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Review sheet for period 1800-1840 Compact theory "Mid-night judges" Orders in Council Battle of Tippecanoe Chesapeake affair War Hawks Aaron Burr Marbury vs. Madison Adams-Onis Treaty Missouri Compromise Monroe Doctrine Corrupt Bargain Maysville veto "S.C. Exposition and Protest" Charles River Bridge Case Petticoat War Battle of Lake Erie Hartford Convention Battle of New Orleans Treaty of Ghent Lewis and Clark Era of Good Feelings "conspiracy of silence" "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too!" Webster-Hayne debate McCulloch vs. Maryland Tariff of Abominations Age of the Common Man Trail of Tears Nicholas Biddle French Spoliation Claims 1. Why did the US purchase Louisiana from France? Give reasons on the part of France as well as those of the United States. What were the major effects of this purchase for the United States? 2. Why did Jefferson issue the Embargo? What was its impact on the United States? 3. Why did the United States go to war with England in 1812? 4. What were the effects of the War of 1812 on the United States? 5. What were the good points of James Monroe as President of the US? Why was his administration called the Era of Good Feelings? 6. Was John Quincy Adams a great President? Why or why not? In what position did John Quincy Adams make his greatest contribution? to the United States? 7. How corrupt was the "corrupt bargain" of 1824? What circumstances brought it about? 8. Evaluate Andrew Jackson as President What impact did Jackson have on the office of President? Explain Jackson's policy toward: 1. treaty rights of Native Americans 2. Nullification 3. Internal improvements 4. tariff 9. Why did President Jackson want to "kill" the bank of the US? Was this "killing" justified? Who started the bank war? Why? What was its connection to the election of 1832? 10. Explain how the Marshall Court and the Taney Court differed concerning the issue of contracts.. What is the significance of the Charles River Bridge Case? 11. Why did the supporters of Jackson sponsor the Tariff of Abominations in 1828? What was Jackson's reaction to the tariff? What eventually happened to this tariff? 12. What circumstances led to the drafting of the Missouri Compromise? What future problems did it foretell for United States? How long did the Missouri Compromise line last? 13. Despite his reputation as a smart politician, Martin Van Buren was not an effective President. Explain. 14.. Mention some important Whig politicians. What were some of the major beliefs of the Whig party? ----------------------------Friendly Reminder: Be sure to review all articles for this sections as well as all handouts containing reading material Reform Movements of the 1840's Ante-Bellum Reforms "What a fertility of projects for the salvation of the world." "Every unfortunate had some group organized to help him." A. Conditions necessary for a reform B. Motives of the Reformers The reformers sought to restore order to a society made disorderly by social and economic change C. Profile of the Reformers a. where b. who ---------------------------------------------------Indigenous American Religions "Burnt-Over District": upstate New York 1. Millerites 2. Mormons a. Joseph Smith b. Brigham Young ----------------------------------------------------------------------Humanitarian Reforms World Convention for the discussion of all wrong 1. Education: Horace Mann Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; normal schools "Old Deluder law" Puritan Massachusetts status of women's education? 2. Help for the Mentally Ill: Dorothea Dix "A Memorial on the Condition of the Insane in Massachusetts" 3. Hearing Impaired: Gallaudet 4. Sight Impaired: Dr. Samuel G. Howe Perkins Institute for the Blind 5. Temperance Movement An American Renaissance in Literature "The Flowering of New England" "The Golden Triangle":" Cambridge, Boston and Concord Transcendentalism 1. Emerson: "Self Reliance" 2.Henry David Thoreau: a. "Civil Disobedience" b. "Walden””I went into the woods because I wanted to live deliberately; to font only the essential facts of life and see if I could not learn what it had to teach.” …Our lives are frittered away by details. This nation itself with all its so-called internal improvements which by the way, are all external and superficial, is just such an unwieldy and overgrown establishment, cluttered with furniture and tripped up by its own traps, ruined by luxury and heedless expense.” “…we live too fast.” Margaret Fuller: editor of The Dial Nathaniel Hawthorne: Puritanism revisited -------------------------------------------------------------------------Women's Rights Connection to Anti-Slavery 1840 London Anti-Slavery Convention Angelina and Sarah Grimke Quakers 1848 Convention at Seneca Falls, N.Y. