Download THE MACROMOLECULES OF LIFE

THE MACROMOLECULES OF LIFE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• Compounds that contain CARBON
are called organic.
• Macromolecules are large organic
molecules.
CARBON (C)
Carbon can form covalent bonds with as
many as 4 other elements.
Usually with C, H, O or N
MACROMOLECULES
•  Large organic molecules
•  Also called POLYMERS
•  Made up of smaller building blocks called
MONOMERS
Examples:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
CARBOHYDRATES
Small Sugar Molecules  Large Sugar Molecules
Monosaccharide
(mono – one)
Disaccharide
(di – two)
Polysaccharide
(poly – many)
CARBOHYDRATES
Monosaccharide: one sugar monomer
Examples:
glucose
Glucose (C6H12O6)
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Fructose
Galactose
CARBOHYDRATES
Disaccharide: two sugar unit
Examples:
• Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
• Lactose (glucose+galactose)
• Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose
glucose
CARBOHYDRATES
Polysaccharide: many sugar units
Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
cellulose
glucose
LIPIDS
Compounds that are not soluble in water.
Stores the most energy
Examples:
Fats
Phospholipids
Oils
Waxes
Steroid hormones
Triglycerides
Functions:
Protection against heat
loss (insulation)
Protection against physical
shock
Protection against water
loss
Chemical messengers
(hormones)
Major component of
membranes
(phospholipids)
FATTY ACIDS
There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see
these on food labels:
Saturated
fatty acids
no double bonds
(bad)
Unsaturated
fatty acids
double bonds (good)
PROTEINS
•  Also called polypeptides
•  Made from amino acids
•  20 different kinds
•  bonded together by peptide
bonds to form polypeptides.
Functions of proteins:
Storage:
albumin (egg white)
Transport:
hemoglobin
Regulatory:
hormones
Movement:
muscles
Structural:
membranes, hair, nails
Enzymes:
cellular reactions
PROTEINS
Four levels of protein structure
A. Primary Structure
B. Secondary Structure
C. Tertiary Structure
D. Quaternary Structure
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
Amino acids
bonded
together by
peptide bonds
SECONDARY STRUCTURE
3-dimensional folding arrangement of a
primary structure into coils and pleats
held together by hydrogen bonds.
• Two examples:
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
Hydrogen Bonds
TERTIARY STRUCTURE
• Secondary structures bent and folded
into a more complex 3-D arrangement
of linked polypeptides
Called a subunit
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
QUATERNARY STRUCTURE
• Composed of two or more subunits
• Globular in shape
• Form in aqueous environments
• Example: enzymes
subunits
NUCLEIC ACIDS
• Two types:
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNAdouble helix)
b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single
strand)
• Nucleic acids are composed of long
chains of nucleotides.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleotides include:
Phosphate group
Sugar
Nitrogenous bases:
adenine (A)
thymine (T) DNA only
uracil (U) RNA only
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)
NUCLEOTIDE
Phosphate
O
O=P-O
O
Nitrogenous
base
(A, G, C, or T)
5
CH2
O
C4
Sugar
(deoxyribose) C1
C3
C2
N
5
O
DNA - DOUBLE HELIX
3
3
P
5
O
O
C
G
1
P
5
3
2
4
4
2
3
P
1
T
5
A
P
3
O
O
P
5
O
3
5
P20
REFERENCES
www.biologyjunction.com/Macromolecules1.ppt
copyright cmassengale
Images
bioblogtaylor.blogspot.com
http://protein-girl.blogspot.com/2011_07_01_archive.html
http://tenerife-training.net/Tenerife-News-Cycling-Blog/2008/03/science/how-muchcarbon-dioxide-is-produced-by-driving-a-car-on-one-tank-of-petrol/
bioserv.fiu.edu
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/science/organisms_behaviour_health/
diet_drugs/revise5.shtml
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/lipids.htm