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Lessons in Colloquial Hindustani for Fiji Hosted for free on livelingua.com I .." LESSON 1 me' ti Goals: 1-0 Interrogative "ka" - what. 2. Demonstrative "u" - that. \Auxilla -3. verb "hai". 'What-is- that? ,u ka ha'i? That isa book. buk hai. "U" is the demonstrative pronqun meaning "that". Notes. It should be used when the object being spoken about" not wit...kin r,eaching :distance. of the speaker. Th,e'auxillary verb "haiutOnfillitive "hone") means "am", "is", or "are" depending ill tbenumber .. .. . , . of the subject. It occurs at the end of the sen N / tence in a simple sentence or a.clause. ai?" In an interrogative sentence dike "u k he the auxillary l'h6i; is shortened to an -e an ic,ntence may sound i'i.ke this "i ka e?" , Certain_words fram English .frequen'tly usedn HindusXani, . .. language a They may their original. form as in "buk" or may b . e very etain distorted N. varying degrees. CO . e.g. 4 cok Chalk be's bag table 'dove door 4 r) Hosted for free on livelingua.com le .1. Hosted for free on livelingua.com LESSON 2 Addition of demonstrative "i" = this. Goals: 1. Dialogue: i ka -.hai? . . What is this? That is a pencil, u pencil hai. "i" is equalenIt to "this ".' ,It indicates Notes: the proximity of the speaker to the object. ti 1. ,Repetition YO" 4 i ledki hai This is a girl. i ghar het. This is a house. . i tcbtl. her This is a table. i kur-si het, This is a chair. Repetitioji 2. ya hair u buk hai. What is this? That is a book. . What is that? u ka ',That ,isa.hous'e. hei._ What is that? ka hal? 40, i lutaTh)ei. This is a shoe., , r 4 ,ter) Hosted for free on livelingua.com 1 LESSON 3 Asking a question that calls for either;a.poSi-, 1. . . .tive ors negativse response. e, . Affirmative "er and negative luau. e 2. . . . 114, i maket hai. . , Is this the matfetT. ,4 ' the:marketg Yes, this u mandir hai? Is that a''temple? , . Dialogue:, i'maket hai? , , ... . i , . . - na, u MasYid hai'. ' 'No, that i -a ... mosque.' - slit t Notes: 1, , . A simple statement can, be transform151,into.an .\; i .4- interrogation simply by changiili the.-intongtfon of ) , ... b the 'sentence. e.g. -\ - .s a market. i maket hai 'phis i maket hai? Is this*the market. "ha": is ,equivalerk to'no ". to "yes". and 'Via" or'"nahi" "ni" is a shortened form of "nehi" and is. % . - useemo.r.p.oftan than "uahint ? % . But both tomb- can#134, , . - '4'1. ..., ; .... ! Repetition i,penaiL'hai?. 1'. V; . . . used without isq change in the "meaning this 0 a ped-C1I? 4 io u mandir U vi3ay .skua hai? . . - Is that a etple? 4,. Is* that Vijay? ' ;, iIs -this a.b.th9.31? , ; ' , , Hosted fors free on livelingua.com .4, 0 " . -3 -2 0 Substitution 2. instructor: Class; --ha, skul dukan .s gai . . . ,1 7. .. I khet . S td dalo . 3. Trantfermati-on . . . Irransform the drills itk drill 2by,substitUting r "ne" in' 9 ce of "ha" .,..e % 1' . -e 4 ,. to , 4r . r: r Hosted for free on livelingua.com - e 4 ( LESSON 4 ./ . 1/4 . Addition of the conjunction "ahr"- and-to the -1. Goals:' , , . sentences in lesson 1.' I 'Aviaitionof the adverb "bhi" - too or'also.k Dialogue: aur i ka.hei? And what is this? u bhi bulk hai. That too is a book. .y.ahu"\and "yeho bhi" have the same meaning as N9tes: can be Is4ha.i.tu.ted in place of "i bhi". "i 6 All three words are codmonl used and .all three are correct. i bhi buk hai.'' This too is a book. y hubuk This too`'is a book. hai. - This too is a book'. y hu bhi buk substiSimilarly, "vehu" and "vahu bhi" can be change in the tuted in place of "u bhi" with no ( meaning.. . . Drills: 1. A. Spetiiion and SubstitutiOn Re ettion _____ . . our ibhiReqs.il hai - aur i-bhi,ladjci }leiS auar i bhi 'khet-hai . And this too is a pencil. And this tois a girl.: And this too is a field. . aur i, bhi ghat' hai And thIsetoods a house.