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Becoming a World Power 1. The United States became a leading industrial producer because of the industrial development of the late 19th century. This contributed to the nation’s rise to world power. a. ____________________ growth led many Americans to support a larger role for America in the world in order to gain more ______________ materials and increase markets for our products made in our factories overseas. b. While the US was developing into a strong economic power at the end of the 19th century, it was also becoming more involved with ______________________ affairs. Part of becoming a big power and force in the world involved ________________________ our land/empire. c. Many believed it was our “God-given right” to expand across the seas like we had across our continent. This is called our _____________________ Destiny. d. This new Manifest Destiny was also motivated by the ____________________ spirit and the idea of American ______________________ (Social Darwinism) as well as by economics which fueled this belief of expanding beyond our borders. e. All of these motivations would play a role in the US declaring war against Spain, being involved in the revolt in Panama leading to the building of the Panama Canal, and our involvement in WW1. 2. Back in 1867, the US bought Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars ($7,200,000) with Secretary of State William Seward’s insistence. a. Some called it the “_______________ Garden” because it was so far north. b. But ______________ was discovered, so many people flocked there. It was also full of natural resources such as ______________, timber, copper, and _________________. 3. Christian missionaries and business people began to settle in the Hawaiian Islands in order to convert people and make money. a. The weather was good for __________________ and pineapples. b. Kings and queens ruled Hawaii at that time. Queen ___________ was a popular leader of the Hawaiian people and didn’t want Americans to have so much control in Hawaii. c. But, we took control of the trade, annexed (took _______________ of) the land, took over their government, and set up a republic in 1898. d. Hawaii is located in the ____________ __________, and is a good ____________ stop on the way to trading with ____________. 4. People accused the US of imperialism or empire building after the acquisition of Hawaii and Alaska. This led to many conflicts with nations in Europe, especially Spain. 5. Spain controlled Cuba and Puerto Rico. Many Cubans wanted their independence from Spain but failed in two revolutions. Many Americans supported their fight for independence. So what led the US to declare war on Spain? 6. Yellow Journalism helped prepare the public for the decision to declare war against Spain. a. It is ___________, exaggerated writing meant to _________ more newspapers and influence readers. This kind of writing is designed to just sell __________ (and therefore make $$ for the company). b. Yellow journalists appealed to the sentiments of its readers to save Cuba from the harsh rule of colonial Spain. They helped __________ ______ the American people to save Cuba before and after the war. c. _____________ _____ __________ sold many papers due to their yellow journalism. 7. President McKinley asked Congress to declare war. They were willing do so for a few reasons. a. American ________________ interests in Cuba, b. Humanitarian concerns for the Cuban _____________, c. We wanted to show our _______________ in the world. 8. President McKinley sent the USS MAINE to Havana, Cuba to protect our citizens living there. a. On Feb. 15, 1898, it ______________ in the harbor. b. ___________ was blamed for the explosion as 200 soldiers were killed. This was fueled, of course, by yellow journalism. [Much later, it was determined the explosion was set off by a spontaneous combustion fire.] c. War [called the Spanish American War] was declared on Spain two months later (April 25, 1898) and lasted __ months. d. It started with the takeover of ____________ harbor in the Philippines by our naval fleet in the Pacific led by Commodore ____________. [The Philippines would provide another great location physically for the US to get to Chinese markets.] e. Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Riders and the ______________ Soldiers (African American soldiers) helped fight in Cuba. f. An armistice, an agreement to _______ ____________ a war, was signed and led to the annexation (addition) of territories. It gave the US control of Cuba, ________, the Philippine Islands, and Puerto Rico. This armistice was called the __________ ____ ___________. g. Guam and Puerto Rico are ___________ properties of the U.S. today. i. The Philippine Islands were US properties until the end of _________, even though there were armed protests for their independence prior to that war. ii. Cuba was occupied (on and off) by US forces for more than 30 years, and today we have a permanent _________ _________ there (called Guantanamo Bay). h. Many men died during this war, but most deaths were due to yellow fever and ______________. i. This war made the US a strong __________ ____________. 9. Teddy Roosevelt (TR) eventually became Vice President under McKinley, due in part to his popularity after the Spanish American War. After McKinley’s assassination, he then became President. a. He was born into a __________ family but was a sickly child. He loved the outdoors and had a strong sense of ________ play. b. TR is known for his saying: “Speak softly and carry a big _________.” c. He helped bring peace during Russia and Japan’s conflict and won a __________ Peace Prize in 1905 for his efforts. d. He sent the “________ ________ ________” around the world to show our military force. 