Download The Master Plans The Anaconda Plan

From that day forward, “Stonewall” Jackson became a
Confederate hero.
With the battlefield littered with bloody bodies, fresh Southern
troops arrived by railroad. Soon, Northern troops retreated in panic.
Frightened soldiers and panicked sightseers fled to Washington,
D.C. The South had won the first major battle of the war.
At first, excitement about the war made many in the North
and the South eager to join the fight. As the war dragged on, the
death toll rose. As a result, both sides had to use a draft. A draft is
the selection of people who must serve in the military. Draft riots
broke out in many Northern cities.
Content Vocabulary
draft (DRAFT) the selection of
persons for military duty or some
other special duty
The Master Plans
Academic Vocabulary
Many Southerners believed they would win the war because they
had a stronger military tradition than the North. Southern generals
had more experience. Confederate soldiers had grown up riding
horses and hunting. Large numbers of Southerners volunteered to
fight. They were eager to protect their homes and way of life.
Northerners were also brave fighters, but many lived in cities
where the military tradition was not as strong as it was in the South.
Even so, Northerners believed they would win simply because they
had more people, industry, and money than the South.
tradition (truh•DIH•shuhn) an
inherited or established way of
doing something
MAP SKILLS
1 PLACE What were the
major Confederate ports?
2 HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT
The Anaconda Plan
INTERACTION How
does the snake illustrate
the effect of the Union
blockade?
General Winfield Scott, the commander of the Union Army, made
a plan to win the war. This plan would make it more difficult for
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The Anaconda Plan
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Strengths
Weaknesses
• It planned a defensive war,
which is easier for the military
to win.
• It had less than half the
population of the North, and
one-third were enslaved people.
• A third of the nation’s officers
• The South had less money to
joined the Confederate Army,
support the war effort than the
including Robert E. Lee, the most North.
respected general in the army.
• The South had only one
• It had a strong military tradition,
factory producing cannons and
with 7 of the nation’s 8 military
no major factory for making
schools located in the South.
gunpowder.
• Southerners were more skilled
in shooting, hunting, and riding.
The Union
• Soldiers began preparing for
war before the attack on Fort
Sumter.
• In 1861 the North had more
than twice the population of the
South.
• Union troops fought mostly in
Southern areas, where people
were defending their homes.
• More than three-quarters of U.S.
Navy officers came from the
North, and 90 percent of the
Navy stayed with the North.
• Long supply lines made it
difficult for Union troops to move
quickly.
• About 80 percent of U.S.
factories were in the North.
• Many Northern soldiers came
from areas where there was little
military tradition.
• The majority of railroads were in
the North.
• Most Union soldiers had little
military training.
• Almost all firearms were
manufactured in the North.
• Union armies would have to
take control of most of the South
in order to bring it back into the
Union.
• Northern farms grew more food
than Southern farms.
Content Vocabulary
Anaconda Plan
(a•nuh•KAHN•duh) the Union
army’s three-part plan for
defeating the Confederate army
and ending the Civil War
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• The South had half as many
miles of railroad track as the
North, making it difficult to
get food, weapons, and other
supplies to troops.
the South to get the supplies it needed to fight the war. He called it
the Anaconda Plan.
An anaconda is a giant snake that strangles its prey. This is
exactly what General Scott wanted to do to the South. Scott’s
Anaconda Plan had three parts. First, Northern ships would
blockade, or cut off, Southern seaports. Without trade, the South
would be unable to buy weapons and supplies. Second, the North
would take control of the Mississippi River. This would divide
the South and prevent Confederates from using the river to move
(t) The Palma Collection/Getty Images; (b) Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-USZ61-903]
The Confederacy
The War Between the States
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supplies. In the final part of the plan, Union troops would invade
the South, squeezing the region from both the east and the west.
The South’s Strategy
While the North worked on its Anaconda Plan, the South
prepared to defend its homeland. Jefferson Davis, president of the
Confederacy, knew that a Union blockade of Southern ports could
destroy the Confederate economy. Davis also knew that Great
Britain and France needed Southern cotton. He believed British
ships would break the Union blockade. Davis soon realized he
was wrong. Europe had a surplus of cotton in the 1860s. Also, the
British and French did not want to get involved in a foreign war.
The Battle of Shiloh
The number of casualties, or people killed and wounded, at Bull
Run shocked people on both sides. However, those numbers were
slight compared to those at the Battle of Shiloh in Tennessee.
There, on April 6, 1862, Confederate forces under General Albert
Sidney Johnston surprised Union forces commanded by General
Ulysses S. Grant.
Most of the soldiers had never seen battle. The South pushed
back one Union position after another. At one spot along a sunken
road, bullets buzzed through the air. This place became known as
“The Hornet’s Nest.”
The next day, dead bodies covered the bloody battlefield. The
Union troops were near defeat. Suddenly, more Union forces arrived.
The tired Confederates could not hold off a fresh Union attack.
The North won at Shiloh, but both sides paid a heavy price. Twice
as many Americans died in this single battle as died in the entire
American Revolution. Shiloh showed both sides that the war would
be long and bloody. Never again would people go sightseeing at the
scene of a battle. What they had seen was too terrible.
