Download Review sheet for period 1800-1840

Review sheet for period 1800-1840
Compact theory
"Mid-night judges"
Orders in Council
Battle of Tippecanoe
Chesapeake affair
War Hawks
Aaron Burr
Marbury vs. Madison
Adams-Onis Treaty
Missouri Compromise
Monroe Doctrine
Corrupt Bargain
Maysville veto
"S.C. Exposition and Protest"
Charles River Bridge Case
Petticoat War
Battle of Lake Erie
Hartford Convention
Battle of New Orleans
Treaty of Ghent
Lewis and Clark
Era of Good Feelings
"conspiracy of silence"
"Tippecanoe and Tyler, too!"
Webster-Hayne debate
McCulloch vs. Maryland
Tariff of Abominations
Age of the Common Man
Trail of Tears
Nicholas Biddle
French Spoliation Claims
1. Why did the US purchase Louisiana from France?
Give reasons on the part of France as well as those of the United States.
What were the major effects of this purchase for the United States?
2. Why did Jefferson issue the Embargo?
What was its impact on the United States?
3. Why did the United States go to war with England in 1812?
4. What were the effects of the War of 1812 on the United States?
5. What were the good points of James Monroe as President of the US?
Why was his administration called the Era of Good Feelings?
6. Was John Quincy Adams a great President? Why or why not?
In what position did John Quincy Adams make his greatest contribution?
to the United States?
7. How corrupt was the "corrupt bargain" of 1824?
What circumstances brought it about?
8. Evaluate Andrew Jackson as President
What impact did Jackson have on the office of President?
Explain Jackson's policy toward: 1. treaty rights of Native Americans
2. Nullification
3. Internal improvements
4. tariff
9. Why did President Jackson want to "kill" the bank of the US?
Was this "killing" justified?
Who started the bank war? Why?
What was its connection to the election of 1832?
10. Explain how the Marshall Court and the Taney Court differed concerning the issue of
contracts..
What is the significance of the Charles River Bridge Case?
11. Why did the supporters of Jackson sponsor the Tariff of Abominations in 1828?
What was Jackson's reaction to the tariff?
What eventually happened to this tariff?
12. What circumstances led to the drafting of the Missouri Compromise?
What future problems did it foretell for United States?
How long did the Missouri Compromise line last?
13. Despite his reputation as a smart politician, Martin Van Buren was not an effective
President. Explain.
14.. Mention some important Whig politicians.
What were some of the major beliefs of the Whig party?
----------------------------Friendly Reminder: Be sure to review all articles for this sections as well as all
handouts containing reading material
Reform Movements of the 1840's
Ante-Bellum Reforms
"What a fertility of projects for the salvation of the world."
"Every unfortunate had some group organized to help him."
A. Conditions necessary for a reform
B. Motives of the Reformers
The reformers sought to restore order to a society
made disorderly by social and economic change
C. Profile of the Reformers
a. where
b. who
---------------------------------------------------Indigenous American Religions
"Burnt-Over District": upstate New York
1. Millerites
2. Mormons
a. Joseph Smith
b. Brigham Young
----------------------------------------------------------------------Humanitarian Reforms
World Convention for the discussion of all wrong
1. Education: Horace Mann
Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; normal schools
"Old Deluder law" Puritan Massachusetts
status of women's education?
2. Help for the Mentally Ill: Dorothea Dix
"A Memorial on the Condition of the Insane in Massachusetts"
3. Hearing Impaired: Gallaudet
4. Sight Impaired: Dr. Samuel G. Howe
Perkins Institute for the Blind
5. Temperance Movement
An American Renaissance in Literature
"The Flowering of New England"
"The Golden Triangle":" Cambridge, Boston and Concord
Transcendentalism
1. Emerson: "Self Reliance"
2.Henry David Thoreau:
a. "Civil Disobedience"
b. "Walden””I went into the woods because I wanted to live deliberately;
to font only the essential facts of life and see if I could not learn what it had to teach.”
…Our lives are frittered away by details. This nation itself with all its so-called internal
improvements which by the way, are all external and superficial, is just such an unwieldy
and overgrown establishment, cluttered with furniture and tripped up by its own traps,
ruined by luxury and heedless expense.” “…we live too fast.”
