Download Semester Exam Review- Writing and Grammar

Semester Exam Terms Review
Be able to match the term to its definition or example.
LITERARY TYPES AND TERMS
1. Myth: classical story created to explain mysteries of the universe. It often contains something
connected with humans or how something in nature came to be. Usually features gods, goddesses,
and other beings with supernatural powers as well as human flaws.
2. Legend: traditional story believed to be based on real people and events. Tells about a hero or
heroine with special powers and admirable qualities. Describes the hero’s or heroine’s struggle
against a powerful force.
3. Tall tale: humorous story about events and characters that are exaggerated. Often features a
character who is “larger than life” – stronger, louder, or more extraordinary than a regular person.
Uses hyperboles.
4. Memoir: The writer is the subject. Autobiographical account written from the first-person
point of view. Describes the subject’s experiences and observations about important people or
events. Often includes the historical context of the subject – information about the society and the
culture of the time.
5. Personal narrative: The writer is the subject. Autobiographical essay written from the firstperson point of view. Tells a story about real people and events. A short work of nonfiction that
usually deals with a single subject. Think “snapshot.”
6. Autobiography: The writer is the subject. Autobiographical account written from the firstperson point of view. Describes the subject’s thoughts, feelings, and opinions about his or her life.
7. Biography: The writer is NOT the subject. Is written from the third-person point of view. Is
based on information from many sources, including books about the subject, the subject’s journals,
diary, and letters, and interviews. Sometimes includes details provided by the subject.
8. Verbal irony involves a contrast between what is said or written and what is really meant.
9. Situational irony occurs when what happens is very different from what we expected would
happen.
10. Dramatic Irony occurs when the audience or the reader knows something a character does not
know.
PERSUASIVE TERMS
11. Bandwagon: “Everyone is doing it,” so you should, too.
12. Individuality: “Do your own thing.”
13. Humor: Makes you laugh so you remember the product or argument.
14. Celebrity Endorsement: A well known person/figure is shown using or promoting the
item/idea
a.k.a. “Big Name”
15. Slogan: A catch phrase or statement that gets stuck in your head.
16. Appeal to Authority: Dr. Phil and Dr. Oz reported on last week’s show…
17. Product Comparison: Make the competition look inferior by setting it next toyour
product/idea.
18. Loaded Words: Purr Words; Using words with strong positive or negative connotations.
19. Security: “If you don’t use our product/do what we say, bad things will happen!”
20. Snob Appeal: Makes you feel like you are the best and deserve to have the best and this
product is the best!
21. Rhetorical Question: “Do you want to save a child’s life. Donate today or they will continue
to
suffer and die.”
22. Emotional Appeal: “What if you never get this chance again?”
23. Facts: “This product contains 100% of the daily recommended dose of vitamins C & D!”
SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION AND PARTS OF SPEECH
24. Definition of a pronoun: Takes the place of a noun
25. Definition of an antecedent: The noun that is replaced by a pronoun.
26. Definition of a demonstrative pronoun: A pronoun that points out a person, place, or thing.
27. Definition of a visible action verb: This indicates the action of a person or thing that can be
seen or heard.
28. Definition of an invisible (mental) action verb: An action that is happening, but you can’t see
or hear it.
29. Definition of a linking verb: A verb that connects a noun or pronoun to a word that identifies
or describes it.
30. Definition of a helping verb: A verb that comes before the main verb and adds to its meaning.
31. Definition of a main verb: the last verb in a verb phrase
32. Definition of an adjective: A word that describes a noun or pronoun.
33. Definition of an article: Articles indicate that a noun will soon follow.
34. Which article is a definite article? “the” and it points to a specific person, place, or thing.
35. Which two articles are indefinite, and how do you know when to use each one?
“A” is used with words starting with consonant sounds, or sounds where your lips and tongue have
to move to form it.
“An” is used with words starting with softer vowel sounds, or “airy, breathy” types of sounds.
They both point to any member of a group of similar people, places, or things.
36. Definition of a proper adjective: An adjective that is made from a proper noun, or is a proper
noun used to describe another noun. It is always capitalized.
37. Definition of a possessive adjective: A personal pronoun can be used as an adjective if it
modifies a noun.
