood, each
territory would determine whether it would be a slave state or a free state.
6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Explain the roles played by significant individuals during the Civil War:
Jefferson Davis: President of the Confederacy during the Civil War.
Ulysses S. Grant: Commanding General of the Union Army.
Robert E. Lee: Commanding General of the Confederate Army.
Abraham Lincoln: 16th President of the United States. 1st Republican President
7.
a.
Explain the roles played by heroes, such as congressional Medal of Honor recipients:
William Carney: served in the 54th Massachusetts Regiment (Union) during the Civil War,
he was the first black soldier to receive the Medal of Honor.
Phillip Bazaar: : was in the Union navy, won the Medal of Honor for his distinguished
service in the Civil War—first Hispanic to win the Medal of Honor
b.
8.
9.
a.
b.
Describe the contributions of military leader, Stonewall Jackson.
Confederate General in the Civil War, earned his nickname “Stonewall” at the Battle of Bull Run, gifted
tactical commander and led troops in the 1st and 2nd Battles of Bull Run (Manassas) and Antietam.
Robert E. Lee’s right-hand man. Killed at Chancelorsville by “friendly fire”.
Explain the significant events of the Civil War:
Firing on Fort Sumter: First shots of the Civil War, the North surrenders the fort, no deaths.
Union Blockade: aka “Anaconda Plan” - blockaded Southern ports and harbors to cut off
supplies to South
c. Battle of Antietam: Battle happened in the North, the bloodiest single day battle, North
won. Over 23,000 casualties in 12 hours.
d. Emancipation Proclamation: Freed the slaves in the Confederacy, Lincoln was waiting for a
victory to announce this and Antietam was as close as he could get. Makes the Civil War a
war against slavery. In doing so, he guarantees that the Confederacy wouldn’t receive any
foreign support during the war.
e. Battle of Vicksburg: After months of a siege (surrounding the city and cutting off all
resources) Grant and the Union win, gaining control of the Mississippi river and cutting the
South in half.
f. Battle of Gettysburg: 51,000 casualties, the second battle to take place in the North. Viewed
as a turning point of the war, because after the Union victory the South was never able to invade
the North again during the war.
g. Gettysburg Address: Lincoln gave a 2-minute speech that addressed what the war had come
to mean. It was very meaningful and helped war-weary Americans to look beyond the war and
focus on their shared ideals.
h. Sherman’s March to the Sea: Sherman led his army away from its supply lines and lived off
of the resources they passed through as they marched into the South. They burned, killed, and
tore up anything useful to the Confederates. It became known as “total war” / “scorched earth”
strategy
i. Appomattox Courthouse: Place of Lee’s surrender to Grant, ending the Civil War.
j. Assassination of Abraham Lincoln: Shot and killed by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater.
15. Analyze the leadership qualities of Abraham Lincoln. Honesty, Courage, Inspirational,
Thoughtful. Through his leadership the Union was preserved and slavery eventually
abolished after his assassination in 1865.
16. Analyze Abraham Lincoln’s 1st and 2nd Inaugural Addresses
Lincolns First Inaugural Address:
a. Liberty:
b.
Equality:
c.
Union:
d.
Government:
b.
a.
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address:
Liberty:
b.
Equality:
c.
Union:
d.
Government:
RECONSTRUCTION
17. Radical Republicans: Lincoln was a Republican who wanted to heal the nation and embrace
the South again with forgiveness and generosity. But the Radical Republicans wanted to treat the
South more harshly. They were against some of Lincoln’s plans for Reconstruction such as
allowing Southern states to come back into the Union after ratifying the 13 th amendment, requiring
only 10% of white voters to take an oath of allegiance, and compensation of slaveowners
18. Scallawags: Southerners who worked with Republicans during Reconstruction—were viewed as
traitors by the South
19. Carpetbaggers: Northerners who went down South during Reconstruction to take advantage
of things—hated by South
20. Evaluate legislative reform programs of the Radical Reconstruction Congress and
reconstructed state governments:
a. Freedmen’s Bureau: : provided food, clothing and education to freedmen (former slaves) and
refugees; greatly expanded educational opportunities for newly freed slaves—built lots of
schools
b. Reconstruction Act of 1867: separated the South into 10 states—then divided into 5 military
reconstruction districts. Gave African males the right to vote.
th
c. 13 Amendment: abolished slavery
d. 14th Amendment: guarantees citizenship and rights to all people born or naturalized in the
United States
e. 15th Amendment: guarantees the right to vote to all citizens regardless of race
21. Describe the impact of 19th-century amendments, including 13th, 14th, and 15th
amendments, on life in the United States. Freed all slaves without compensation to slave
owners. Led to greater freedom and opportunities for African-Americans. Also led to
economic depression in the South and widespread settlement of the West.
22. Explain the economic, political, and social problems during Reconstruction and evaluate
their impact on different groups:
a. Black Codes: Laws passed in the South during Reconstruction to limit the
opportunities for blacks—designed to restrict freedmen’s activity and ensure their
availability as a labor force now that slavery was abolished. While the Freedmen’s
Bureau was trying to ensure fair wages, economic opportunity and education for former
slaves, the Black Codes sought to limit progress (ex: limited to agricultural work, could
not assemble without a white person present, could not marry person of another race,
etc.)