Margaret Fuller: editor of The Dial
Nathaniel Hawthorne: Puritanism revisited
-------------------------------------------------------------------------Women's Rights
Connection to Anti-Slavery
1840 London Anti-Slavery Convention
Angelina and Sarah Grimke
Quakers
1848 Convention at Seneca Falls, N.Y.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Lydia Maria Child
Amelia Jencks Bloomer
Lucy Stone
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Abolitionism
How did the average Northerner feel about the abolitionists?
How did the Northerners feel about slavery?
1793 Eli Whitney Cotton (en)gin
January 1, 1831 Garrison’s Liberator
“I am aware that many object to the Severity of my language; but is there not cause for severity?
I will be as harsh as truth and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject I do not wish to
think or speak or write with moderation. No! No! Tell a man whose house is on fire to give a
moderate alarm; …but urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the present.
I am in earnest- I will not equivocate- I will not excuse- I will not retreat a single inch- and I
will be heard.
The apathy of the people is enough to make every statue leap from its pedestal and to hasten the
resurrection of the dead.
Garrison:
A. denounced slavery as a moral evil
B. calls for:
 Total and complete emancipation
 Immediate emancipation
 Uncompensated emancipation
1835 Boston Mob “Gentlemen of Property and Standing” attacks Garrison
Lords of the Loom and Lords of the Lash
African-American abolitionists:
Frederick Douglas
Harriet Tubman
----------------------------------------------1831 Nat Turner led the only actual (it happened) slave revolt in American history
57 white people, mostly women and children, killed.
American Colonization Society
Aim: to send 52,000 slaves back to Africa every year
Cost: more than $1,000,000 a year
Best year for collections: 1832
Amount Collected: $43,000
Result: over 10,000 ex-slaves returned to Africa
(10,000) equals the number of American slave births in 3 months
----------------------------------------------------------Status of Free Blacks in Ante-Bellum United States
250,000 lived in the free states
250,000 lived in the upper South
Manumission
Litwack: “To the average American, free blacks were more black than free.”
The South: A Separate Civilization?
What percentage of Southerners owned slaves?
Slavery equaled wealth in the old South
The average slave holder was 14 times as wealthy as the non-slave owner
In 1860 only 12% of all Southern slaveholders owned 20 or more slaves
Of the Southerners who owned slaves:
88% owned 20 or fewer slaves
72% owned 10 or fewer slaves
50% owned 5 or fewer slaves
The typical Southerner was a small farmer, not a plantation owner or a slave owner
Planter Aristocracy: own 50 or more slaves and have over 800 acres; this figure
Represents less than 1% of the Southern population
Slave-owners share of the South’s agricultural wealth: 90-95%
Was slavery profitable? Yes! Especially after the invention of the cotton gin in 1793
Value of labor produced by the average slave: $80-$100
Cost of feeding and clothing a slave:
$30- $ 50
Thus 60% of slave profits go directly to owner.
Instructor’s Comment: If historians focus only on the profitability of slavery, they reduce
to a mere bookkeeping question a profound moral and social problem.
In 1850 a slave is worth about $1500, 3 times his cost in 1820. Why?
How were slaves treated?
Slavery’s effect on slave families:
1820-1860 an estimated 2 million slaves were sold to slave traders.
“sold down the river” to newer cotton lands.
Texas
1819 Adams-Onis Treaty
1824 US immigration to Texas begins: Austin and 300 families from Missouri
Mexico: 3 conditions for US immigration
1830 Mexico forbids further immigration
By 1835, 35,000 families in Texas; Americans outnumber Mexicans 10-1 in Texas
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1821-1848 Mexican government: 22 changes of government in 27 years
1835 General Santa Anna: dictator of Mexico “The Napoleon of the West.”
Plans to centralize Mexican government
1836 Texas declares independence
Battles of: 1. Alamo
2. Goliad
3. San Jacinto: Sam Houston
Treaty: Houston forces Santa Anna to agree to:
1. Texas independence
2. Rio Grande is southern border of Texas
Note: Mexican government repudiated this treaty
Official position of US: neutrality
March 3, 1837 Jackson recognized the independence of Texas
1836-1845 Texas is independent
President Tyler annexed Texas by a joint resolution of Congress which required a simple
majority vote
Treaties required a 2/3rds vote in the Senate
Mexico sees the annexation of Texas as an act of war and breaks off diplomatic
relations with the United States
------------------------------------------------------------------Election of 1844
Democrats: “Who is James K. Polk?”