10. The Panama Canal was a goal of TR in order to link the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans as a quick route to expand trade in the Far East. a. It would cut across the ___________ (a narrow strip of land that connects two larger land areas) that joined North and South America and allow commercial and military ships to travel from ocean to ocean more _________. b. This canal would help create our ____________ __________ image. c. But there was a problem: we didn’t own the isthmus, and its owner (______________) wouldn’t sell it to us. d. A revolution occurred and formed a new nation called ____________, which gave permission to the US to lease the isthmus and build the canal. e. The Canal officially opened August 15, _______. f. It was found that ______________ carried diseases like __________ __________ and malaria, so areas where they laid their eggs were drained to enable people to continue to build the canal. These diseases had caused many problems in the building of the canal. g. A __________ with Panama gave the US full control of the canal until 2000. 11. As industries and cities grew in the U.S., they created social and political problems. a. Industries: i. Factories could be dangerous ________________ places. ii. Some industries filled the air with unhealthy _________ and __________. Others dumped wastes into rivers or lakes and cut down ________________ b. Cities: i. Grew due to the increase of ___________________- and the migration away from _________. ii. Middle Class Americans were concerned with the living ________________ of the city as well as the __________________ in government. iii. ________________ conditions led to problems with sanitation, water, and housing. 12. The Progressives were mostly middle class people who believed society’s problems could be solved by passing laws. a. They believed these laws would make life ______________ for all Americans and _____________ the government. b. It started as a political response to problems at the _______ government level, and then moved to the ______________ and national level. c. Progressives tried to improve education, health, moral, and social problems by ______________ immigrants how to adapt to living in a new country. They established ___________________ houses to help teach social skills to immigrants, such as the __________ ____________ created by Jane Addams. d. Progressives helped many new laws make life safer such as ______________ codes for tenements, factories and coal mines, creating ___________ labor laws, ________ laws (to prohibit buying alcohol on Sundays), and the income tax (________ Amendment). e. They were concerned with unsafe working conditions, long work hours, and _________ labor, but did not support the actions of labor ___________ (like going on strike). They thought passing ____________ would better solve those problems. f. Other reformers supported the establishment of city ____________ and beautification projects, ____________ housing, and better sanitation for the city. g. Child Labor- They wanted children to be able to attend ___________ and not have to work. This upset many families since they depended on their children working to help the family survive. Most child labor laws were passed at the _____________ level since the Supreme Court declared them unconstitutional on the federal level. h. Child labor laws, minimum wage and maximum hours were not enforced strictly until the New Deal reform of the Great __________________ in the 1930s. 13. Theodore Roosevelt was considered a progressive president. a. He became President after ___________________ assassination. b. His idea was called the “____________ __________.” He believed the Federal government should __________ people and make life ____________ ____ __________. Everyone should get the same opportunity. c. He became known as the “___________________” since he tried to break up trusts. d. After reading Upton Sinclair’s book on the meat packing industry, he passed the Pure Food and Drug Act and the _________ Inspection Act to make sure food and drugs were handled properly. e. Roosevelt was also interested in conserving ______________. He helped create national parks, monuments, and wildlife refuges. f. He promoted the regulation of the railroads to protect the rights of consumers. g. Other Progressive presidents that followed Roosevelt were William Howard ______ and Woodrow ______________. 14. Reforms began at the local (city) level and then moved to state and national (federal) reforms. a. The cities needed to be reformed because political _____________ ruled the cities. They were dishonest and corrupt. A notorious political boss was William ___________ of NY. So they set up __________________ to help keep one person from having all the power (so the mayor didn’t have all the power). Each commission took care of one part of the government, like fire and police departments. b. ___________ system- people take tests to ______________ for state and federal jobs. Prior to this reform, jobs were given out based on who you knew and not what you knew… “you scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours.” c. Reforms were more _______________ at the national/federal level when dealing with Big Business. d. Companies joined together to form _____________ in order to control entire industries and keep away the ________________ so they could set the prices. Without competition, trusts could charge _______________ prices for their products. e. __________________ were declared unlawful (by the Sherman Anti-trust Act), but the Supreme Court limited its effectiveness. f. The movement to limit alcohol ____________________ (drinking) had been around since the American ______________. However, it received a boost in the late 19th century with the increase in the number of ______________________. g. When WW1 began, propaganda against the _______________ (who were known for their beer drinking) and the rationing of ___________ also helped the Progressives push through a national _____________________ amendment. h. Prohibition- to keep people from drinking ____________, the US passed the _____ Amendment making it illegal to make, sell, and transport alcohol i. Carry _______________ fought for Prohibition. j. The Amendment couldn’t stop people from drinking. Hundreds of “speakeasies” or __________ taverns were opened and run by mobsters, leading to crime in cities. k. The 18th Amendment was later repealed by the ______ Amendment because people would do whatever they could to get alcohol. 