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From that day forward, “Stonewall” Jackson became a Confederate hero. With the battlefield littered with bloody bodies, fresh Southern troops arrived by railroad. Soon, Northern troops retreated in panic. Frightened soldiers and panicked sightseers fled to Washington, D.C. The South had won the first major battle of the war. At first, excitement about the war made many in the North and the South eager to join the fight. As the war dragged on, the death toll rose. As a result, both sides had to use a draft. A draft is the selection of people who must serve in the military. Draft riots broke out in many Northern cities. Content Vocabulary draft (DRAFT) the selection of persons for military duty or some other special duty The Master Plans Academic Vocabulary Many Southerners believed they would win the war because they had a stronger military tradition than the North. Southern generals had more experience. Confederate soldiers had grown up riding horses and hunting. Large numbers of Southerners volunteered to fight. They were eager to protect their homes and way of life. Northerners were also brave fighters, but many lived in cities where the military tradition was not as strong as it was in the South. Even so, Northerners believed they would win simply because they had more people, industry, and money than the South. tradition (truh•DIH•shuhn) an inherited or established way of doing something MAP SKILLS 1 PLACE What were the major Confederate ports? 2 HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT The Anaconda Plan INTERACTION How does the snake illustrate the effect of the Union blockade? General Winfield Scott, the commander of the Union Army, made a plan to win the war. This plan would make it more difficult for Colorado Territory KS ouri Miss Nebraska Territory WI MI IA Riv er OH Cincinnati Oh St. Louis Boundary of the Confederacy e ss ee WV er Riv Ten n Mississippi R iver AR Manassas River KY TN Slave Confederate states Free Union states Slave states that stayed in the Union Confederate capital Union capital Union blockade PA IN IL MO io The Anaconda Plan Shiloh MS Atlanta AL VA Potomac River Washington, D.C. MD Richmond NC SC Charleston GA Vicksburg LA NJ DE New Orleans Fort Sumter Atlantic Ocean N FL E W S 0 100 200 miles 0 100 200 kilometers www.MHEonline.com 232_236_TX_SE_G5_L1_C09_130460.indd 233 233 11/13/14 2:49 PM Strengths Weaknesses • It planned a defensive war, which is easier for the military to win. • It had less than half the population of the North, and one-third were enslaved people. • A third of the nation’s officers • The South had less money to joined the Confederate Army, support the war effort than the including Robert E. Lee, the most North. respected general in the army. • The South had only one • It had a strong military tradition, factory producing cannons and with 7 of the nation’s 8 military no major factory for making schools located in the South. gunpowder. • Southerners were more skilled in shooting, hunting, and riding. The Union • Soldiers began preparing for war before the attack on Fort Sumter. • In 1861 the North had more than twice the population of the South. • Union troops fought mostly in Southern areas, where people were defending their homes. • More than three-quarters of U.S. Navy officers came from the North, and 90 percent of the Navy stayed with the North. • Long supply lines made it difficult for Union troops to move quickly. • About 80 percent of U.S. factories were in the North. • Many Northern soldiers came from areas where there was little military tradition. • The majority of railroads were in the North. • Most Union soldiers had little military training. • Almost all firearms were manufactured in the North. • Union armies would have to take control of most of the South in order to bring it back into the Union. • Northern farms grew more food than Southern farms. Content Vocabulary Anaconda Plan (a•nuh•KAHN•duh) the Union army’s three-part plan for defeating the Confederate army and ending the Civil War 234 • The South had half as many miles of railroad track as the North, making it difficult to get food, weapons, and other supplies to troops. the South to get the supplies it needed to fight the war. He called it the Anaconda Plan. An anaconda is a giant snake that strangles its prey. This is exactly what General Scott wanted to do to the South. Scott’s Anaconda Plan had three parts. First, Northern ships would blockade, or cut off, Southern seaports. Without trade, the South would be unable to buy weapons and supplies. Second, the North would take control of the Mississippi River. This would divide the South and prevent Confederates from using the river to move (t) The Palma Collection/Getty Images; (b) Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-USZ61-903] The Confederacy The War Between the States Chapter 9 232_236_TX_SE_G5_L1_C09_130460.indd 234 10/31/14 12:25 PM supplies. In the final part of the plan, Union troops would invade the South, squeezing the region from both the east and the west. The South’s Strategy While the North worked on its Anaconda Plan, the South prepared to defend its homeland. Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederacy, knew that a Union blockade of Southern ports could destroy the Confederate economy. Davis also knew that Great Britain and France needed Southern cotton. He believed British ships would break the Union blockade. Davis soon realized he was wrong. Europe had a surplus of cotton in the 1860s. Also, the British and French did not want to get involved in a foreign war. The Battle of Shiloh The number of casualties, or people killed and wounded, at Bull Run shocked people on both sides. However, those numbers were slight compared to those at the Battle of Shiloh in Tennessee. There, on April 6, 1862, Confederate forces under General Albert Sidney Johnston surprised Union forces commanded by General Ulysses S. Grant. Most of the soldiers had never seen battle. The South pushed back one Union position after another. At one spot along a sunken road, bullets buzzed through the air. This place became known as “The Hornet’s Nest.” The next day, dead bodies covered the bloody battlefield. The Union troops were near defeat. Suddenly, more Union forces