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lydia Maria Child Amelia Jencks Bloomer Lucy Stone ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Abolitionism How did the average Northerner feel about the abolitionists? How did the Northerners feel about slavery? 1793 Eli Whitney Cotton (en)gin January 1, 1831 Garrison’s Liberator “I am aware that many object to the Severity of my language; but is there not cause for severity? I will be as harsh as truth and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject I do not wish to think or speak or write with moderation. No! No! Tell a man whose house is on fire to give a moderate alarm; …but urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the present. I am in earnest- I will not equivocate- I will not excuse- I will not retreat a single inch- and I will be heard. The apathy of the people is enough to make every statue leap from its pedestal and to hasten the resurrection of the dead. Garrison: A. denounced slavery as a moral evil B. calls for: Total and complete emancipation Immediate emancipation Uncompensated emancipation 1835 Boston Mob “Gentlemen of Property and Standing” attacks Garrison Lords of the Loom and Lords of the Lash African-American abolitionists: Frederick Douglas Harriet Tubman ----------------------------------------------1831 Nat Turner led the only actual (it happened) slave revolt in American history 57 white people, mostly women and children, killed. American Colonization Society Aim: to send 52,000 slaves back to Africa every year Cost: more than $1,000,000 a year Best year for collections: 1832 Amount Collected: $43,000 Result: over 10,000 ex-slaves returned to Africa (10,000) equals the number of American slave births in 3 months ----------------------------------------------------------Status of Free Blacks in Ante-Bellum United States 250,000 lived in the free states 250,000 lived in the upper South Manumission Litwack: “To the average American, free blacks were more black than free.” The South: A Separate Civilization? What percentage of Southerners owned slaves? Slavery equaled wealth in the old South The average slave holder was 14 times as wealthy as the non-slave owner In 1860 only 12% of all Southern slaveholders owned 20 or more slaves Of the Southerners who owned slaves: 88% owned 20 or fewer slaves 72% owned 10 or fewer slaves 50% owned 5 or fewer slaves The typical Southerner was a small farmer, not a plantation owner or a slave owner Planter Aristocracy: own 50 or more slaves and have over 800 acres; this figure Represents less than 1% of the Southern population Slave-owners share of the South’s agricultural wealth: 90-95% Was slavery profitable? Yes! Especially after the invention of the cotton gin in 1793 Value of labor produced by the average slave: $80-$100 Cost of feeding and clothing a slave: $30- $ 50 Thus 60% of slave profits go directly to owner. Instructor’s Comment: If historians focus only on the profitability of slavery, they reduce to a mere bookkeeping question a profound moral and social problem. In 1850 a slave is worth about $1500, 3 times his cost in 1820. Why? How were slaves treated? Slavery’s effect on slave families: 1820-1860 an estimated 2 million slaves were sold to slave traders. “sold down the river” to newer cotton lands. Texas 1819 Adams-Onis Treaty 1824 US immigration to Texas begins: Austin and 300 families from Missouri Mexico: 3 conditions for US immigration 1830 Mexico forbids further immigration By 1835, 35,000 families in Texas; Americans outnumber Mexicans 10-1 in Texas ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1821-1848 Mexican government: 22 changes of government in 27 years 1835 General Santa Anna: dictator of Mexico “The Napoleon of the West.” Plans to centralize Mexican government 1836 Texas declares independence Battles of: 1. Alamo 2. Goliad 3. San Jacinto: Sam Houston Treaty: Houston forces Santa Anna to agree to: 1. Texas independence 2. Rio Grande is southern border of Texas Note: Mexican government repudiated this treaty Official position of US: neutrality March 3, 1837 Jackson recognized the independence of Texas 1836-1845 Texas is independent President Tyler annexed Texas by a joint resolution of Congress which required a simple majority vote Treaties required a 2/3rds vote in the Senate Mexico sees the annexation of Texas as an act of war and breaks off diplomatic relations with the United States ------------------------------------------------------------------Election of 1844 Democrats: “Who is James K. Polk?” Whigs: Henry Clay Democratic platform: Manifest Destiny: author: John L. O’Sullivan 1. Oregon “54’ 40 or fight!” 