15. Muckrakers were writers who wrote publicized the terrible working and living conditions as well as the corruption of industries using photographs and their words. a. Roosevelt was the ___________ to use this term. b. Upton ____________ wrote about the unhealthy conditions in Chicago’s meatpacking plants in a novel called _______ _____________. c. ____ ___________ exposed the oil trusts. d. Jacob ________ exposed the terrible living conditions in the city. 16. There was still a push for civil rights or equal treatment under the law for all citizens. a. W.E.B. DuBois formed the ____________ (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) b. National Urban League was formed to help find ______ and homes for black people in the cities c. Booker T. Washington wanted to look for _____________ ways for black people. The need for a good education was a way to improve one’s life. 17. Women also fought for equal rights. a. Suffragists were people who wanted the _________ _____ _________. Two popular leaders in women’s suffrage attempts were Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. b. _____ Amendment- gave women the right to vote in 1920. This is said to have been the best accomplishment of WW1. At first people didn’t support women voting, but was appreciative of their war efforts at home. 18. While a single event sparked the beginning of World War I, factors existed many years prior to its beginning. In 1914, these conflicts among European countries exploded into war. The United States hoped to stay out of this war, called the Great War. 19. There were for MAIN causes that led to the beginning of the War. Remember, when the war began, the US was NOT involved with it. We wanted to remain neutral (not take sides). a. __________________- a belief that using military forces was a good way to solve problems. Nations tried to develop ____________ more powerful than those of their neighbors. This was called the “__________ race.” b. __________________- partnerships certain countries had with each other. Partners agreed to help each other in the event of an attack. Countries with alliances with each other were called ___________. “I’ve got your back.” c. ____________________- empire-building- Countries fought for control of colonies in places like Africa and Asia. Britain and France had large empires all over, making Germany, Russia, and Italy jealous. With this policy, stronger nations take control of ________________ areas. d. ____________________- sense of pride or loyalty to a nation and the desire for independenceempires in Europe included people from different ethnic groups who wanted to break away and form their own countries. 20. The spark of the war occurred on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo when Archduke Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were assassinated by a Serbian terrorist named Princip. a. Ferdinand was _________ to the Austria-Hungary throne. b. When Austria declared war on ___________, alliances came into play. 21. There were two big alliances during the war. a. Allied Powers or ________________ (Triple Entente): Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and eventually the USA b. ________________ Powers (Triple Alliance): Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, Ottoman Empire (Turkey) 22. The United States wanted to remain neutral (not take sides) at first, but was eventually drawn into the conflict. a. Wartime _______________________ (like yellow journalism) and our close sympathies and close commercial ties to __________ ____________ strained our neutrality. b. Germany developed submarines, or underwater boats called ____________. They declared unrestricted warfare on the high seas (even on neutral ships trading with Britain and France). One of these sank a British passenger ship called the _______________ off of Ireland’s coast in May, 1915. There were many Americans on the ship. c. The Zimmermann note- a __________________ was intercepted from a German official (Arthur Zimmermann) to the German Minister in Mexico. In this note, he said if the US declared war on Germany, then Mexico should enter into an ________________ with Germany. With the support of Germany, Mexico could re-conquer lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. Journalists reported about this telegram in their newspapers. d. These were a few ________________ that led to America’s support of the war. e. On May 1917, President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany after their U-boats sank three American ________________ ships…because “the world must be safe for democracy.” 23. The US joined forces with the Allies in June 1917, even though we were not ready because our Army was small and we had few weapons. a. Our forces sent to Europe were called the American Expeditionary Force (______) and were nicknamed the “_________________.” b. They were led by General __________________. c. The war had been going on for ______ years before we entered it. d. They were instrumental in the _______________ front against Germany and in breaking the deadlock of _________________ warfare. e. Upon arriving in Europe, soldiers were sent to _____________ where most of the fighting was occurring. 