Download Topic: Classification and Phylogenetics (Chapter 26)

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AP Biology
Topic: Classification and Phylogenetics (Chapter 26)
Clarifying Questions or Summary:
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Clarifying Questions or Summary:
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Classification Quick Check #1
1. Why are taxonomists concerned with identifying species that share a particular common ancestor?
2. Organisms categorized into which of the following classification schemes have the highest degree of
similarity?
a. Species
b. Genus
c. Family
d. Order
e. Kingdom
3. Homo erectus, Homo habilis, and Homo sapiens all have the same
a. Phylum
b. Species
c. Genus
d. Class
e. Family
4. Identify the correct sequence of the binomial nomenclature classification of a human, from phylum
to family.
a. Chordata, vertebrata, mammalia, primate, hominidae
b. Chordata, vertebrata, primate, mammalia, hominidae
c. Vertebrata, chordata, mammalia, hominidae, primate
d. Mammalia, chordata, vertebrata, primate, hominidae
e. Chordata, vertebrata, primate, hominidae, mammalia
5. If two scientific names are proposed for the same species, how do taxonomists decide which name
should be used?
a. The name that provides the most accurate description of the organism is used
b. The name that was proposed most recently is used
c. The name that was used in the most recent taxonomic revision is used
d. The first name to be proposed is used, unless that name was previously used for another
species
e. Taxonomists use whichever name they prefer
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Clarifying Questions or Summary:
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Clarifying Questions or Summary:
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Phylogenetics Quick Check #2
1. Phylogenetic trees may be constructed for
a. Genes
b. Species
c. Major evolutionary groups
d. Viruses
e. All of the above
2. A clade is
a. A type of phylogenetic tree
b. A group of evolutionarily related species that share a common ancestor
c. A tool for reconstructing phylogenetic trees
d. An extinct species
e. An ancestral species
3. A shared derived trait, used as the basis for inferring a monophyletic group, is called
a. A synapomorphy
b. A homoplasy
c. A parallel trait
d. A convergent trait
e. A phylogeny
4. The parsimony principle can be used to infer phylogenetic trees because
a. Evolution is nearly always parsimonious
b. It is logical to adopt the simplest hypothesis capable of explaining the known facts
c. Once a trait changes, it never reverses condition
d. All species have an equal probability of evolving
e. Closely related species are always very similar to one another
5. The parsimony principle is often used to construct phylogenetic trees. What are the limitations of
parsimony and why do some biologists prefer model-based approaches, such as maximum likelihood
methods?
6. Which of the following is commonly used to infer phylogenetic relationships among plants but not
among animals?
a. Nuclear genes
b. Chloroplast genes
c. Mitochondrial genes
d. Ribosomal RNA genes
e. Protein-coding genes
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Indpendent Practice
1. The temperature at which hybrid DNA melts is indicative of the degree of homology between
the DNA sequences. The more extensive the pairing, the higher the temperature required to
separate the strands. You are trying to determine the phylogenetic relationships among species
A, B, and C. You mix single-stranded DNA from all three species (in test groups of two) and
measure the temperatures at which the hybrid DNA melts (separates). You find that hybrid BC
has the highest melting temperature, AC the next highest, and AB the lowest From these data
you conclude that
a. species A and B are most closely related, whereas B and C are least closely related
b. B and C must be the same species, and A is more closely related to C than to B
c. species B and C must have diverged most recently, and A is more closely related to C
than to B
d. A hybridizes most easily with B, and they must have a more recent common ancestor
than do A and C
e. these tests are inconclusive and you had better go back and check the fossil record
2. According to this dichotomous phylogenetic tree created using cladistic analysis, C and D are
most closely related because they
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
do not share a common ancestor with O, A, or B.
are monophyletic
evolved from a common ancestor a long time ago
have the most shared derived characters in common
have the greatest number of anatomical similarities as shown by statistical analysis
3. A biologist discovers two new species of organisms, one in Africa and one in South America. The
organisms resemble one another closely. Which type of evidence would probably be least useful
in determining whether these organisms are closely related or are the products of convergent
evolution
a. the history and timing of continental drift
b. a comparison of DNA from the two species
c. the fossil record of the two species
d. analysis of the behavior of the two species
e. comparative embryology
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For questions 4-5, use the figure below.
4. A common ancestor for species C and E could be at position number
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5
5. The two extant species that are most closely related to each other are
a. A and B
b. B and D
c. C and B
d. D and E
e. E and A
6. If this evolutionary tree is an accurate depiction of relatedness, then which of the following
should be correct
A. The entire tree depicts anagenesis
B. If all species depicted here make up a taxon, this taxon is monophyletic
C. The last common ancestor of species B and C occurred more recently than the
last common ancestor of species D and E
D. Species A is the ancestor of both species B and C
E. The species present at position number three is ancestral to three extant
species
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
B only
A and C
C and D
B, C, and D
B, C, and E
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For questions 7, use the following data
A researcher compared the nucleotide sequences of a homologous gene from five different species of
mammals. The sequence homology between each species' version of the gene and the human gene are
presented as a percentage of similarity.
Species
Percentage
Chimpanzee
99.7
Orangutan
98.6
Baboon
97.2
Rhesus Monkey
96.9
Rabbit
93.7
7. What conclusion can be validly drawn from these data?
a. Humans and other primates evolved from rabbits
b. All organisms have similar DNA
c. Among the organisms listed, humans shared a common ancestor most recently with
chimpanzees
d. Humans evolved from chimpanzees
e. Both A and D are correct
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