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Geology 12 Final Examination Geology 12 Final Exam Friday June 20 2014 Mr. M. Gauthier Name: __________________________________________________________ Part Description Possible A Multiple Choice 50 pts B Diagrams 45 pts C Short Answer 39 pts D Application 41pts Scored 175 pts ___________ % 1 Geology 12 Final Examination Part A: Multiple Choice 1. The study of the earth and how it changes is known as: (a) chemistry (b) biology (c) geology (d) ecology 2. The earth sphere that includes all land, soil, and rocks is: (a) atmosphere (b) biosphere (c) hydrosphere (d) lithosphere 3. The earth sphere that includes all life on the planet is: (a) atmosphere (b) biosphere (c) hydrosphere (d) lithosphere 4. All bodies of water fall into which of Earth’s spheres? (a) atmosphere (b) biosphere (c) hydrosphere (d) lithosphere 5. A form of dating in which you cannot determine exact ages but merely the order events took place: (a) absolute dating (b) relative dating (c) temporary dating (d) none of the above 6. A gap in the geological record is known as a(n): (a) conformity (b) cross-cutting relationship (c) unconformity (d) none of these 7. A missing layer of rock which can be misleading to geologists is called: (a) disconformity (b) nonconformity (c) angular unconformity (d) none of these 8. A tilting of the bedrock which is then covered by new horizontal sediment: (a) disconformity (b) nonconformity (c) angular unconformity (d) none of these 9. When a dike crosscuts through layers of sedimentary rock and the top of the intrusion (dike) is worn away followed by being buried by more sedimentary rock we call this unconformity: (a) disconformity (b) nonconformity (c) angular unconformity (d) none of these 10. An atom with excess neutrons forming different weight types in the same element is called: (a) an ion (b) an atom (c) an isotope (d) none of the above 11. A form of absolute dating is known as: (a) relative aging (b) stratigraphy (c) isotopic dating (d) none of these 12. The amount of time by which a mass of unstable isotopes will decay into only half of its original mass: (a) isotopic dating (b) partial life (c) half-life (d) none of these 13. The concept by which geologists function is that all events currently taking place on the planet are the same factors that formed the Earth as we know it is called: (a) relative dating (b) absolute dating (c) half-life (d) uniformitarianism 14. The creator of the concept of continental drift is: (a) Alfred Wegener (b) Harry Hess (c) Louis Pasteur (d) Madame Curie 15. The scientist who first suggested the way the oceanic plates move was: (a) Alfred Wegener (b) Harry Hess (c) Louis Pasteur (d) Madame Curie 2 Geology 12 Final Examination 16. The layer of the Earth we stand on is referred to as the: (a) mantle (b) inner core (c) outer core (d) crust 17. The hottest solid layer of the Earth’s interior is called the: (a) mantle (b) inner core (c) outer core (d) crust 18. Mantle plumes are created through which type of heat transfer / movement? (a) radiation (b) conduction (c) convection (d) all of these 19. The plastic-like layer under the lithosphere is known as the: (a) Aesthenosphere (b) lithosphere (c) mantle (d) MOHO 20. The boundary between the Earth’s crust and mantle is known as the: (a) Aesthenosphere (b) lithosphere (c) MOHO discontinuity (d) crust 21. When two plates collide we say that there is a ______________ boundary: (a) divergent (b) convergent (c) transform (d) it depends 22. When two plates separate we say that there is a _____________ boundary (a) divergent (b) convergent (c) transform (d) it depends 23. When plates slide past one another, neither spreading or colliding we say that there is a ____________ boundary. (a) divergent (b) convergent (c) transform (d) it depends 24. The study of paleomagnetism is based on the fact that: (a) the earth has always had a magnetic field (b) there is a N and S pole (c) The N and S poles regularly flip (d) all of the above 25. When there is a continental-continental divergent boundary a __________ can form. (a) rift valley (b) volcano (c) glacier (d) all of these 26. When a more dense plate drives beneath a less dense plate the process of ______ occurs. (a) convection (b) subduction (c) irrigation (d) batholiths 27. A smaller release of energy after an earthquake is termed to be a(n): (a) little earthquake (b) secondary wave (c) aftershock (d) post-shock 28. S and P waves are both types of ________ wave. (a) surface (b) Ryleigh (c) Love (d) body 29. Ryleigh and Love waves are both types of __________ wave: (a) surface (b) Richter (c) Mercantile (d) body 30. The actual point of contact at a fault where the energy release took place is called the: (a) epicenter (b) focus (c) centre (d) upheaval 31. The point on the surface, above where an earthquake took place, is called: (a) epicenter (b) focus (c) centre (d) upheaval 32. If Mr. Gauthier says that a 1.2 magnitude earthquake has taken place he is using the: (a) Mercalli