24. The Selective Service Act provided for a military draft to get people to join the military’s armed forces. a. Men from the ages of ___________ (eventually 18-45) had to register with the draft board. b. b. The military included immigrants, _______________ Americans, _____________ Americans, and ________________ Americans. c. While even in the military, they continued to face the same _______________ in the war they faced at home. Most were given __________________ duties or menial jobs. d. Eight _______________ Indian soldiers transmitted radio messages in their native language as a “secret code” that no other country could decipher. 25. A front is a place where fighting takes place. The western front included French trenches and the eastern front was mostly in Russia. a. The two fighting sides were separated with a “____________ ________” area which was land not held by either side but filled with barbed wire and land mines (which were __________ buried in the ground). b. Women were not allowed to fight in the war, but they helped out by taking over the ________ of men at home who left to fight in the war. They worked in the fields as nurses, clerical positions, and in ___________________. c. Soldiers lived and fought in _______________ (ditches) dug into the ground. These trenches averaged about 6.5 feet deep and were ________, damp, and dark. _____________ was not an option and many men wore the same clothing for days and weeks at a time. d. In addition to mud, the trenches contained human ____________ and unburied corpses (which of course attracted _______ _____ _______). 26. New kinds of technology and weapons were used in the war. a. Germany invented a faster _______________ gun, which was fought off by Britain’s ________. b. The Germans tried to use poisonous _______ against the tanks. Some of these gases included chlorine, tear, and mustard gases, which caused ______________, burned the flesh, and rotted the throat and lungs. c. Gas ____________ were used to fight the gases. d. d. Submarines- used _______________ to blow up ships e. e. Airplanes- for dropping bombs and _____________ on other troops 27. Changes took place back in America during the war as all Americans were asked to “do their part” to help out in the war effort. a. Some factories stopped making “normal” ________________ and began to make items needed for the war (like _______________) b. Farmers were asked to grow ___________ for the troops overseas and Americans were encouraged Americans to eat ________ (wheatless and meatless days), and grow ____________ gardens of vegetables to supplement their diet. c. The government also encouraged Americans to use less ________ and ________, which led to Daylight Savings Time…heatless Mondays d. The government raised __________ and sold _______ bonds to help finance war expenses. e. Many people hated ______________ and anything related to the country. People began calling hamburgers “liberty _______________,” sauerkraut was “liberty cabbage,” and many schools quit teaching the German language. f. Americans were asked to ______________ other resources. Dresses were made shorter so extra cloth could make uniforms. Families recycled ________________. g. Propaganda was used to _______________ people to feel a certain way about the war. One example was the use of political cartoons. 28. On November 11, 1918, Germany signed an armistice that ended the war on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month. This important date was later known as Armistice Day, and eventually Veteran’s Day. They signed the peace treaty called the Treaty of Versailles (pronounced “ver-sigh). Items included in the treaty were based on Wilson’s 14 Points. a. Germany would have to pay $________ million in damages to other nations. b. Germany was forced to give up territories/__________ to France, Belgium, Denmark, and Poland. c. Germany’s army was _______________ in numbers, They could no longer use submarines or aircraft d. Woodrow Wilson shared his ___ Points (principles) for peace in Europe. He played a significant role in _________ negotiations even though many of his 14 points were ignored by other nations. e. Wilson helped _____________ state borders in Europe that better reflected nations and groups of people with the same language, ethnic heritage, and ________________. f. Set up the __________________ of Nations to help find ________________ ways to solve problems. We didn’t join this organization because we wanted to stay out of other countries’ problems. It was a policy of ___________________, or being separate from other countries. Some thought it would compromise our right to declare war. g. We did continue to be involved in world ____________ in the 1920s and limited American involvement in world affairs in a series of laws in the 1930s called the Neutrality Acts. 29. Results of the war: a. Some say the harshness shown to Germany was a major cause of _________. b. 8 million men died fighting on ___ continents. Millions more were wounded, and 5 million civilians died due to bombs, ____________, and hunger. Roughly 1:8 men who served in the war died in the war. c. Many people were left _________________ and diseases and hunger were rampant. 30. Other interesting events of the early 1900s: a. 1904 ____ __________ ___________ were invented at the St Louis State Fair. b. 1906 major ____________________ in San Francisco, CA. c. 1912 the sinking of the _______________ in the icy waters off the coast of Newfoundland.