2. Texas 1844 a very close election but incumbent President Tyler claims the election of Democratic President Polk is a “mandate for Manifest Destiny.” Thus President Tyler annexed Texas by a joint resolution of Congress ---------------------------------------------------------------Polk as President “A pious expansionist” Polk in his inaugural address: “I am the hardest working man in America.” Polk’s Plan: 1 lower tariff: Walker tariff 25% 2. renew the Independent Treasury system 3. Oregon a. Polk claims England’s joint occupation of Oregon violated the Monroe Doctrine b. Polk demands US boundary be set at 54’40 c. Result? 4. California: Polk sends Slidell to Mexico a. have Mexico recognize the Rio Grande as Texas boundary b. purchase California for $25 million and the territory between California and Texas for $5 million. Mexico’s reaction to Slidell? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Mexican-American War January, 1846 Polk sends General Zachary Taylor into the disputed territory between the Rio Grande and the Nueces River January-April 1846 no action; Polk’s diary April, 1846 Polk to Congress: “American blood has been shed on American soil.” May, 1846 US declares war on Mexico Vote on the war: Senate: 40-2 House: 174-14 Despite this vote, there was much opposition to the Mexican War in the US ”the further away from the Rio Grande, the more the opposition to the war.” What part of the US particularly opposed the war? US very unprepared for this war Mexican-American war is US first foreign war Important Generals and Battles of the Mexican War 1. General Zachary Taylor: “Old Rough and Ready.” Won battles of Monterrey and Buena Vista in northern Mexico 2. General Winfield Scot “old fuss and feathers” Campaign: from Vera Cruz to Cerro Gordo on to Mexico City Why was the Mexican War a “dress rehearsal” for the Civil War? American casualties: 13,000, 11,000 of whom dies of disease 2,000 dies from battlefield wounds Emerson: “We shall win the war but it will poison us.” U.S. Grant: “It was the most unjust war ever waged by a strong nation against a weak one.” How did the Mexican War lead to the Civil War? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Role of Nicholas Trist, clerk in US state department 1. Mexico recognized the independence of Texas and the Rio Grande as the southern Border of Texas 2. US gets California and the Mexican session (New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, Wyoming) 3. US pays Mexico $15 million dollars! US also pays $3 million to its own citizens for their claims against Mexico ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Significance of the 1848 Wilmot Proviso which said: no slavery in any territory won from Mexico Passed House 2 times but failed to pass the US Senate. Why? Election of 1848 Democrats: Lewis Cass of Michigan “popular sovereignty” Whigs: Zachary Taylor “The election offered a choice between honest ignorance (Taylor) and cynical opportunism.” (Cass). Issue: prohibition of slavery in territory won from Mexico Third Party: Free Soil Party: candidate: Martin Van Buren “Free soil, free speech, free labor, free men.” Free Soil platform: against the further expansion of slavery into the territories Problem of the Whig party: can’t reconcile the dilemma of opposition to extension of slavery and their determination to preserve the Union. Compromise of 1850: issues 1. admission of California as a free state 2. Texas claims additional land from New Mexico 3. northern concern: slavery and the slave trade in Washington, D.C. 4. southern concern: runaway slaves aided by Underground Railroad and Northerners Last Hurrah for Clay, Calhoun and Webster Webster’s “seventh of March” speech Clay’s “omnibus bill” fails New Guard: Senator Stephen A. Douglas; his strategy to pass the Compromise Senator William H. Seward of NY “higher law” “irrepressible conflict” July 1850 Taylor dies The Compromise of 1850 1. California admitted as a free state 2. no slave trade in Washington, D.C. 3. disputed Texas territory to go to New Mexico 4. popular sovereignty to decide issue of slavery in Mexican session 5. $10 million to compensate Texas for loss of territory to Mexico 6. a stricter Fugitive Slave law which stipulated…? Final passage of the Compromise Bill September 1850 Each item in compromise voted on separately Only 4 Senators and 28 Representatives voted for all the bills Evaluation of the Compromise of 1850 Did it solve the nation’s problems or just postpone solutions? Three important Northern gains in the Compromise of 1850: What did the South gain from the Compromise? --------------------------------------------------------The Election of 1852 Democrats: Franklin Pierce “a pro-Southern Northerner” Whigs: Winfield Scot ------------------------------------------------------------Northern