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Grammar Unit
English 9
Parts of Speech
 Definition: a way of categorizing words in
isolation
 Eight:
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Noun
Pronoun
Verb
Adverb
Adjective
Conjunction
Preposition
Interjection
Sentence Parts
 Definition: a way of identifying words
in sentences based on their function
or relationship to other words in the
same sentence
 Every word is NOT a sentence part!
Step 1
 Identify prepositional phrases
Prepositional Phrases
 Preposition + Object of Preposition
(noun or pronoun that follows the
preposition)
 Position word
 Shows the position (relationship) of one
object to another
Slot Test for Prepositions
 The bird flew __________ the clouds.
Slot Test for Prepositions
 It must answer a question
 Example of a prepositional phrase:
 I went by the store.
 By what? The store.
 Therefore, by the store is a prepositional
phrase
 Non-example:
 I went by and bought some food.
 By what? There is no answer.
 Therefore, there is no prepositional phrase!
Rules of Prepositions
 Subject/verb pairs are NEVER found
in a prepositional phrase.
 The words of and with are ALWAYS
prepositions (if used correctly)
 To find subject/verb pairs, simplify
sentences by identifying and
eliminating all prepositional phrases
Generate Preposition List
 Complete Prepositions Worksheet #1
 Fill words into your preposition list in
your Grammar Notes packet
Step 2
Identify the verb
Verbs
 Three types
 helping verbs
 linking verbs
 action verbs
Linking Verbs
 Do NOT show action
 Link the subject with a noun or
pronoun
OR
 Link the subject with an adjective
(describing word)
Linking Verbs
 Example sentences
 His mother is an accountant.
 links mother and accountant
 The winners of the game were they.
 Links winners and they
 Mary became sick after the high jump.
 links Mary and sick
Linking Verbs
 State of being verbs
 Differing forms of “to be”
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is
am
are
was
were
be
being
been
Linking Verbs
 Verbs that are ALWAYS linking verbs
 To be (is, am, are, was, were, be, being,
been)
 To seem
 To become
Linking Verbs
 Verbs that are sometimes linking verbs
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To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
To
feel
taste
look
smell
sound
grow
remain
appear
stay
Linking Verbs
 Replacement Test
 To check if a verb is serving as a linking
verb, replace it with a form of “to be.”
 If the sentence makes sense and the
meaning is not changed, the verb is a
linking verb!
 Example:
 Joe seemed angry today.
 Joe was angry today.
Linking Verbs
 Flip-Flop Test
Helping Verbs
 Help with creating tense
 Examples of helping verbs:
is
be
had
should
must
am
being
do
would
can
are
been
does
could
shall
was
has
did
may
were
have
will
might
Helping Verbs
 Example sentences:
 I may go to the store today.
 She did not tell him about the test.
 I shall wait until dark.
Action Verbs
 expressing action - something that a
person, animal, force of nature, or
thing can do
 Examples:
 I jumped over a toad and landed on a
frog.
 Our teacher gave us a huge test today.
 Jimmy thought about his project.
Step 3
 Identifying the subject
Subject/Verb Pairs and
Prepositional Phrases
 Identify the subject and verb of the
following sentence:
 From the dark of the night came the
screams of the young girl.
Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs
 Remember, you NEVER find a
subject/verb pair in a prepositional
phrase!
 First step:
 Cross off all prepositional phrases (PP)
 From the dark of the night came the
screams of the young girl.
Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs
 From the dark of the night came the
screams of the young girl.
 What’s left?
 …came the screams…
Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs
 2nd Step: Locate the verb
 Remember verbs are action, linking or
helping
 Verbs indicate tense
 Past, present and future
 Which word would change the tense of
the sentence?
 came?
 the?
 screams?
Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs
 3rd Step: Locate the verb
 Example:
 From the dark of the night came the
screams of the young girl.
 “came” is the verb!
Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs
 Locate the subject
 Ask who/what + verb?
 Who/what “came”?
Verb
 From the dark of the night came the
screams of the young girl.
Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs
 Who/what “came”?
 The screams came.
 Therefore, screams is the subject
Verb
 From the dark of the night came the
screams of the young girl.