- aur-i bhi kurs i hai '46 And this too is a chair. aur bhi tibil hei table. An& this too.is-a Pet Hosted for free on livelingua.com 4-2 ... B. Substitution kur01 Instructor: aur i bhi-kursi hal. Class: ped Whet 4 tebil 's cok beg 44, '2. Substitution yahu Instructor: Classy yahu tebil a . i , , u bhi vahu i bhi vahu bhi U yahu bhi yahu 3. "Repetition i ladka hai aur u ladki This is.a boy and that is a girl. hal I i tebil hal our u kursi is a table and that is a chair-. hal °i am h i our u nariyal' f. Th This is:q mango and that is a coconut. hal ot Hosted for free on livelingua.com .c . 6. ts hei our u i 4-3. This is' an, emtiVen hai and that is an American. mendir hei our u' This is a temple a'nd that ;. mesfid hpi is a. mosque. ,- . 4 3 a 4 '`,,, 10 Hosted for free on livelingua.com .0 4 et LESSON 5 Goals: 1 Dialogue: 1. Interrogative. whose". 2. Possessive "homar" and "tuma'r". 3. Posposition "ke" posseSsive. u kis k-e-pe.nsil hai? Whose pencil is that! u hamar pensil hai. Thlt is my penciA, 0 "ke" is attached to the oblique ,Noyes: \ of .the 1 nouns to .indicate possession. /, :e.g. Sarla ke sadi Sarle's sari. ram ke,mytgi Rim's bicYcle. Sambhuls store. 'sambhu ke dukan dir hamar and tumar are the,possessive forms of ham and tum respectiVeiy. 1 ,Drills: 1. kepetition- -.. hamar sadi My. sari site ke beg Siti's bag Fsrmer's Herd. 'kisan ke khe gokal 4 '' . . Goial's'store ke duk OE/ .tumar peri' 2. . Substitution e kursi Instructor: ' Class: i kis kursi haif r ghedi Hosted42for free on livelingua.com Hosted for free on livelingua.com LESSON Er Gbals: Dialo is ke" and "us ke". 1. Possessive 2. Asking a person's name. tumar nam ka hai? What is your name? hamar nam taja Nai. My Aame is Raja. aur is ke nam.ka -And what is this person's .name? His'naie,is Sham. is ke nam Itam hai." V.% "ia" and "us" are the oblique formt of "i" and Notes?: respectively. To form the possessive postpoai- tion "ke" follows.these oblique forms. 1. Repetittpn -( .., ) 4 ""7442* ':,. , a ,My name is Sarlg; -%61MMv-?= hamar nam sarla hal. .,, us ke nam agok --- His name is Ashok. hal.° tumar nam tom 'lei Your name.is Tom. is ke'nam sadhu hai, His name is .Sadhu. .,.. E . ,1 %-.14. 1 1' :. us ke nam sita had. Her name i,s,. Sita. 4 2. Substitutia ,Class: Instructor: ,tumai i tumar pensil hai? is ke sits ke vv hiMar vinay ke' I3 Hosted for free on livelingua.com I oo ft-2 us ke lila ke J. Chain drtil: Student A asks student B: a. nam ka Ylei? tumr Student B responds,: 1 . , . . hamar nam hai. . (to* student C) : ' tiiMar nam ka'hai? A And so on. . ti 14 er . Hosted for free on livelingua.com 1 8 LESSON 7 . 4 Goals: 1. Positive commands using simplt verbs. Addition' of direct "object to the verb. lao ,, ,,Dialogue: ".-' Bring a p &ho Read or study Aria° /; Eat _ , ee suno Listen pensil lao Bring the pencl. boul padho Read the book. , _khans khao : Eat 10 %eel...I__ Al gana sun6 Notes: Listep to the:song. The Imp erative mood is used to :express command, 1 advice and entreaty, prohibition and the giving of . , . Warning. .t May refer to an act in the immediate , . -- f - . 