arrived. The tired Confederates could not hold off a fresh Union attack. The North won at Shiloh, but both sides paid a heavy price. Twice as many Americans died in this single battle as died in the entire American Revolution. Shiloh showed both sides that the war would be long and bloody. Never again would people go sightseeing at the scene of a battle. What they had seen was too terrible. A New Kind of War The Civil War was different from earlier American wars because it reached beyond battlefields. Farms and cities were burned. People were terrorized. Some historians call the Civil War the first total war. In a total war, each side strikes against the economic system and civilians of the other. Civilians are people who are not in the armed forces. In total war, entire populations are pulled into the conflict. Technology transformed the way the Civil War was fought. Railroads and telegraphs changed the way generals made battlefield decisions. Technology also made the Civil War more deadly than earlier wars. Rifles could fire bullets longer distances and with greater accuracy. Land mines were used to surprise and kill the enemy. Iron-covered battle ships, called ironclads, made wooden ships seem outdated overnight because cannon balls simply bounced off the hard metal sides. The Confederates built the first ironclad ship, the CSS Virginia, formerly the USS Merrimack. To counter this new threat, the Union Content Vocabulary total war attacking an enemy’s soldiers, civilians, and property www.MHEonline.com 232_236_TX_SE_G5_L1_C09_130460.indd 235 235 10/31/14 12:26 PM built the ironclad USS Monitor. On March 9, 1862, the two ironclads fought off the Virginia coast. Neither ship could sink the other. Still, it was a victory for the North because they kept their blockade in place. One month later, the Union captured the port of New Orleans. Continuing the Anaconda plan, Union ships began to sail up the Mississippi River. Soon, the Union Navy controlled the river. After the battle of the ironclads, “Monitor fever” swept the nation. Ironclad railroad cars were manufactured. With their thick armor plates and cannons, they were similar to modern tanks. Both sides also experimented with land mines, torpedoes, and submarines. The South tried many ways to break the Union blockade of its ports. One Confederate, Horace L. Hunley, invented a submarine to sink warships. On February 16, 1864, the CSS H.L. Hunley sank the USS Housatonic near the Port of Charleston. Soon after the attack, however, the Hunley also sank. It may have been damaged during the blast. Even though the mission was a success, the port remained under Union control. The Union’s ability to cut off the South’s supplies would have a significant effect on the outcome of the Civil War. ! READING PROGRESS CHECK National Archives and Records Administration [165-C-630] Du ri g din En ng g nin gin Tw oS ide Be Include this lesson’s information in your Foldable®. s The Saint Louis, the first ironclad gunboat built in America, circa 1862 Which side won the Battle of Shiloh? LESSON 1 REVIEW Reviewing Vocabulary 1. Describe the three-part Anaconda Plan. 2. Explain why a draft was necessary during the Civil War. Reading Skills 3. Explaining What did Southerners think about their military tradition? 236 4. Describing What new technology was used in the Civil War that had not been used in earlier wars? Writing Skills 5. NARRATIVE WRITING Write a letter to a loved one telling him or her what you experienced on the battlefield at Shiloh. Describe the battle scene, how you felt, and the outcome. Chapter 9 232_236_TX_SE_G5_L1_C09_130460.indd 236 03/11/14 7:49 am netw rks MI ri Colorado Territory KS IA Riv er Cincinnati Oh St. Louis MAPS e ss ee WV er Riv Ten n Mississippi R iver GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS AR Manassas River KY TN Slave Confederate states Free Union states Slave states that stayed in the Union Confederate capital Union capital Union blockade PA OH IN IL MO io ou Miss There’s More Online! WI Nebraska Territory Shiloh MS Atlanta AL VA Potomac River NC SC Charleston GA Fort Sum Vicksburg LA New Orleans FL Boundary of the Confederacy PRIMARY RESOURCES CHARTS/GRAPHS LESSON 1 A Nation Divided by War Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills 4E Identify the causes of the Civil War, including sectionalism, states’ rights, and slavery, and the effects of the Civil War, including Reconstruction and the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the U.S. Constitution. Essential Question Why do people take risks? It Matters Because The North and South had different strengths and weaknesses. GUIDING QUESTION What was the North’s plan for winning the Civil War? In the beginning, leaders in both the North and South thought the Civil War would last about two months. Some soldiers even feared the war would be over before they had a chance to fight. By 1862, people on both sides realized the war was turning into a long, drawn out conflict. The Civil War would become the bloodiest war in American history. The First Battle of Bull Run The first major battle of the Civil War was fought on July 21, 1861. It took place at a stream called Bull Run, near the town of Manassas, Virginia. Manassas is located between Washington, D.C., and Richmond, Virginia. Richmond was the capital of the Confederacy. That day, sightseers followed the Union troops. Many expected to watch a rapid Union victory. They hoped Richmond would then fall quickly. What they saw instead was bloodshed and death. For hours, Union soldiers attacked the line of Confederate soldiers but could not break through. Confederate General Thomas Jackson stood firm with his troops. One Confederate officer shouted, “!There stands Jackson like a stone wall!!” (tcl) The Palma Collection/Getty Images; (tcr) Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-USZ61-903]; (tr) National Archives and Records Administration [165-C-630] The War Begins Reading! HELP DESK TAKING NOTES: Key Ideas and Details As you read, use a Venn diagram like this one to list the reasons that both sides thought they could win the war. 232 Chapter 9 232_236_TX_SE_G5_L1_C09_130460.indd 232 North South Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary • draft • Anaconda Plan • total war tradition 11/20/14 8:59 AM