response to the Fugitive Slave law: Personal Liberty laws made it illegal for any state official to aid in the return of fugitive slaves Thus accused fugitives could not by put in state jails nor could state officials assist in their capture, incarceration or forced return. Vigilance Committee: white abolitionists who protest (ineffectively) the return of fugitive slaves from the North Fugitive Slaves in Boston 1. February 1851 Fred Wilkins “Shadrach” rescued by free blacks 2. April, 1851 Thomas Sims: returned to slavery Only the Vigilance Committee protests 3. April 1854 Anthony Burns: returned to slavery All of Boston turns out to protest Burns’ rendition Why the change in public opinion? ---------------------------------------------------------------------1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin. published Effect of this best-seller on the North? Effect on the South? See Internet Assignment on Uncle Tim’s Cabin explained in syllabus ---------------------------------------------------------------------------1854 The Kansas Nebraska Act: Proposed to turn Nebraska territory into two territories: Kansas and Nebraska Let Popular Sovereignty decide the issue of slavery in Kansas-Nebraska Instructor’s note: did Popular Sovereignty work in Kansas-Nebraska? Author of Kansas-Nebraska bill: Stephen Douglas of Illinois Chairman of the Senate Committee on US territories Why did Douglas do it? Kansas-Nebraska Act specifically repealed the Missouri Compromise: how so? Northern Reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act “a violation of plighted faith” Amos A. Lawrence: “We went to bed one night old-fashioned, compromise union Whigs and waked up stark mad abolitionists!” Lawrence funds: Emigrant Aid Society Chief political effect of the Kansas-Nebraska Act: Republican Party Republican platform: against the further extension of slavery into the territories Republicans also favor protective tariff, internal improvements, national banking system, Homestead law. The race to Kansas: South: “Border Ruffians” North: Emigrant Aid Society “Little Civil War” in Kansas John Brown: massacre of 5 Southerners at Pottawatomie Creek “Bleeding Kansas and Bleeding Sumner” Senator Sumner’s 2 day speech “The Crime against Kansas” Sumner criticizes Senator Butler of South Carolina Butler’s nephew, Preston Brooks a S.C. Congressman decides to avenge his family’s “honor” ------------------------------------------------------------1856 Election Democrats: James Buchanan 174 electoral votes “Kansas-less” Republicans: John C. Fremont 114 electoral votes Republican party platform in 1848? Third party in 1856 election: American Party former “Know Nothings” Candidate: Millard Fillmore March, 1857 Dred Scot Decision Who is Chief Justice of the Supreme Court? 1. a slave is not a citizen and thus he has no right to bring suit in federal court .Taney’s obiter dicta: a “Negro” is not and has never been a “person” if he is not a person, then what is he? The “Negro” is property and as such can be taken all over the US Thus the Missouri Compromise is illegal because it deprived a person of his property without due process The US government must protect property and thus slavery is free to spread allover the United States -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1858 Lincoln-Douglas Debates in contest to be US Senator from Illinois Freeport: Lincoln asks Douglas: “Can the people of a territory exclude slavery where it has a legal right to be?” Douglas’ dilemma: if yes, they can exclude slavery For popular sovereignty But against the South and the Dred Scot decision If no they cannot exclude slavery For the South and the Supreme Court decision But against popular sovereignty Douglas says yes- a territorial legislature could exclude slavery either by law or by not enacting slave codes As a result of the Freeport Doctrine: Douglas won the Illinois Senate race in 1858 but lost the Presidency in 1860 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------October 1859 John Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry His “plan”? Did Brown’s scheme succeed?” Brown’s trial: “He made the gallows more glorious than the cross.” –Emerson Southern reaction to John Brown’s raid? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Election of 1860 Democrats first meet in Charleston, SC. Southern Democrats walk out after Douglas is nominated Democratic platform: popular sovereignty Southern Democrat’s nominee: John C. Breckenridge Southern Democratic platform: extension of slavery into the territories Constitutional Union party: Bell and Everett Republicans meet in Chicago; Seward is front-runner but seen as radical “irrepressible conflict” speech Lincoln: his appeal as a candidate? 