38. Definition of a demonstrative adjective: When the four demonstrative pronouns are used as
adjectives.
What are the 4 demonstrative adjectives? This, that, these, those
39. Definition of an adverb: A word that modifies, or describes, a verb, adjective, or another
adverb.
40. Definition of a preposition: A preposition relates a noun or pronoun to another word in the
sentence.
What does a prepositional phrase have to have? Preposition and object of a preposition
41. Definition of a coordinating conjunction: It joins words, phrases, or sentences together.
“FANBOYS” – for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
42. Definition of an interjection: Words that express sudden excitement or strong feeling.
43. Definition of a simple subject: The who or what the sentence is about.
44. Definition of a simple predicate: The verb of the sentence
45. Definition of a complete subject: It includes the simple subject and all the words related to it.
46. Definition of a complete predicate: It includes the simple predicate and all the words related to
it.
47. Definition of a direct object: A noun or pronoun that appears with an action verb and directly
receives the action of the verb.
48. Definition of an indirect object: A noun or pronoun which tells which person or thing
something is being given or done for.
49. Definition of a predicate nominative: A noun or pronoun that appears behind a linking verb
and renames or identifies the subject.
50. Definition of a predicate adjective: An adjective that appears behind a linking verb and
describes the subject.
51. Definition of an appositive / appositive phrase: An appositive / appositive phrase is a noun or
pronoun, sometimes with modifiers, that comes after another noun or pronoun to identify, rename,
or explain it.
52. Definition of a simple sentence: A sentence that consists of a single independent clause.
53. Definition of a compound sentence: A sentence that consists of two or more independent
clauses.
54. Definition of a complex sentence: A sentence that consists of one independent clause and one
or more subordinate clauses.
55. What are the subject/nominative pronouns? These pronouns can be the subject or predicate
nominative of a sentence. I, you, he, she, it, we, they
56. What are the objective pronouns? These pronouns can be direct objects, indirect objects, and
objects of a preposition. Me, you, him, her, it, us, them
57. What are the possessive pronouns (adjectives)? The possessive adjectives show ownership and
come before a noun. My, your, his, her, its, our, their. “I borrowed his book.”
58. The possessive pronouns show ownership but do not come before a noun. Mine, yours, his,
hers, its, ours, theirs. “This book is his.”
Drama Terms
59. stage directions: The words that tell readers and performers about the action, the sets, and the
way in which the dialogue should be spoken
60. malapropism: “You could have knocked me over with a fender!” is an example of this
word.
61. protagonist: The character the play is centered upon.
62. antagonist: The character or problem that opposes the central character.
63. hubris: too much pride or self-confidence
64. asides: Remarks made to the audience or to one character; other characters onstage do not
hear it
65. fifth century B.C.: This is the time of the earliest known plays.
66. acts: The “chunks” a play is divided into, numbered with capital Roman numerals.
67. playwrite: a person who writes plays
68. dialogue: The conversation among characters. .
69. catharsis: a purification after a release of tensions or reactions
70. dramatic irony: The contrast between what the character thinks to be true and the reader
knows to be true.
71. tragedy: plays that usually involve serious subject matter and rarely have a happy ending
72. farce: This play usually has exaggerated characters and situations, with mistaken identities,
lots of physical comedy, and outrageous plot twists.
73. soliloquy: A speech by a character alone onstage to himself or herself or to the audience
74. monologue: A long speech given by one character to others
75. scenes: The smaller “chunks” an Act is divided into, numbered with small Roman numerals
76. comedy: plays that are light in tone and usually have a happy ending
77. drama: A story told in action, on stage to an audience, by actors
78. musical: This play is told not only through dialogue and acting, but through music and dance
Semester Exam Grammar Review Answers
pg. 304 Demonstrative Pronouns
Definition of an antecedent: The noun that is replaced by a pronoun.
What are the 4 demonstrative pronouns? ___THIS, THAT, THOSE, THESE_______
Circle the demonstrative pronoun and draw an arrow to what it refers to.
This is a new invention.
That is newsprint.
Those are her books.
pg. 315 Action Verbs: Visible / Invisible
Definition of a visible action verb: An action that can be detected using your senses.
Definition of an invisible (mental) action verb: An action that cannot be detected with your senses.
Circle visible action verbs. Underline invisible action verbs.