Whigs: Henry Clay
Democratic platform: Manifest Destiny: author: John L. O’Sullivan
1. Oregon “54’ 40 or fight!”
2. Texas
1844 a very close election but incumbent President Tyler claims the election of
Democratic President Polk is a “mandate for Manifest Destiny.”
Thus President Tyler annexed Texas by a joint resolution of Congress
---------------------------------------------------------------Polk as President “A pious expansionist”
Polk in his inaugural address: “I am the hardest working man in America.”
Polk’s Plan:
1 lower tariff: Walker tariff 25%
2. renew the Independent Treasury system
3. Oregon
a. Polk claims England’s joint occupation of Oregon violated the Monroe Doctrine
b. Polk demands US boundary be set at 54’40
c. Result?
4. California:
Polk sends Slidell to Mexico
a. have Mexico recognize the Rio Grande as Texas boundary
b. purchase California for $25 million and the territory between California and
Texas for $5 million.
Mexico’s reaction to Slidell?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Mexican-American War
January, 1846 Polk sends General Zachary Taylor into the disputed territory between the
Rio Grande and the Nueces River
January-April 1846 no action; Polk’s diary
April, 1846 Polk to Congress: “American blood has been shed on American soil.”
May, 1846 US declares war on Mexico
Vote on the war:
Senate: 40-2
House: 174-14
Despite this vote, there was much opposition to the Mexican War in the US
”the further away from the Rio Grande, the more the opposition to the war.”
What part of the US particularly opposed the war?
US very unprepared for this war
Mexican-American war is US first foreign war
Important Generals and Battles of the Mexican War
1. General Zachary Taylor: “Old Rough and Ready.”
Won battles of Monterrey and Buena Vista in northern Mexico
2. General Winfield Scot “old fuss and feathers”
Campaign: from Vera Cruz to Cerro Gordo on to Mexico City
Why was the Mexican War a “dress rehearsal” for the Civil War?
American casualties: 13,000, 11,000 of whom dies of disease
2,000 dies from battlefield wounds
Emerson: “We shall win the war but it will poison us.”
U.S. Grant: “It was the most unjust war ever waged by a strong nation against a weak
one.”
How did the Mexican War lead to the Civil War?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Role of Nicholas Trist, clerk in US state department
1. Mexico recognized the independence of Texas and the Rio Grande as the southern
Border of Texas
2. US gets California and the Mexican session
(New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, Wyoming)
3. US pays Mexico $15 million dollars!
US also pays $3 million to its own citizens for their claims against Mexico
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Significance of the
1848 Wilmot Proviso which said: no slavery in any territory won from Mexico
Passed House 2 times but failed to pass the US Senate. Why?
Election of 1848
Democrats: Lewis Cass of Michigan “popular sovereignty”
Whigs: Zachary Taylor
“The election offered a choice between honest ignorance (Taylor) and cynical
opportunism.” (Cass).
Issue: prohibition of slavery in territory won from Mexico
Third Party: Free Soil Party: candidate: Martin Van Buren
“Free soil, free speech, free labor, free men.”
Free Soil platform: against the further expansion of slavery into the territories
Problem of the Whig party: can’t reconcile the dilemma of opposition to extension of
slavery and their determination to preserve the Union.
Compromise of 1850: issues
1. admission of California as a free state
2. Texas claims additional land from New Mexico
3. northern concern: slavery and the slave trade in Washington, D.C.
4. southern concern: runaway slaves aided by Underground Railroad and Northerners
Last Hurrah for Clay, Calhoun and Webster
Webster’s “seventh of March” speech
Clay’s “omnibus bill” fails
New Guard: Senator Stephen A. Douglas; his strategy to pass the Compromise
Senator William H. Seward of NY “higher law” “irrepressible conflict”
July 1850 Taylor dies
The Compromise of 1850
1. California admitted as a free state
2. no slave trade in Washington, D.C.
3. disputed Texas territory to go to New Mexico
4. popular sovereignty to decide issue of slavery in Mexican session
5. $10 million to compensate Texas for loss of territory to Mexico
6. a stricter Fugitive Slave law which stipulated…?
Final passage of the Compromise Bill September 1850
Each item in compromise voted on separately
Only 4 Senators and 28 Representatives voted for all the bills
Evaluation of the Compromise of 1850
Did it solve the nation’s problems or just postpone solutions?
Three important Northern gains in the Compromise of 1850:
What did the South gain from the Compromise?