Scale (b) Richter Scale (c) Saffir-Sampson Scale (d) none of these 3 Geology 12 Final Examination 33. The instrument used to monitor the Earth for earthquakes and other seismic events is called a: (a) seismogram (b) seismometer (c) spectrometer (d) none of these 34. When determining an epicenter geologists can use a ___________ curve to plot the S-P wave time. (a) Velocity-time graph (b) Travel-time curve (c) epicenter graph (d) none of these 35. A seismic sea wave is more commonly know as a(n): (a) tidal wave (b) tsunami (c) aftershock-wave (d) all of the above 36. A volcano that is layered with ash and lava flows is known as a: (a) cinder cone (b) stratovolcano (c) shield volcano (d) all of the above 37. Hawaii’s Mauna Loa is the largest volcano. Its 4° sloped sides make it an impressive _______ : (a) cinder cone (b) stratovolcano (c) shield volcano (d) all of the above 38. A vertical laying igneous intrusion is known as a: (a) dike (b) sill (c) batholiths (d) all of the above 39. A horizontal laying igneous intrusion is known as a: (a) dike (b) sill (c) batholiths (d) all of the above 40. Which of the following is an example of an intrusive igneous rock? (a) granite (b) gabbro (c) diorite (d) all of the above 41. Which of the following is an example of an extrusive igneous rock? (a) granite (b) pumice (c) gabbro (d) all of the above 42. Which of the following rocks is commonly known as volcanic glass? (a) granite (b) obsidian (c) limestone (d) silica 43. The line that separates the baked zone from the chill zone is known as the: (a) line of equilibrium (b) contact (c) batholiths (d) none of the above 44. The area next to a contact where contact metamorphism can occur is known as the: (a) chill zone (b) baked zone (c) contact (d) xenoliths 45. A collection of plutons forms a formation called a(n): (a) sill (b) dike (c) batholiths (d) diapir 46. Intrusive igneous rocks will be __________ -grained rocks. (a) coarse (b) fine (c) porphorytic (d) all of the above 47. Extrusive igneous rocks will be __________-grained rocks. (a) coarse (b) fine (c) porphorytic (d) all of the above 48. A rock with less than 45% silica by weight is said to be: (a) mafic (b) ultramafic (c) felsic (d) intermediate 4 Geology 12 Final Examination 49. A rock with more than 65% silica by weight is said to be: (a) mafic (b) ultramafic (c) felsic (d) intermediate 50. A rock with close to 50% silica by weight is said to be: (a) mafic (b) ultramafic (c) felsic (d) intermediate 51. A rock that falls between 50 and 65% silica by weight is said to be: (a) mafic (b) ultramafic (c) felsic (d) intermediate 52. A light and frothy extrusive rock is most likely: (a) obsidian (b) basalt (c) pumice (d) all of the above 53. Molten rock that is on the surface is called: (a) magma (b) lava (c) granite (d) all of the above 54. Molten rock that is beneath the surface is called: (a) magma (b) lava (c) pluton (d) all of the above 55. The very top layer of soil, that is composed of needles, leaves, and humus is known as: (a) A—horizon (b) B—horizon (c) C—horizon (d) LFH layer 56. The layer that has little organic material, made of usually clays. (a) A—horizon (b) B—horizon (c) C—horizon (d) LFH layer 57. The layer that is made of larger pieces of the bedrock: (a) A—horizon (b) B—horizon (c) C—horizon (d) LFH layer 58. The layer that is rich in organic material which allows minerals to be leached down through layers: (a) A—horizon (b) B—horizon (c) C—horizon (d) LFH layer 59. Weathering in which the composition of the rock is changed is called: (a) chemical weathering (b) mechanical weathering (c) erosion (d) all of the above 60. A process of weathering where the rock is simply reduced in size, chemically the same: (a) chemical weathering (b) mechanical weathering (c) erosion (d) none of these 61. The action of weathered rock being carried away by the wind, glaciers, or rivers: (a) weathering (b) pluton (c) volcanism (d) erosion 62. The breaking of rock into sheet joints and as the pressure from below builds up the outer layer of rock is removed. This process is known as: (a) jointing (b) exfoliation (c) erosion (d) weathering 63. As water works its way into cracks and freezes it pushes rocks apart. This is known as: (a) frost wedging (b) chemical weathering (c) mechanical weathering (d) exfoliation 64. When iron reacts with oxygen it forms Fe2O3, known as: (a) Iron (b) halite (c) hematite (d) quartz 5 Geology 12 Final Examination 65. As a batholith, or other intrusion, gets pushed up from below the rock cracks as the weight is lifted off. This is known as: (a) plant action (b) frost wedging (c) other processes (d) pressure release 66. A mass of unconsolidated material is known as: (a) batholith (b) soil (c) dike (d) sill 67. A collection of broken rocks at the base of a weathered cliff is known as: (a) talus (b) sheet joints (c) erosion (d) Pile O’rocks 68. Nova Scotia is home to which soil type, known as Spodosol in the USA? (a) Gelisol (b) Regosol (c) Solonetz (d) Podzol 69. A rainbow