1 . . . . (.4:4'4 }- Tie form in the lesson is used when addressing . i memera of the -family except the elders, friends of , Npftio status to the speaker and servants. . ; This form, 1 V O , presept; or the immediate future. , ier should not be used when addressing one's teachersi,: superiors and complete strangers; In an imperative sentence, the subject "you" is omitted. The Imperiitive'form for second person-is ob- tained'by the addition of the vowel -o to the verbal root. Verbal roots ending in consonants, -a, and -e 1.5 Hosted for free on livelingua.com ae 7-2 have regular formation. e.g. suno sun + -o - Listen i bol -o kha + Drills: 1. bolo Speak khao Eat de + -o deo Give 10 + -o lao Bring P Repetition lao Bring the.t.ea nimak deo 'Give"' the salt citthi likho Write.a letter hik padho Read the book Listen to the radio 'redio.suno' dukmn Tao2. Goio., the shop Substitution Instructor: lao. Class: ,buk lao lao deo dekho .)) p6dho kharido 3. Repetition . caaur pani bhi lao Bring.tea and water to bn-k'anr pensil bhi Buy) the book and a pent khbrido tool. 1st 16 "fr Hosted for free on livelingua.com o 4 773 nimak our mircat bbiodeo Give the salt and the pepper, too. Cini aur4,dudh hi deo, Give rh'e sugar and the milk too. - I hath autod bhi dhob.' Wash hands 'and feet ,y too 4 ;. a sy 114 . -r or °°./ 17. Hosted for free on livelingua.com g.1 LESSON 8 1 < Goals: 1. Simple negativecommands. khao. Notes: '''n al " and "mat" are u ed as negatives. There, is not much difference except that '"iliet" cannot. be used as "no" while "nahi" is used as "no". Drills: 1: Substitution Instructor: khao Sass: pat khao suno pio dekho \ 90 18: " Hosted for free on livelingua.com o. LESSON 9 Goals:f . 1. Nominative pronouns "'we-and "tum" and "i" e and "u". 2. Verb "karna" - to do O . ConiunCts of noun and verb "karna". ° Dialogue: (tum) ka arta? What are you doing? ham phon artz hai. I am telephoning. i ka karti? What is she doing? u kam ka ti hai. She is working. -s I is -,the fIrs Notesc: person singular prodoun meaning "I"; "tum" is the second person singular pronoun Meaning "you". "he", "i" and "u" are used as he" or "it" - the third person sinvilar pronouns. The pronoun is usually omitted in an'inter. rogative sentence in the second person. es. g. ka karta-2, instead of , tum ka karta? A-, The auxiliary verb in ait interrogative sentence / can also be omitted. / e.g. instead of karti? The' verb "karna" means "to To". i ka karti hai? ("ker;! is the bare, rd-6t of the verb and "karna" is the infinitive. 19 Hosted for free on livelingua.com o 972 4 0 ,'. All infinitives ,end "J. ;This verb in com -\ bination with_a noud.forma a verb that can e used . as alprincipal verb. 4 e.g. , phOn kard.d. = To telephone phOn kerns bhojen+ kerne = To eat bhojen karna It may be n'aeiced that in most noun + verb conjuncts:in the :lesson the nouns are "loan words" from the English language. e .g . rest, karta, draiv karta etc. jn a nominative sentence the form of the verb agrees with the gender of the subject. e.g. kamla kam karti. Kamla is working. tom yad kerta. Tom is rem' bering. tum,bholen karta.. u-rest kerti. 'You are epting. (feminine) She 'is resting. To,o*Tain tile-correct-form of the verb for' g masculine noun'-ta should be added to tie bare roorof the verb and the correct form for feminine 'nouns in second and third persons can be obtained 'by adding -ti to the bare root Of the verb. The verbal-form does not change for Hosted for free on livelingua.com 94 ". 9 -3 4 feminine,gender.in first person. tum kerta ker + ta =ker.ta you (masculd.rie) ,0 do. ker + ti = kafti DrQls: .1. , She does u kerti Repetition hem kam kerta I am working.. Uma phon kerti . tum.stedr kerta 4 Uma is,telephoning. You are studying. am eating. hem bhajen kart gyan draiv kerta Gyan isldriving. u yad kerti She is remembering.1 2._ Substitution Irtstructor heM kam kerta hei Class: hem meri sadhu k'a sita t OM i (feMinineI. -u (masculine) vfmla ramdas 3. Chaig Drill (c Student A asks Student .13.. "I ,ka kerta? "12, '1 Hosted for free on livelingua.com ti 4 V .1 7 .41 O 9 -4 .Student B responds: CI 4 phon kerta. ' Student:B asks Student C: o e ka karta? 