1860 Election Results Lincoln 41% Douglas 29% Breckenridge 18% Bell 13% 180 12 72 39 electoral votes but came in 2nd in most states all southern states 3 border states The 2 Democratic candidates together- Douglas and Breckenridge- together beat Lincoln in popular votes. In the South Douglas and Bell, both strong Unionists, beat Breckenridge- so the 1860 election is no mandate for secession in the South But the “fire eaters” in the Southern states convince themselves that the election of Lincoln is a disaster for the South and they vote for secession. Facts to contradict the South’s position: In the first 72 years of US history 1789-1861 For 49 of 72 years, Presidents come from the south. Of the 36 different Speakers of the House, 23 came from the South. Supreme Court always had a majority of justices from the South. -------------------------------------------------------December 20, 1860 South Carolina votes to secede from the Union; followed by Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Florida How broad was the support for secession in the South? “For the South secession provided an emotional release- a way of dissipating tension by striking back at criticism.” Confederate States of America: President Jefferson Davis Secession Winter: 4 long months to Lincoln’s inauguration on March 4, 1861 Buchanan: Champion “Lame Duck” Crittenden Compromise: proposed an amendment to the constitution to extend Missouri Compromise line of 36/30 all the way to the Pacific Lincoln and the Republicans have to reject this compromise. Why? Lincoln’s position of secession: “Physically speaking we cannot separate.” Lincoln’s Inauguration: see First Inaugural Address Lincoln as President His use of humor Mary Lincoln Cabinet Secretary of State: Seward Secretary of Treasury: Chase- an abolitionist Secretary of War: Cameron, later replaced by Stanton Lincoln’s task was literally impossible: to lead a divided nation to fight a bloody war for a revolutionary principle-freeing the slaves- that no one initially supported. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ft. Sumter in Charleston Harbor Problem for Lincoln: either reinforce or surrender USA: Major Anderson CSA General Pierre Beauregard After Ft. Sumter Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers for 3 months -------------------------------------------------------Was it a war or a rebellion? War: a conflict engaged in by two sovereign nations Fighters are called belligerents. Other nations can trade with belligerents Rebellion Insurrection of one portion of a country against the constituted authority of that country fighters are called rebels no foreign trade Further secession after Ft. Sumter: Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina Significance of Virginia’s secession? Border States: Maryland, Delaware, Missouri and Kentucky Purpose of the War: Lincoln insisted the purpose was to preserve the Union; no one is ready to consider the war as a moral crusade to free the slaves yet Comparative Advantages and Disadvantages Southern Advantages: Southern disadvantages: Important “ifs” for the South 1. If the northern Mississippi states supported the South 2. If Northern defeatism triumphed “Let our wayward brethren go in peace.” 3. If England or France broke the Northern blockade of southern ports Northern advantages 1. manufacturing capability; more factories in the North than factory workers in the South 2. 2/3 of the wealth 3. ¾ of the railroads 4. manpower: 22 million people in North; immigrants, later free blacks 9 million people in the South, 3.5 million of whom were slaves 5. ideal of the Union: Clay and Webster Why King Cotton failed: Lincoln as a Military Strategist Northern Plan 1. blockade of southern ports 2. seize the Mississippi River, thus cutting the South in half 3. take Richmond 4. Later goal: divide the South in half by going from Atlanta to the sea ----------------------------------------------------------July 1861 Bull Run –USA called Manassas Junction by CSA USA: General McDowell CSA General Beauregard “A picnic” Role of General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, CSA Scene of “the great retreat” Effects of Bull Run on the North Psychological shock McClellan replaces McDowell as USA commander McClellan as a military leader “All quiet on the Potomac” May 1862 Peninsula Campaign In contrast to McClellan’s inactivity, much action in the west, particularly the upper Mississippi River area. Ulysses S. Grant February 1862 Forts Henry and Donelson “unconditional surrender” April 1862 Grant moves South Shiloh -USA or Pittsburg Landing-CSA CSA hits Grant early before Buell joins Grant with reinforcements Union losses Confederate losses 13,000 10,699 -------------63,000 40,000 Huge casualty rate at Shiloh in 2 days