The crowd cheered the performers.
She understood the assignment.
He seized control of the parade.
Jack’s hopes soared.
pg. 316 Linking Verbs
Definition of a linking verb:
Definition of a linking verb: A verb that connects a noun or pronoun to a word that identifies or
describes it.
Underline the linking verb and circle the words being linked.
The teachers were thoughtful.
The girl remained calm.
She was a coach.
pg. 320 Helping Verbs / Main Verbs
Definition of a helping verb: A verb that comes before the main verb and adds to its meaning.
Definition of a main verb: the last verb in a verb phrase
Circle the helping verbs and underline the main verbs:
He will conquer many problems.
He should have been leading the class.
pg. 330 Adjectives
Definition of an adjective: A word that describes a noun or pronoun.
What are the two parts of speech an adjective may modify? Noun or pronoun
Circle all the adjectives:
Soccer is played on green turf.
Large, colorful graphics covered the advertisement.
pg. 332 Articles
Which article is a definite article? “the” and it points to a specific person, place, or thing.
Which two articles are indefinite, and how do you know when to use each one?
“A” is used with words starting with consonant sounds, or sounds where your lips and tongue have
to move to form it.
“An” is used with words starting with softer vowel sounds, or “airy, breathy” types of sounds.
They both point to any member of a group of similar people, places, or things.
Circle all the articles in the sentences:
A kitty is the silliest baby!
An elephant is huge and strong!
All of the girls are
going.
pg. 334 Proper Adjectives
Definition of a proper adjective: An adjective that is made from a proper noun, or is a proper noun
used to describe another noun. It is always capitalized.
Underline all the proper adjectives in the sentences:
The Baltimore newspaper is in Baltimore, Maryland.
Table soccer began as a German
game.
pg. 336 Pronouns as Adjectives (Possessive Adjectives)
Definition of a possessive adjective: A personal pronoun can be used as an adjective if it modifies
a noun.
Underline the possessive adjectives and draw a line to its antecedents.
All students can leave their books here.
Mike broke his record in tennis.
pg. 338 Demonstrative Adjectives
Definition of a demonstrative adjective: When the four demonstrative pronouns are used as
adjectives.
What are the 4 demonstrative adjectives? This, that, these, those
Circle all the demonstrative adjectives:
That game of darts looks like fun.
This boat belongs to me.
All of those books are going.
pg. 340 Adverbs
Definition of an adverb: A word that modifies, or describes, a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
Underline all the adverbs in the sentences:
The mother tenderly moved the pup.
Yesterday, the males hunted extremely well.
A very kind and quite nice woman helped me.
She quickly left for Paris today.
pg. 352 Prepositions and Prepositional phrases
Definition of a preposition: A preposition relates a noun or pronoun to another word in the
sentence.
What does a prepositional phrase have to have? Preposition and object of a preposition
Write the 55 common prepositions:
about
above
across
behind
below
beneath
during
except
for
off
on
onto
to
toward
under
after
against
along
among
around
at
before
according to
instead of
beside
besides
between
beyond
but
by
down
from
in
inside
into
like
near
of
in addition to
on account of
opposite
out
outside
over
past
since
through
underneath
until
up
upon
with
within
without
next to
Underline all the prepositions and put parenthesis around the prepositional phrases:
The ball was hit (over the fence), (through the window), and (into the front living room).
The boy (in the white shirt) gave the teacher a book (from the shelf).
I walked (into the room) and began to read.
The little puppy (in the yard) barked (at the man) (on the street).
pg. 354 Distinguishing Between Prepositions and Adverbs
Circle prepositions and underline adverbs.
The ball rolled outside the infield.
He played past his sixtieth birthday.
The game is played outside.
He had played for many years before.
pg. 364 Coordinating Conjunctions
Definition of a coordinating conjunction: It joins words, phrases, or sentences together.
“FANBOYS”
What are the 7 coordinating conjunctions? For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Underline the coordinating conjunctions in the sentences and circle the words it joins
together:
The seals and sea lions live there.
He or I will lead the nature talk.
He works quickly yet carefully.
The hikers walked the trail over the hill and to the beach.
pg. 370 Interjections
Underline the interjections in the sentences:
Wow! What a great play!