4 Student C responds: rest kerta. V and so on. k Use, the, verhs used in this lesson. or 4 , 4- "2. 22 Hosted for free on livelingua.com Goals: Verbs 4ot found with "karta".. II% . Dialogue: 2. Interrogative "where". 3. Adverbs "here" and "there". , What gre you doing?. kartg? 1 ham 1,ata'hat. ' I am gding. .0 kahg lata hai? Where are you *going?, hua. There. As in the previous lesson the form of the Notes: O verb has to agree with the 'gender 9f the noun -4- and the correct verbal form for masculine, nouns .-- in all three' persons and feminine nouns in first person is obtained `in, the same way' as before, i.e. the bare-rdot of the verb + ta. 3a + ta = 3ata verbal root + ta The verbal. form for all feminine nouns except those in the first person is the'same-as before, i.e. verbgl root + ti., e.g. likh + ti, likhti uma Uma is writing,. tum likhti hai. You are writing. 4 23 Hosted for free on livelingua.com P 10-2 "hiya" and "bur are the place adverbs meaning eg, . 4./k. .... 4 "hie" and "theren.vespecpvely. "---. Another way of answering ,ifie question ' "keha jata/ti?" is: . hem maket 3ati. I 'sin going' to the market. Substitution Drills: Class; sun Instructor: ham siInta hai. likh kha .4> bol w-- - a . . . . .: 2. o 39 hula Transformation Tradseform the above dri,14,1a.substituting the 4E5., .-Tollowing'pronouns in place of -"ham". V i (masculine) 3. 2., u 3. tum (masculine and feminine both) Repetition ' vi)ey kaha hai? Where is Vijay? maket kaha hat? Where is the market? pesil keha hai? Where-is the pencil? skt1 kaha hai? Where is the school? usthopis kah"A hai? Where is the post office? 24 Hosted for free on livelingua.com 41. 4. Chain Drill' Student A asks. Student B: tum keha lataZ Student B responds: .heat dukan data, (to student 4 tum keha late? jai/ hal.. Student C: hem 'skul 3ata: 6 5. Repetition ' -hem hotel me khana I eat at a hotel. khana,hei. him hop is me kam kerta , I work in an offic.. hei hem begica me phul todta,I pluck'flowers in the hei garden. hem baNcei me tiindi I teach Hindi in Hawaii. ,', pedhata liei A Hosted for free on livelingua.com LESSON 11 . Goals 1. : . Plutal pronouns. Postposition "me" 2. Dialogue: tum log kaha lata hai? ..(locative). Where are you (plural) going? In the garden.. . bagica me twii s 44 "-log" literally translated means "peoRle tt Notes:. N.. So "ham .log" or r "fOiks". 4fIl's4 meant,we people" or' "you turn log' really . V To get thee plural .- of any pronoun "log" should- be added after the pronoun. g. turn log yr people- you ham log we people we log these people they (here,) u log those people they (2e) 02, The forms of'the principal verb, and the 4 auxiliary verb remain the same 4s intiingular ' con'structions.' 4 ) turn kaha turn log kdha lata hdi? or hath khata hai. 'ha-m log khata ha i. 90 0 A, Hosted for free on livelingua.com O "m"e means "in" or OStP and alwfYs precedes the' noun. e.g. begica me ,skul me Drills: 1. and not ,me begica me skul and 'not Repetition. him log dukan jata hai 4 We are going to the shop. tum log buk pedhta hei You are reading a-book. i log khans khata hei They (here) are eating. 'tun log ca pita hei You are drinking tea. hem log phal lata hei We are bringing fruit. --u log gana gate hal. )2. They are singing. Transformation Transform the sentsfices in Dril/ 1 in singular sentences. 