--------------------------------------------------------The Election of 1852
Democrats: Franklin Pierce “a pro-Southern Northerner”
Whigs: Winfield Scot
------------------------------------------------------------Northern response to the Fugitive Slave law:
Personal Liberty laws made it illegal for any state official to aid in the return of fugitive
slaves
Thus accused fugitives could not by put in state jails nor could state officials assist in
their capture, incarceration or forced return.
Vigilance Committee: white abolitionists who protest (ineffectively) the return of
fugitive slaves from the North
Fugitive Slaves in Boston
1. February 1851 Fred Wilkins “Shadrach” rescued by free blacks
2. April, 1851
Thomas Sims: returned to slavery
Only the Vigilance Committee protests
3. April 1854
Anthony Burns: returned to slavery
All of Boston turns out to protest Burns’ rendition
Why the change in public opinion?
---------------------------------------------------------------------1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin. published
Effect of this best-seller on the North?
Effect on the South?
See Internet Assignment on Uncle Tim’s Cabin explained in syllabus
---------------------------------------------------------------------------1854 The Kansas Nebraska Act:
Proposed to turn Nebraska territory into two territories: Kansas and Nebraska
Let Popular Sovereignty decide the issue of slavery in Kansas-Nebraska
Instructor’s note: did Popular Sovereignty work in Kansas-Nebraska?
Author of Kansas-Nebraska bill: Stephen Douglas of Illinois
Chairman of the Senate Committee on US territories
Why did Douglas do it?
Kansas-Nebraska Act specifically repealed the Missouri Compromise: how so?
Northern Reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act
“a violation of plighted faith”
Amos A. Lawrence: “We went to bed one night old-fashioned, compromise union Whigs
and waked up stark mad abolitionists!”
Lawrence funds: Emigrant Aid Society
Chief political effect of the Kansas-Nebraska Act: Republican Party
Republican platform: against the further extension of slavery into the territories
Republicans also favor protective tariff, internal improvements, national banking system,
Homestead law.
The race to Kansas: South: “Border Ruffians” North: Emigrant Aid Society
“Little Civil War” in Kansas
John Brown: massacre of 5 Southerners at Pottawatomie Creek
“Bleeding Kansas and Bleeding Sumner”
Senator Sumner’s 2 day speech “The Crime against Kansas”
Sumner criticizes Senator Butler of South Carolina
Butler’s nephew, Preston Brooks a S.C. Congressman decides to avenge his family’s
“honor”
------------------------------------------------------------1856 Election
Democrats: James Buchanan
174 electoral votes “Kansas-less”
Republicans: John C. Fremont 114 electoral votes
Republican party platform in 1848?
Third party in 1856 election: American Party former “Know Nothings”
Candidate: Millard Fillmore
March, 1857 Dred Scot Decision
Who is Chief Justice of the Supreme Court?
1. a slave is not a citizen and thus he has no right to bring suit in federal court
.Taney’s obiter dicta:
 a “Negro” is not and has never been a “person”
 if he is not a person, then what is he?
 The “Negro” is property and as such can be taken all over the US
Thus the Missouri Compromise is illegal because it deprived a person of his property
without due process

The US government must protect property and thus slavery is free to spread
allover the United States
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1858 Lincoln-Douglas Debates in contest to be US Senator from Illinois
Freeport: Lincoln asks Douglas: “Can the people of a territory exclude slavery where it
has a legal right to be?”
Douglas’ dilemma: if yes, they can exclude slavery
For popular sovereignty
But against the South and the Dred Scot decision
If no they cannot exclude slavery
For the South and the Supreme Court decision
But against popular sovereignty
Douglas says yes- a territorial legislature could exclude slavery either by law or by not
enacting slave codes
As a result of the Freeport Doctrine:
Douglas won the Illinois Senate race in 1858 but lost the Presidency in 1860
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------October 1859 John Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry
His “plan”?
Did Brown’s scheme succeed?”
Brown’s trial: “He made the gallows more glorious than the cross.” –Emerson
Southern reaction to John Brown’s raid?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Election of 1860
Democrats first meet in Charleston, SC.
Southern Democrats walk out after Douglas is nominated
Democratic platform: popular sovereignty
Southern Democrat’s nominee: John C. Breckenridge
Southern Democratic platform: extension of slavery into the territories
Constitutional Union party: Bell and Everett
Republicans meet in Chicago;
Seward is front-runner but seen as radical “irrepressible conflict” speech
Lincoln: his appeal as a candidate?