Oh, I wish I could find it.
Oops, I dropped it.
pgs. 380 – 382 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates
Definition of a simple subject: The who or what the sentence is about.
Definition of a simple predicate: The verb of the sentence
Underline simple subjects once and simple predicates twice.
He asked me for help.
Mike Smith jogged and walked to school.
Jessie drew the picture quickly.
Marvin and Jake are ready for the trip.
Sarah, Jeff, and Rose are working hard.
Naughty cats and silly puppies are playing.
pg. 386 Complete Subjects/Predicates
Definition of a complete subject: It includes the simple subject and all the words related to it.
Definition of a complete predicate: It includes the simple predicate and all the words related to it.
Underline the complete subject of each sentence once and the complete predicate twice.
My old friend returned my computer disk today.
An expensive model of the computer sits in the store window.
Do you like chocolate chip cookies?
pg. 390 Compound Subjects/Predicates
Underline compound (simple) subjects once and compound (simple) predicates twice:
Bob or Sue will go.
Hockey and football are my favorite sports.
Sandy and Marie called and asked for help.
Words, pictures, and sounds are changed easily.
Silly puppies and smart kitties played, slept and snored throughout the day.
pg. 398 Direct Objects
Definition of a direct object: A noun or pronoun that appears with an action verb and directly
receives the action of the verb.
Underline the direct objects of the sentences:
I dropped the pen on the floor.
She picked up the books, paper, and pens.
Fred asked Mary a question.
He gave her a minute to respond.
Jeff and Jack read their reports.
The teacher gave John a detention!
They took the candy.
I ate the brownies very quickly.
pg. 400 Indirect Objects
Definition of an indirect object: A noun or pronoun which tells which person or thing something is
being given or done for.
Underline the indirect objects of the sentences:
Mike gave Sam the hunting knife.
Jeff asked Mary a question.
Tom sold Jack, Eric , and Mike the tickets to the concert.
I sent Martha her present early.
pg. 404 Predicate Nouns (Nominatives)
Definition of a predicate nominative: A noun or pronoun that appears behind a linking verb and
renames or identifies the subject.
Circle the predicate nouns in the sentences:
Mike is the captain of our team.
My puppy is a Labrador.
The bridge was a very old structure.
The speakers today are Jim and Rebecca.
Our school is an old building.
Hoot is the title of my book.
pg. 407 Predicate Adjectives
Definition of a predicate adjective: An adjective that appears behind a linking verb and describes
the subject.
Underline the predicate adjectives in the sentences:
The river appears deep.
The room grew crowded and stuffy.
Your hand feels cold.
She was prepared but excited.
I am tired.
She seems pale.
pg. 421 Appositives and appositive phrases
Definition of an appositive / appositive phrase: An appositive / appositive phrase is a noun or
pronoun, sometimes with modifiers, that comes after another noun or pronoun to identify, rename,
or explain.
Underline the appositive/appositive phrase
We visited the Empire State: New York.
The Asian water buffalo, an animal similar to the American bison, lives in Asia.
Two boys, Mike and Jeff, walked to school.
I’m learning about the buffalo in my social studies class, American History I.
Cumulative paragraph: Read the paragraph below and answer the questions.
All of the students brought their workbooks to class one Friday. After writing down their
homework, the students knew to look at the daily agenda written on the board and get ready for
class. The first thing to do was give their teacher their homework. Now the teacher, Mr. Smith,
is really nice, so if they didn’t have it, they knew they could turn it in the next day. However, the
person standing before them was a substitute – their teacher was absent!
a. predicate noun/nominative
e. simple subject
b. predicate adjective
f. simple predicate
c. indirect object
g. appositive
d. direct object
All is used as a _E____
homework is used as a_D____
brought is used as a __F___
nice is used as a_B____
teacher is used as a __C___
substitute is used as a __A____
Mr. Smith is used as a__G___
pgs. 426 - 428 Classifying Sentences by Structure: Simple, Compound, and Complex.
Definition of a simple sentence: A sentence that consists of a single independent clause.
Definition of a compound sentence: A sentence that consists of two or more independent clauses.
Definition of a complex sentence: A sentence that consists of one independent clause and one or
more subordinate clauses.