3. Ins Substitution uctorl begica Class: lila begica me hal. suva skul 0 ,kemea emrika mendir ba hoilolulu gev 4 Hosted for free on livelingua.com .4 o LESSON 12 r Goals: 4 Simple equational sentences : . "'pat are you?" am a lawyer." Vocabulary for different profess ions. Dialogue:, tum ka hai? What are you? ham master hai. I am a teachar. ticarA(feminiae). It is considered polite to use tum".for friends, family and people of equal status: when addressing complete strangers, But teachers,, superiors, womz:n and elders "ap-" should be used ipstead of "tum". "ap" is considered more polite, and proper. e.g. ap Ica karta?, Drills: 1. Repetition, 4 ham master hai I am a.teac er. ham maha3an hai I am a shopkeeper. ham kasai hai I am a butcher. hai This persqns is a lawyer. ham sonar hai I am a goldsmith. ram nau hai Ram "is a barber. 28 Hosted for free on livelingua.com a v. v!M._ --- A 12-2 Substitution 2. doktarsahab Class: Instructor: vl .7 u hamar doktarsahab hal. Mali kuk dhobi nau S vakil sonar 3. ti -Question and Answer Drill The instructor asks the studOis one by one: "tumAil hai?" They respond: "ham hal% ap kalhai?" 0 29 :r Hosted for free on livelingua.com 0 LESSON 13' Goals: A 1. Interrogative "who". 2: Family. 3. Introduction of adjectives. 4.. "ji" as a" suffix indicating respect. Genders of nouns. 5. Dialogue: . A t . i-hamar chota bhaiyya . I. Who is _this? i kon hai? Tbis is mf younger brother. . hai. Adjectiv.es agree with the.gendet of the noup. Notes: they qualify in a nominative sentence. e.g. 5 hota bhaiyya z. but younger brother oy chota ledka small choti behini younger sister choti ladki small Soy ot, Adjectives qualifying masculine nouns end in -a. To obtain the feminine, the terminal -a should be changed to -i. accha ladka good boy acchi ladki good. girl 4 :3 0 7 rM Hosted for free on livelingua.com 1 13-2 A4jectives ending n a consonant remain the same. e.g. beautifu], girl, sundar 1,edki %iar11) ladka poor boy alsi ladkas lazy boy alsi'ledki lazy boy - Names of animate objects are masculine or fem- inine according to the sex ders in Hindi. There are only two gen- Names of inanimate objects endIng in a consonant and the vowel -a are generally masculine. e.g. Apken, pedi gher etc. ,. yimes of'inanimate objects ending in -i are generally feminine. e.g. sadi, gadi etc. Names of days and mountains and 'most of the , metals except silver are masculine while those of . rivers are feminine. , .. , Sometlmesadjectives like "bade may be 4efigthened ., into-"badlenan or "badkani". It is usually used to ' indicate"thesuperfative degree.;'but may also be used in compakison. i hamar bedkana bhaiyya hai. may mean This is my-eldest brotheul Or This is my /0ei broher.' n. 31 Hosted for free on livelingua.com \\A. 13-3 = attached to nouns to indicate The suffix O. respect. priest masterji teacher Some people may evert attach it to roper noun: ramdas Drills: .Repetition 1. elder sister bads behini ,eldest or elder sister 'bedkeni behini 'f.T7'1% lambs Red tree' eccha ledka _101b1-4 boy // nev,s set, newshir -t- motkeni -curet the fattest woman or fat woman' choti ledki small girl Substitution 2. Instructor: bheiyya ClAs i hOmar bbliyya hei. ma behini. ' pita3i ledka ledki- auret , \ adini Hosted for free on livelingua.com \ 13-4 3. Repetition hamar bhaiyya accha hai My brother is nice. us ke bahini lambi.hai That person's sister is-tall. is ke Chats purana hai This person's umbrella is old. ram kg sat nava hai Ram's shirt is new. tumar ghar bads hai Your house is big. 1 111 4 Fj 4 e 3:3 Hosted for free on livelingua.com LE4SON 14 Goals : 1. plurals of masculine nouns. 