A New Kind of War
The Civil War was different from earlier American wars because it
reached beyond battlefields. Farms and cities were burned. People
were terrorized. Some historians call the Civil War the first total war.
In a total war, each side strikes against the economic system and
civilians of the other. Civilians are people who are not in the armed
forces. In total war, entire populations are pulled into the conflict.
Technology transformed the way the Civil War was fought.
Railroads and telegraphs changed the way generals made
battlefield decisions. Technology also made the Civil War more
deadly than earlier wars. Rifles could fire bullets longer distances
and with greater accuracy. Land mines were used to surprise and
kill the enemy. Iron-covered battle ships, called ironclads, made
wooden ships seem outdated overnight because cannon balls
simply bounced off the hard metal sides.
The Confederates built the first ironclad ship, the CSS Virginia,
formerly the USS Merrimack. To counter this new threat, the Union
Content Vocabulary
total war attacking an enemy’s
soldiers, civilians, and property
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built the ironclad USS Monitor. On March 9, 1862, the two ironclads
fought off the Virginia coast. Neither ship could sink the other.
Still, it was a victory for the North because they kept their blockade
in place. One month later, the Union captured the port of New
Orleans. Continuing the Anaconda plan, Union ships began to sail
up the Mississippi River. Soon, the Union Navy controlled the river.
After the battle of the ironclads, “Monitor fever” swept the nation.
Ironclad railroad cars were manufactured. With their thick armor
plates and cannons, they were similar to modern tanks. Both sides
also experimented with land mines, torpedoes, and submarines.
The South tried many ways to break the Union blockade of its
ports. One Confederate, Horace L. Hunley, invented a submarine to
sink warships. On February 16, 1864, the CSS H.L. Hunley sank the
USS Housatonic near the Port of Charleston. Soon after the attack,
however, the Hunley also sank. It may have been damaged during
the blast. Even though the mission was a success, the port remained
under Union control. The Union’s ability to cut off the South’s supplies
would have a significant effect on the outcome of the Civil War.
! READING PROGRESS CHECK
National Archives and Records Administration [165-C-630]
Du
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Include this
lesson’s
information in
your Foldable®.
s
The Saint Louis, the first
ironclad gunboat built in
America, circa 1862
Which side won the Battle of Shiloh?
LESSON 1 REVIEW
Reviewing Vocabulary
1. Describe the three-part Anaconda Plan.
2. Explain why a draft was necessary during the
Civil War.
Reading Skills
3. Explaining What did Southerners think about their
military tradition?
236
4. Describing What new technology was used in
the Civil War that had not been used in earlier
wars?
Writing Skills
5. NARRATIVE WRITING Write a letter to a loved
one telling him or her what you experienced
on the battlefield at Shiloh. Describe the battle
scene, how you felt, and the outcome.
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netw rks
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Colorado
Territory
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MAPS
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Ten
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Mississippi R
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GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS
AR
Manassas
River
KY
TN
Slave Confederate
states
Free Union states
Slave states that
stayed in the Union
Confederate capital
Union capital
Union blockade
PA
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There’s More Online!
WI
Nebraska Territory
Shiloh
MS
Atlanta
AL
VA
Potomac
River
NC
SC
Charleston
GA
Fort
Sum
Vicksburg
LA
New
Orleans
FL
Boundary of the
Confederacy
PRIMARY RESOURCES
CHARTS/GRAPHS
LESSON 1
A Nation Divided by War
Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills
4E Identify the causes of the
Civil War, including sectionalism,
states’ rights, and slavery, and the
effects of the Civil War, including
Reconstruction and the 13th, 14th,
and 15th amendments to the U.S.
Constitution.
Essential Question Why do people take risks?
It Matters Because
The North and South had different strengths and weaknesses.
GUIDING QUESTION What was the North’s plan for winning the Civil War?
In the beginning, leaders in both the North and South thought
the Civil War would last about two months. Some soldiers even
feared the war would be over before they had a chance to fight.
By 1862, people on both sides realized the war was turning
into a long, drawn out conflict. The Civil War would become the
bloodiest war in American history.
The First Battle of Bull Run
The first major battle of the Civil War was fought on July 21,
1861. It took place at a stream called Bull Run, near the town of
Manassas, Virginia. Manassas is located between Washington,
D.C., and Richmond, Virginia. Richmond was the capital of the
Confederacy. That day, sightseers followed the Union troops.
Many expected to watch a rapid Union victory. They hoped
Richmond would then fall quickly. What they saw instead
was bloodshed and death.
For hours, Union soldiers attacked the line of Confederate
soldiers but could not break through. Confederate General Thomas
Jackson stood firm with his troops. One Confederate officer shouted,
“!There stands Jackson like a stone wall!!”
(tcl) The Palma Collection/Getty Images; (tcr) Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-USZ61-903]; (tr) National Archives and Records Administration [165-C-630]
The War Begins
Reading! HELP DESK
TAKING NOTES: Key Ideas and Details
As you read, use a Venn diagram like this one to list
the reasons that both sides thought they could win
the war.
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North
South
Content
Vocabulary
Academic
Vocabulary
• draft
• Anaconda Plan
• total war
tradition
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