Subject
Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs
 Keep in mind:
 Subjects MUST indicate number
 One or more than one
 In our example:
 From the dark of the night came the
screams of the young girl.
 screams is plural
Imperative Sentences
 Identify the subject/verb pair
 Example:
 Take the roast from the oven.
Imperative Sentences
 Identifying the subject/verb pair
 Example:
 Take the roast from the oven.
 Has anyone ever seen a roast take
something out of the oven?
 NO? So who/what is the subject?
Imperative Sentences
 It’s YOU!
 Imperative sentences are commands.
 Therefore, the understood subject is
“you”
Imperative Sentences
 Is the following example an
imperative sentence?
 Example:
 Mark, leave the room immediately!
Imperative Sentences
 Yes, it is.
 “Mark” is a noun of address
 Mark is not the subject
 Notice the comma following the name
 This indicates that Mark is not the
subject, just a means of getting his
attention
Subject/Verb Patterns
 Complete Subject/Verb Pairs
Worksheet #1 and #2
Sentence Patterns
 English language has six basic
patterns
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S-V
S-(a)V-DO
S-(a)V-IO-DO
S-(l)V-PN
S-(l)V-PA
V-S (inverted sentence)
Sentence Patterns
 Legend
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S=subject
V=verb
(a)V=action verb
(l)V-linking verb
DO=direct object
IO=indirect object
PN=predicate noun
PA=predicate adjective
Sentence Patterns
 Practice identifying sentence patterns
using previous prepositional phrase
exercises
Direct Objects
 Always follow an action verb and
receive the action of the verb.
 Verb + who or what?
Direct Objects
 Example:
 I throw the eraser.
 Follow the steps (strategies):
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2.
3.
4.
Any prepositional phrases?
Verb?
Subject?
If action verb - Direct Object?
Direct Objects
 Example:
 I throw the eraser.
 Follow the steps (strategies):
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1. Any prepositional phrases? none
2. Verb? throw
3. Subject? Who throws? I
4. Type of verb? action Direct Object? (If
there is an action verb) eraser
Direct Objects
 Complete DO Practice #1 to find
direct objects.
 Also, identify sentence patterns for
each sentence.
Indirect Objects
 Always fall between an action verb
and a direct object.
 An IO receives the DO.
 Look for a noun or pronoun in
between the actoin verb and the
direct object.
 Make sure it RECEIVES the DO!
Indirect Objects
 Example:
 I throw Ben the eraser.
 Follow the steps (strategies):
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2.
3.
4.
Any prepositional phrases? none
Verb? throw
Subject? Who throws? I
What type of verb? action
 Direct Object? eraser
 5. Indirect Object?
Indirect Objects
 Example:
 I throw Ben the eraser.
 Follow the steps (strategies):
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Any prepositional phrases? none
Verb? throw
Subject? Who throws? I
Type of verb? action
 Direct Object? eraser
 5. Indirect Object? Ben
Indirect Objects
 Does the following sentence have an
indirect object?
 Example:
 I throw the eraser to Ben.
Indirect Objects
 Does the following sentence have an
indirect object? NO!
 Example:
DO
 I throw the eraser to Ben.
Indirect Objects
 Use IO Practice #1 to find indirect
objects.
 Identify sentence patterns.
 All sentences with IO’s should be:
 S-V-IO-DO.
Direct Objects and Inidirect Objects
 Use DO and IO Practice #1 to find
direct objects and indirect objects.
 Identify sentences patterns.
 You should NEVER find an IO
following a DO!
 Some sentences will not have DO’s.
Predicate Nouns
 Always follow a linking verb and equal
or rename the subject.
Predicate Nouns
 Example:
 I am a teacher in this classroom.
 Follow steps:
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1.
2.
3.
4.
prepositional phrases?
verb?
subject?
Type of verb? linking predicate noun?
 Notice we have changed to a LINKING
VERB!
Predicate Nouns
 Example:
 I am a teacher in this classroom.
 Follow steps:
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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prepositional phrases? in this classroom
verb? am
subject? Who is? I
Type of verb? linking
predicate noun? Is the sentence saying that I =
teacher?
 Yes! Therefore, teacher is the predicate noun.
Predicate Nouns
 Example:
PN
 My dad is the track coach at school.
 dad = coach
PN
 Julie is the best volleyball player on the
team.