1860 Election Results
Lincoln
41%
Douglas
29%
Breckenridge 18%
Bell
13%
180
12
72
39
electoral votes
but came in 2nd in most states
all southern states
3 border states
The 2 Democratic candidates together- Douglas and Breckenridge- together beat Lincoln
in popular votes.
In the South Douglas and Bell, both strong Unionists, beat Breckenridge- so the 1860
election is no mandate for secession in the South
But the “fire eaters” in the Southern states convince themselves that the election of
Lincoln is a disaster for the South and they vote for secession.
Facts to contradict the South’s position:
In the first 72 years of US history 1789-1861
For 49 of 72 years, Presidents come from the south.
Of the 36 different Speakers of the House, 23 came from the South.
Supreme Court always had a majority of justices from the South.
-------------------------------------------------------December 20, 1860 South Carolina votes to secede from the Union; followed by
Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Florida
How broad was the support for secession in the South?
“For the South secession provided an emotional release- a way of dissipating tension by
striking back at criticism.”
Confederate States of America: President Jefferson Davis
Secession Winter: 4 long months to Lincoln’s inauguration on March 4, 1861
Buchanan: Champion “Lame Duck”
Crittenden Compromise: proposed an amendment to the constitution to extend Missouri
Compromise line of 36/30 all the way to the Pacific
Lincoln and the Republicans have to reject this compromise. Why?
Lincoln’s position of secession: “Physically speaking we cannot separate.”
Lincoln’s Inauguration: see First Inaugural Address
Lincoln as President
His use of humor
Mary Lincoln
Cabinet
Secretary of State: Seward
Secretary of Treasury: Chase- an abolitionist
Secretary of War: Cameron, later replaced by Stanton
Lincoln’s task was literally impossible: to lead a divided nation to fight a bloody war for
a revolutionary principle-freeing the slaves- that no one initially supported.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ft. Sumter in Charleston Harbor
Problem for Lincoln: either reinforce or surrender
USA: Major Anderson
CSA General Pierre Beauregard
After Ft. Sumter Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers for 3 months
-------------------------------------------------------Was it a war or a rebellion?
War: a conflict engaged in by two sovereign nations
Fighters are called belligerents.
Other nations can trade with belligerents
Rebellion Insurrection of one portion of a country against the constituted authority
of that country
fighters are called rebels
no foreign trade
Further secession after Ft. Sumter: Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina
Significance of Virginia’s secession?
Border States: Maryland, Delaware, Missouri and Kentucky
Purpose of the War: Lincoln insisted the purpose was to preserve the Union; no one is
ready to consider the war as a moral crusade to free the slaves yet
Comparative Advantages and Disadvantages
Southern Advantages:
Southern disadvantages:
Important “ifs” for the South
1. If the northern Mississippi states supported the South
2. If Northern defeatism triumphed “Let our wayward brethren go in peace.”
3. If England or France broke the Northern blockade of southern ports
Northern advantages
1. manufacturing capability; more factories in the North than factory workers in the South
2. 2/3 of the wealth
3. ¾ of the railroads
4. manpower: 22 million people in North; immigrants, later free blacks
9 million people in the South, 3.5 million of whom were slaves
5. ideal of the Union: Clay and Webster
Why King Cotton failed:
Lincoln as a Military Strategist
Northern Plan
1. blockade of southern ports
2. seize the Mississippi River, thus cutting the South in half
3. take Richmond
4. Later goal: divide the South in half by going from Atlanta to the sea
----------------------------------------------------------July 1861 Bull Run –USA
called Manassas Junction by CSA
USA: General McDowell CSA General Beauregard
“A picnic”
Role of General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, CSA
Scene of “the great retreat”
Effects of Bull Run on the North
Psychological shock
McClellan replaces McDowell as USA commander
McClellan as a military leader “All quiet on the Potomac”
May 1862 Peninsula Campaign
In contrast to McClellan’s inactivity, much action in the west, particularly the upper
Mississippi River area.
Ulysses S. Grant
February 1862 Forts Henry and Donelson “unconditional surrender”
April 1862 Grant moves South
Shiloh -USA or Pittsburg Landing-CSA
CSA hits Grant early before Buell joins Grant with reinforcements
Union losses
Confederate losses
13,000
10,699
-------------63,000
40,000
Huge casualty rate at Shiloh in 2 days equals all the US casualties in the American
Revolution, the War of 1812, and the Mexican-American War combined
-----------------------------------------------------------------April 1862 Union Admiral Farragut captures New Orleans
South now only has a narrow corridor of Mississippi from Port Hudson to Vicksburg
Grant: siege of Vicksburg-for one year until July 4, 1863 when Grant finally takes
Vicksburg (day after Union victory at Gettysburg).