shaped fold, downward arching is known as a: (a) basin (b) dome (c) anticline (d) syncline 70. A “smiley shaped” fold, upward arching is known as a: (a) basin (b) dome (c) anticline (d) syncline 71. The angle that a bed of sedimentary rock sinks in to the crust is called its: (a) strike (b) dip (c) anticline (d) syncline 72. The orientation of a bed of sedimentary rock, relative to North, is known as: (a) strike (b) dip (c) anticline (d) syncline 73. A plane that is drawn vertically through all of the “hinge lines” in a folded rock is known as the: (a) hinge line connecter (b) dome (c) basin (d) axial plane 74. When a rock breaks when moved higher than the elastic limit, it is said to be: (a) ductile (b) stressed (c) brittle (d) compressed 75. A rock that behaves in a plastic manner; i.e. bends without losing strength, is said to be: (a) ductile (b) stressed (c) brittle (d) compressed 76. The line that exists on the surface that is the point where the rock layers are folded: (a) axial plane (b) hinge line (c) anticline (d) syncline 77. Which of the following is an isoclinals fold? 6 Geology 12 Final Examination 78. Which of the following is a recumbent fold? 79. Which of the following is an open fold? 80. Which of the following is an overturned fold? 81. A large cone shaped feature at the mouth of the river where sediment and water exits the stream. (a) abrasion (b) delta (c) bed load (d) alluvial fan 82. Sediment in the dissolved load and the suspended load can rub up against rock in the channel walls, wearing them away. This is erosion through: (a) deposition (b) hydraulic action (c) abrasion (d) bed load 83. Rocks that exist on the bottom of a stream which only move through traction (sliding) and saltation (bouncing) are part of the: (a) suspended load (b) dissolved load (c) bed load (d) none of the above 84. Sediment or particles that are carried through the water which cannot been seen, even under a microscope: (a) suspended load (b) dissolved load (c) bed load (d) none of the above 85. Sediment of particles that are carried through the water which give the water a muddy or cloudy appearance: (a) suspended load (b) dissolved load (c) bed load (d) none of the above 86. Which of the following stream patterns are in the trellis pattern? 87. Which of the following stream patterns are in the dendritic pattern? 7 Geology 12 Final Examination 88. Which of the following stream patterns are in the rectangular pattern? 89. Which of the following stream patterns are in the radial pattern? 90. A river that curves back and forth a lot can be referred to as a ____________ river: (a) long way (b) meandering (c) discharge (d) graded 91. If a river takes a sharp turn, the inside of that turn has water moving: (a) slowest (b) fastest (c) the same as the rest (d) none of these 92. Stream erosion and deposition is mainly controlled by its: (a) discharge (b) gradient (c) water velocity (d) all of the above 93. A small stream that flows into a larger one is called a(n): (a) distributaries (b) tributary (c) meander (d) oxbow lake 94. A small stream that leaves a larger stream to deposit sediment in a wider area: (a) distributaries (b) tributary (c) meander (d) oxbow lake 95. Snow that is 1-2 years old would be referred to as: (a) firn (b) névé (c) fresh snow (d) glacial ice 96. The line which marks the furthest point of melt at the end of the melt season is called (a) zone of accumulation (b) zone of ablation (c) equilibrium line (d) terminus 97. The area of the glacier where the snow building takes place is called: (a) zone of accumulation (b) zone of ablation (c) equilibrium line (d) terminus 98. A three sided bowl shaped feature within mountains caused by glaciers is called: (a) a cirque (b) a horn (c) an arête (d) Hanging Valley 99. A crack in the ice caused by glaciers moving at different speeds is called: (a) a crack (b) a big crack (c) a glacial trough (d) a crevasse 100.The pile of dirt, rocks, and debris that builds up in front of a glacier over time is called: (a) the rock pile (b) the terminus (c) moraine (d) toe 8 Geology 12 Final Examination Part B: Diagrams 1. Complete the following diagram using your notes for guidance. Include approximate measurements and labels. Make sure to include the state of each layer (solid, liquid, gas) [10 pts] Crust Inner Core Outer Core Upper Mantle Lower Mantle MOHO Solid or Liquid (for each layer) 90 km thick 2900 km thick 2250 km thick 1220 km thick 2. Complete the following outline of the rock cycle. Include the different rock types, weathering, transport and sorting. [8 pts] 9 Geology 12 Final Examination 3. Label the following diagram with the features below: [12 pts] Fresh snow Firn Névé Glacial ice Crevasse Moraine Basal sliding Plastic flow zone Rigid flow zone Zone of accumulation Equilibrium line Zone of ablation 4. Diagram a subduction zone showing the formation of a volcano. Make sure you include the direction of plate movement, the type of crust, a trench, a ridge [5 pts] 10 Geology 12 Final Examination 