 B/c work was limited to agriculture, but they had no money to buy land, farm
animals or tools, freedmen had to go back and work for plantation owners (who had
no workers now)—led to freedmen becoming sharecroppers and tenant farmers and
being taken advantage of by plantation owners…again!
b. Jim Crow Laws: : Laws passed by the South to bypass laws created by the Radical
Republicans to aid freedmen and any other federal law that Southerners did not agree
with concerning African-Americans.
 Segregated blacks from whites—separate everything => separate but equal
c. Ku Klux Klan: : Secret society that gained support in 1868 and sought to destroy the
Republican Party in the South; used harsh intimidation tactics on African Americans and
other groups that helped African Americans. Goal was to terrorize freedmen so that they
would be afraid to exercise their newly won rights.
1.
Identify the effects of legislative acts:
a. Homestead Act: Granted adult heads of families 160 acres of public land for a minimal fee. Had
to “improve” the land by building a dwelling and cultivating the land and after 5 years you were
entitled to the property.
IMPACT: Accelerated the settlement of the West—gov’t provided federal land for
settlers
b. Morrill Act: Made it possible for new western states to establish colleges for their citizens—
higher education possible for settlers in West. Geared towards institutions which emphasized
agriculture and mechanic arts.
IMPACT: Accelerated the settlement of the West—gov’t provided federal land to
build colleges. University of Nebraska, Washington State, Clemson, Cornell,
University of Texas and Texas A&M—all chartered as land grant schools.
c. Dawes Act: Law allowed gov’t to break up Indian reservation land, which was held in common by
the members of a tribe, into small allotments to be parceled out to individuals. Plus, the land
usually given to the Indians was desert-like conditions unsuitable for farming.
IMPACT: This was intended to break up American Indian tribes and force them to
assimilate into American culture.
Applying the Principles of the Constitution
Match each statement below with the constitutional principle it best describes
P-popular sovereignty
F-federalism
R-republicanism
L-limited government
S-separation of powers
C-checks and balances
__R_ 19. The people elect senators to serve in Washington, D.C.
__S_ 20. The national government conducts foreign policy.
__P_ 21. “We the people . . . do ordain and establish this Constitution.”
__C_ 22. Congress may impeach judges and the president.
__L_ 23. Government officials are never above the law.
__P_24. Government is by the consent of the governed.
_C__25. The president appoints federal judges who are then approved by Congress.
__S_26. The Legislative Branch makes the laws.
_C__27. Congress can override a presidential veto by a 2/3rds vote in each house.
_F__28. Both the federal and state governments can impose taxes.
29.Many Americans supported the Indian Removal Act of 1830 because it —
A.
B.
C.
D.
punished Native Americans for attacks on Washington, D.C.
opened Native American lands to settlement by white citizens
forced U.S. citizenship on Native Americans
forced Native American leaders out of the U.S. Congress
30. What was a major effect of the 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford decision?
A Southerners were upset by the federal government’s disregard of states’ rights.
B Stephen Douglas abandoned his support for popular sovereignty.
C Abraham Lincoln gained national recognition because he wrote the decision.
D Northerners were angered because the decision could extend slavery into territories.
Historical Documents that Influenced the U.S. System of Government
Primary Source
Influential Idea(s)
31. Magna Carta
32. English Bill of Rights
33. Mayflower Compact
34. Declaration of
Independence
35. Federalist Papers
36. An unalienable right —
A. is a right that cannot be taken away without due process
B. is established by majority vote
C. favors some people’s rights over others’
D. applies only in one’s home country
37. The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution —
A. brought immediate equality to Native Americans
B. established a process for the admission of western states into the Union
C. created new congressional districts
D. granted civil rights primarily to African Americans
NORTH/Union
38. Reasons for
Fighting
39. Advantages/
40. Disadvantages
41.President
SOUTH/Confederacy
42.Military Leader(s)
43.Who surrendered to Whom and WHERE (name the place where the surrender took place)?
44. Marbury v. Madison - Supreme Court case – established _judicial review________.
45. What was the impact of the cotton gin?
46. Define Sectionalism –
47. Frederick Douglas –
48. Quakers –
49. Civil Disobedience –
50. Henry David Thoreau -
51. Radical Reconstruction –
52. Henry Clay –
53. Clara Barton –
54. John Wilkes Booth –
Supreme Court Cases
Marbury v. Madison was the 1803 Court decision that gave the Supreme Court the right to determine
whether a law violates the Constitution. It set up the principle of judicial review.
1. Dred Scott v. Sanford was the Supreme Court decision that said slaves were property and not
citizens.
2. Gibbons v. Ogden a landmark decision of the Supreme Court that held the power to regulate
interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States
Constitution
3. Maryland v. McCullough established the principles that the federal government possesses broad
powers to pass a number of types of laws, and that the states cannot interfere with any federal agency
by imposing a direct tax upon it.
4. Plessy v. Ferguson upheld the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public
facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal."
5. Brown v. Board of Education declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black
and white students unconstitutional.
6. Wocester v. Georgia the U.S. Supreme Court held in 1832 that the Cherokee Indians constituted
a nation holding distinct sovereign powers.
Important dates
-Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement, was founded in 1607.
-Arrival of the Pilgrims and signing of the Mayflower Compact in 1620 – self government
-The Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776.
-The Constitution of the United States was written in 1787.
-President Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803.doubled size of US
-The Civil War was fought from 1861-1865.