 Julie = player
Predicate Nouns
 A sentence may contain a compound
predicate noun
 Example:
PN
PN
 My best subjects are history and math.
Predicate Nouns
 Complete Predicate Nouns Practice
#1 and #2
 Identify the sentence patterns.
Predicate Adjectives
 Follows a linking verb and describes
the subject
Predicate Adjectives
 Example:
 I am unhappy about the loss of my favorite
team.
 Follow the steps:
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Prepositional phrase?
Verb?
Subject?
Type of verb? linking
 Predicate Noun? none
 Predicate adjective?
Predicate Adjectives
 Example:
 I am unhappy about the loss of my favorite
team.
 Follow the steps:
 Prepositional phrase? about the loss, of my
favorite team
 Verb? am
 Subject? Who is? I
 Type of verb? linking
 Predicate Noun? none
 Predicate adjective? unhappy
Predicate Adjectives
 Remember, some linking verbs deal
with the senses.
 If the verb can be replaced with is or
are, it is being used as a linking verb
 Example:
 The peanuts taste salty.
 The peanuts are salty.
Predicate Adjectives
 Example:
 My dog is brown.
 Follow steps:
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Prepositional phrase?
Verb?
Subject?
Type of verb? linking
 Predicate noun? none
 Predicate adjective?
Predicate Adjectives
 Example:
PA
 My dog is brown.
PA
 The shorts in the closet are blue.
Predicate Adjectives
 Complete Predicate Adjectives
Practice #1 and #2
 Identify sentence patterns
Noun Functions
 How a noun is used in a sentence
 Five functions:
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Object of a preposition
A subject
A direct object
An indirect object
As a predicate noun
Noun Functions
 Complete Predicate Adjectives/Noun
Functions Practice #1
 Identify sentence patterns
Noun Functions
 Complete Noun Functions Practice #1
and #2
 Identify sentence patterns
Adjectives
 Modifies nouns or pronouns
 a, an, and the are ALWAYS adjectives
 Nouns must follow them
 Sometimes other adjectives or adverbs
may follow too
 ALL possessive pronouns and
possessive words function as
adjectives
Adjectives
 Example:
 The green bananas were hanging from the
damaged apple tree.
 Follow steps:
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Prepositional phrases?
Verb?
Subject?
Type of verb?
DO?
Identify nouns and pronouns (OP, S, DO, IO,
PN) and find words modifying them.
Adjectives
 Example:
 The green bananas were hanging from the
damaged apple tree.
 Follow steps:
 Prepositional phrases? from the damaged apple
tree
 Verb? were hanging
 Subject? What was hanging? bananas
 Type of verb? action
 DO? Were hanging what? Were hanging what?
No DO.
 Noun/pronoun modifiers? the green, the
damaged, apple
Adjectives
 Example:
adj
adj
HV
AV
 The green bananas were hanging from
adj
adj
adj
PO
the damaged apple tree.
Adverbs
 Modify everything that is not a noun
or pronoun
 Modify adjectives, adverbs and verbs
 Words ending in –ly are adverbs, but
not all adverbs end in –ly
 The only way to be sure is to ID the
word being modified!
 Tell where, when, how much, and to
what extent
Adverbs
 Example:
 I was very distraught about the loss of my
friendly brother in the extremely violent storm.
 Follow the steps:
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Prepositional phrases?
Verb?
Subject?
Type of verb? DO? Or PN or PA?
Adjectives?
Adverbs?
Adverbs
 Example:
 I was very distraught about the loss of my
friendly brother in the extremely violent storm.
 Follow the steps:
 Prepositional phrases? about the loss, of my
friendly brother, in the extremely violent storm
 Verb? was
 Subject? Who was? I
 Type of verb? linking DO? No, not an AV Or PN
or PA? PA – distraught (describes I)
 Adjectives? the, my, friendly, the, violent
 Adverbs? very, extremely
Adjectives and Adverbs
 Complete Adjective and Adverbs
Practice #1
 Identify sentence patterns.
Conjunctions
 Connect elements
 Two types:
 Coordinate – connect like elements, two
phrases, two clauses, two sentences, two
sentence parts
 and, but, for, nor, yet, so, or
 Subordinate – subordinate one element
to another
 before, after, because, if, when (just a few)