Meanwhile back on the eastern front dial back to Fall, 1862
September 1862 Lee invades the North Why?
Antietam McClellan vs. Lee North’s casualties 12,000
-------70,000
South 14,000
-------35,000
This indecisive battle of Antietam, North won but Lee escaped, was also one of the most
decisive battles of the Civil War:
1.Diplomatically it stopped England and France from intervention to help South
2. It gave Lincoln a “victory” on which to base the Emancipation Proclamation
September 33, 1863 Preliminary Proclamation: unless the South returned to the Union by
January 1, 1863 all slaves in the states in rebellion would be freed
January 1, 1863 Emancipation Proclamation
Freed all the slaves in the states in rebellion
“Lincoln freed the slaves he couldn’t free and did not free the slaves he could free.”
Reasons for the Emancipation Proclamation
1. Disrupt the southern economy: deprive the South of its labor supply
2. Appeal to anti-slavery Europe
3. Psychological warfare: strike at the South’s greatest fear
** In peace Lincoln could not have freed the slaves constitutionally, but the South
created the condition –war- in which Lincoln could free them.”
-------------------------------------------December 13, 1862 Fredericksburg USA General Burnside CSA Robert E. Lee
3 suicidal Union assaults Lincoln’s “winter of despair”
May 2-4 1863 Chancellorsville Lee vs. Union General Thomas Hooker
Lee’s most brilliant victory over the Union which outnumbered him 2-1, but
“Stonewall” Jackson, Lee’s second in command, is killed in “friendly fire” incident
July 1863 Lee heads North again-into Pennsylvania
July 1-3 three day battle of Gettysburg Union: General Meade CSA: Lee
Failure of Lee’s usual 3-day battle plan: slaughter of CSA General Pickett’s charge
Pickett’s Charge: high water mark of the Confederacy
July 4,1863 half a continent away, fall of Vicksburg after long siege by Grant
Together with Gettysburg, this is the turning point of the war.
Summer, 1864 Sherman’s 250 mile march from Atlanta to the sea
May, 1864 Grant moves east to take command of all Union forces
“I’ll fight it out on this line if it takes all summer!”
May 5 Wilderness and Spotsylvania: 50,000 Union casualties
June 1864 Cold Harbor
At Cold Harbor Grant lost 7,000 of 50,000 men “Butcher” Grant
But at Pickett’s charge at Gettysburg, Lee suffered 6000 dead in 30 minutes
16,000
By summer of 1864, Grant has lost 60,000 men
Lee
35,000 irreplaceable men
June,1864 – April 1865 siege of Petersburg
April 9, 1865 Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House
Election of 1864 Lincoln vs. McClellan running as a Peace Candidate
March 4, 1865 Lincoln’s Second Inaugural
“With malice toward none, with charity fore all.”
April 14, 1865 Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth
Andrew Johnson becomes President “A self-made man who over-praised his maker.”
Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction: 10% plan:
When 10% of the number who voted in the election of 1860 in the seceded states took an
oath of allegiance to the Union, the state was back in the Union
Radical Republican plan for Reconstruction or the Wade-Davis bill:
1. A majority of all the white male citizens in a southern state had to take the oath of
allegiance to the Union
2. no one who fought for the Confederacy could vote or hold office
Who can vote in the South? Carpetbaggers, Scalawags, and newly free black men.
Status of ex-slaves
Black Codes: began policy of segregation “separate and unequal” accommodations
Laws forbade African-Americans to bear arms, serve on juries, etc.
Historian Kenneth Stamp: “the purpose of the black codes was to keep the AfricanAmericans a property-less rural laborer.”
Oliver O. Howard: Freedman’s Bureau: a relief agency to provide food, clothing and
shelter for short term survival for newly freed African-Americans- like the Red Cross
13th amendment: freed the slaves
14th amendment made the ex-slaves citizens- “all persons born or naturalized in the US
are citizens thereof”
15th gave the ex-slave (men) the right to vote
Radical Republicans insisted that the 14th amendment be the fundamental condition of
the return of any southern state to the Unionuntil 14th amendment is accepted-Military Reconstruction in South
Reconstruction lasted from 1865 to 1876 when old southern leaders return to power