5. Through a diagram, show the formation of a volcanic neck and explain (using labels) why it is an intrusive structure. [4 pts] 6. Diagram the difference between a confined aquifer and an unconfined aquifer. Explain everything clearly, showing how one is a stable drinking water supply and one is an unstable ground water supply [3 pts] 7. Diagram and show the formation of a batholiths, clearly labeling diapirs and plutons [3 pts] 11 Geology 12 Final Examination Part C: Short Answer 1. Explain how the concept of uniformitarianism helps geologists determine the story of how the earth was developed. [3 pts] ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 2. (a) What are Earth’s four spheres? [2 pts] ____________________________________________________________________________ (b) What is the Rock Cycle? [3 pts] ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ (c) How do the Earth’s spheres play a role in the rock cycle; for example the movement of igneous rock to sedimentary to metamorphic. [2 pts] ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the difference between a rock and a mineral? Give an example of each. [3 pts] ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 12 Geology 12 Final Examination 4. Explain how glaciers can mechanically weather rock. [3 pts] ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 5. What is the Meguma terrane? [2 pts] ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 6. (a) What is an index fossil? [1 pt] ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ (b) What is a fossil assemblage? [1 pt] ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ (c) How does a fossil assemblage give a more accurate date than an index fossil? [2 pts] ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 7. Determine the stream gradient of the following rivers: [2 pts] (a) A 5.0km long river drops 2.63m in elevation (b) a 500.0m stretch of river drops 92.0cm in elevation. stream gradient (change in elevation, metres) h (stretch of river, km) l m m to km _____m 1000 km cm to m _____cm (100 cm m ) 13 Geology 12 Final Examination 8. Determine the discharge of the following rivers: [4 pts] Discharge, Q width depth velocity w d v (a) A 600m wide river moves at 10.0m/s and is on average 2.0m deep (b) A 1.200km wide river moves at 2.1m/s and is up to 12.5m deep 9. (a) A 50.0µg sample of 14C is found in a broken down tree; a tree which normally has 61.0µg of 14C in it. The half-life of 14C is 5730 years, what is the age of the tree? [3 pts] t N t1 / 2 ln 0.693 N 0 (b) A 320µg of 238U is taken from a rock, which normally has 500µg of 238U in it. The half-life of 238U is 4 500 000 000 years, what is the age of the rock? [3 pts] t N t1 / 2 ln 0.693 N 0 10. What evidence of glaciers can we find in Halifax from the last ice age? [5 pts] ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 14 Geology 12 Final Examination Part D: Application 1. Using the following diagram answer the questions: (a) Order these layers from youngest to oldest by placing each letter in a box.[9 pts] youngest oldest (b) Is there a disconformity shown above? Why or why not. [2 pts] ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 2. For each of the locations below, determine what would be the greatest geological hazard for that area (earthquake, tsunami, volcano, flood, mass wasting), You may use multiple as long as you explain each. [6 pts] (a) An oil pipeline through Japan ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ (b) A village located at the base of a mountain range. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 15 Geology 12 Final Examination 3. (a) You are in the market for a new home. Which of the two homes in the diagram below would you buy? Explain the reasons for the house you picked and the house you didn’t using the controlling factors of mass wasting? [6 pts] ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ (b) What would have to be done to this situation to make the house you didn’t chose a better choice. Explain how this would affect the shear strength and shear force [2 pts] ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 4. What was Rodinia? How was it different than Pangaea [4 pts] ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 16 Geology 12 Final Examination A B 5. Using the diagram above answer the following questions: (a) What feature of groundwater is being pointed to at the line indicated by B ? Is this line fixed? [3 pts] ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ (b) Is the well at A being pumped? How do you know (Be very clear using appropriate vocabulary) [3 pts] ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ (c) If the ocean becomes very polluted is it possible to affect the well at A? Explain why or why not. [3 pts] ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ (d) If there was an oil leak from a tank in the house could this possibly contaminate the well? Explain how you know. [3 pts] ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 17