Tell what type of sentence each is:
Simple
Compound
Complex
The bell rang._____S_______________
She rode up the path to school.____S_____________
I planned to go to the hockey game, but I could not get tickets._____CPD________________
The kittens and puppies jumped, tumbled, and played all day in the yard.____S____________
Because Kayla has so much climbing experience, we asked her to lead our group._CPLX_______
My mother and father wished me luck and drove me to the race.__S__________________
This is the event that he describes in the book.__CPLX_____________________
A rider uses high gears to keep the bike at speed during level riding.___S_________________
Allen is stronger than we realized.___CPLX______________________
Cumulative paragraph: Read the paragraph below and answer the questions.
1. During my nature walk I saw several beautiful birds. 2. They were perched on several
branches of the swaying birch tree, and many had nests. 3. Often, if I was quiet, I could stand
very close to the lower branches and see them very easily. 4. Many ignored me. 5. Some flew
away. 6. While I was standing there.
Which groups of words are examples of a simple sentence?__1, 4, 5_____
Which group of words is an example of a compound sentence?_2____
Which group of words is an example of a subordinate/dependent clause?__6___
Which group of words is an example of a complex sentence?_3____
pg. 508 Using Subject/Nominative Pronouns
What are the subject/nominative pronouns? These pronouns can be the subject or predicate
nominative of a sentence. I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Choose the correct pronoun to finish the sentence.
The kids down the street and (they, them) often play football.
Our team members and (them, they) are the same age.
Derrick and (him, he) will be the team captains.
Julie and (I, me) run faster than anyone else.
(Him, He) and (I, me) celebrated.
pg. 509 Using Objective Pronouns
What are the objective pronouns? These pronouns can be direct objects, indirect objects, and
objects of a preposition. Me, you, him, her, it, us, them
Choose the correct pronoun to finish the sentence.
Write down how it is being used in the sentence: IO, DO, or Obj. of Prep.
Sam invited (I, me) to the dance._________________
Just above (she and I, her and me) were some boisterous students. __________________________
Frank visited (we, us) before school started.______________________
She brought Todd and (I, me) a video game.____________________
Between you and (I, me), it was a fantastic day.____________________
Our team captain voted for (he, him)._______________________
My friend gave (I, me) highlights of the game._____________________
The player asked the coach and (he, him) for help._____________________
pg. 510 Using Possessive Pronouns
What are the possessive pronouns (adjectives)? The possessive adjectives show ownership
and come before a noun. My, your, his, her, its, our, their.
The possessive pronouns show ownership but do not come before a noun. Mine, yours, his,
hers, its ours, theirs.
Choose the correct pronoun to finish each sentence.
I left ____ sneakers at home. my, mine
The trophy will be ____. theirs, their’s
I know ___ owner will be glad to get this backpack back! its, it’s
pg. 511 Using Different Pronoun Cases
Underline the pronoun in the sentence.
Tell what case it is in:
Nominative
Objective
Possessive
They are holding up the assembly.__N_____________________
Hers is the best school in the state.__P__________________
The school year had its great moments._____P_________________
I told them a secret.__O____________________
Roger asked her.____O_________________
Did she practice this afternoon?___N______________
The person to ask is she.____N_____________________
Jeff and we went to the park.___N____________________
I have known Bert and him since first grade.___N, O
The auditorium is theirs for the afternoon.__P_____________________
pg. 528 Pronoun and Antecedent Agreement
Choose the correct pronoun to finish the sentence correctly.
Melissa planned (she, her) trip to Canada’s Yukon last month.
Tom will lend Melissa (him, his) suitcase.
Hikers will have (his, their) pick of trails in the Yukon.
The boys have all brought (his, their) hiking boots.
The girls knew (she, they) had to bring coats and hats.
Andrew or Keith gives (his, their) report about the Gold Rush today.
Joyce and Robert showed (their, his) father the drawing of the Yukon River.
The gold prospectors packed up (his, their) supplies and headed toward the Yukon.
A man and wife kept a journal of (her, their) travels.
Either Claude or his brother hopes to make (his, their) fortune prospecting in the Yukon.
Claude’s wife and daughter looked sad as (she, they) watched him leave.
The Yukon is noted for (its, their) harsh winters.
Rescue workers carried (her, their) equipment to where Ben had fallen.
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