equals all the US casualties in the American Revolution, the War of 1812, and the Mexican-American War combined -----------------------------------------------------------------April 1862 Union Admiral Farragut captures New Orleans South now only has a narrow corridor of Mississippi from Port Hudson to Vicksburg Grant: siege of Vicksburg-for one year until July 4, 1863 when Grant finally takes Vicksburg (day after Union victory at Gettysburg). Meanwhile back on the eastern front dial back to Fall, 1862 September 1862 Lee invades the North Why? Antietam McClellan vs. Lee North’s casualties 12,000 -------70,000 South 14,000 -------35,000 This indecisive battle of Antietam, North won but Lee escaped, was also one of the most decisive battles of the Civil War: 1.Diplomatically it stopped England and France from intervention to help South 2. It gave Lincoln a “victory” on which to base the Emancipation Proclamation September 33, 1863 Preliminary Proclamation: unless the South returned to the Union by January 1, 1863 all slaves in the states in rebellion would be freed January 1, 1863 Emancipation Proclamation Freed all the slaves in the states in rebellion “Lincoln freed the slaves he couldn’t free and did not free the slaves he could free.” Reasons for the Emancipation Proclamation 1. Disrupt the southern economy: deprive the South of its labor supply 2. Appeal to anti-slavery Europe 3. Psychological warfare: strike at the South’s greatest fear ** In peace Lincoln could not have freed the slaves constitutionally, but the South created the condition –war- in which Lincoln could free them.” -------------------------------------------December 13, 1862 Fredericksburg USA General Burnside CSA Robert E. Lee 3 suicidal Union assaults Lincoln’s “winter of despair” May 2-4 1863 Chancellorsville Lee vs. Union General Thomas Hooker Lee’s most brilliant victory over the Union which outnumbered him 2-1, but “Stonewall” Jackson, Lee’s second in command, is killed in “friendly fire” incident July 1863 Lee heads North again-into Pennsylvania July 1-3 three day battle of Gettysburg Union: General Meade CSA: Lee Failure of Lee’s usual 3-day battle plan: slaughter of CSA General Pickett’s charge Pickett’s Charge: high water mark of the Confederacy July 4,1863 half a continent away, fall of Vicksburg after long siege by Grant Together with Gettysburg, this is the turning point of the war. Summer, 1864 Sherman’s 250 mile march from Atlanta to the sea May, 1864 Grant moves east to take command of all Union forces “I’ll fight it out on this line if it takes all summer!” May 5 Wilderness and Spotsylvania: 50,000 Union casualties June 1864 Cold Harbor At Cold Harbor Grant lost 7,000 of 50,000 men “Butcher” Grant But at Pickett’s charge at Gettysburg, Lee suffered 6000 dead in 30 minutes 16,000 By summer of 1864, Grant has lost 60,000 men Lee 35,000 irreplaceable men June,1864 – April 1865 siege of Petersburg April 9, 1865 Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House Election of 1864 Lincoln vs. McClellan running as a Peace Candidate March 4, 1865 Lincoln’s Second Inaugural “With malice toward none, with charity fore all.” April 14, 1865 Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth Andrew Johnson becomes President “A self-made man who over-praised his maker.” Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction: 10% plan: When 10% of the number who voted in the election of 1860 in the seceded states took an oath of allegiance to the Union, the state was back in the Union Radical Republican plan for Reconstruction or the Wade-Davis bill: 1. A majority of all the white male citizens in a southern state had to take the oath of allegiance to the Union 2. no one who fought for the Confederacy could vote or hold office Who can vote in the South? Carpetbaggers, Scalawags, and newly free black men. Status of ex-slaves Black Codes: began policy of segregation “separate and unequal” accommodations Laws forbade African-Americans to bear arms, serve on juries, etc. Historian Kenneth Stamp: “the purpose of the black codes was to keep the AfricanAmericans a property-less rural laborer.” Oliver O. Howard: Freedman’s Bureau: a relief agency to provide food, clothing and shelter for short term survival for newly freed African-Americans- like the Red Cross 13th amendment: freed the slaves 14th amendment made the ex-slaves citizens- “all persons born or naturalized in the US are citizens thereof” 15th gave the ex-slave (men) the right to vote Radical Republicans insisted that the 14th amendment be the fundamental condition of the return of any southern state to the Unionuntil 14th amendment is accepted-Military Reconstruction in South Reconstruction lasted from 1865 to 1876 when old southern leaders return to power