2. A! $.1-6 Hobbit' - "(now" 3. Adverb,,"kitna" - "how many". - . Dialogue: ! he moment", "at c> bow many schools does this hlyg kJtna sku! h..A? ;lave? i-hert are two at tl'.e moment. abhi dui boi, t.-... . . , . t The i7/ura+, of,masculluy nouns that are animate Notes: objects ;a4Ve t'orme ')7,. adding "log' to the noun. 0.g. lodka log men `f.,...sculine no lo, ending in -a the ma..._` ./5.jczt's that arenot ani- plural by ehangin'g the -a Xo -c. luta komrc Icomr-a The masculino. nouns do not change forms.' language are Host of Ole "loan witrds',frol . . treated as mzsrutin, nouns Iniess-ttley are feminine nouns the'mselvos. . The.uord "l&dken" (plural:,{ "lsdka") is an , ption and refers to "chilAren" as Well as "boys ". e O Hosted for free on livelingua.com Drills: 1. I' .Sublitikbion Instructor:. ped Class: hiyi Class.: obhi lao ped,hait gher %.dka log dukan hotel .,.admi log \ 2. Substitution Instrutor: A O likho suno deo khao beithp. peliho daudo b3so 3. 4 Substitution Instructor:. e4 Class: hiy.g ek pee he dui tin car p-ac the Hosted for free on livelingua.com due S 4.4 -a e* 7 /. o I nau das. Ge 4 0 36 4 Hosted for free on livelingua.com 4 Lesson 15 1 The use of "ke pee': and "ke lege" -'possession. 2. Idiomatic use of "ham nahi 3an-o". 3. Plurals of feminine nouns. - ,'Dialogue: Iow many saris does' lila ke lage kitna sadi hai? Lila .have?, I.do not know. {ham nahi 3ano. The words "lage" and "pa " both indicate Notes: possession - permanent or to korary -"if-the thing possessed is a saleable movable object. "pas" and 'lige"-must be preceeded by either a pronoun o'r a noun +'postpositien "key'. e.g. hamar loge ram ke pas lila ke lege A There is no word for "Wave". long hair So "Lila has will be expressed t`-his way: lila Itye bar lemba hai. - . The Thrase,..fiam nahi lane" is used by then ,and. woman both atid is equivalent to."I do not know'". As with masculine nouns the plurals of animle feminine nouns can be formed by adding sfr 3 Hosted for free on livelingua.com e 15 -2 "log" to the noun., ..e.g. ledki log I Feminine nouns that are not animate objects .i...1;.4,41.in the same. So the plural of "ghedi" -watch - will be,"ghedi". There is /Ole exception. r r - When referring to one's' children, either "p4as" or "lege" shodId be used. e.g. tumar lege kitna How many children do ladkanA? have? hamar pas tin. .you 4 14 have three children. acikan hei. 1. Repetition :hemar lage dui pensil haft . I have-two Pencils. . tumar-lege sat huk'hei You, leave seven books. is ke lege bahut sAdi She has a lot of saris. hei go -L-ram ke lege pAc sat Ram has five shirts. hei us ke lege ek chata That person has an umbfella\'\ 0, 4 :38 Hosted for free on livelingua.com 15-3 Transformation 2. Transform the sentences in Drill 1 by subC stituting "pas" for "lage": Repetit'i'on 3. . i hamar ledki hai This is my daughter. i ghadimehanga haj This watch is expensive. i sadi sunder hai This sari is beautiful. cudi 4, This bracelet is bi6z. bal. Transformation .1- Transfo'rm the sentences in Drill 3 by sub- stituting the plural fbrm -of the nou instead of the Singular. e.g. i hamar ladki log ha/. 4 . t 39 Hosted for free on livelingua.com , I LESSON 16 I Goats 1- 'PosApositio Ila",:per nouns as receivers of action. 2. . "ke" (objeciive). 45. Dialogue: A n.ensil ram ke deo. i. Give this pencil to Rant. Here, take -your leo tumar pencil, 's When a proper no-un.o-C-tUre in a sentence as the Notes; r re:.;iver of an action the postposition "ke", should N.° proceed. the r e 3 Ram ram ke bring Sits sita ke lao' I . When the receiver Is a pronoun, tiri possessive z. -shotild be used. 0 e.g. us -lie bolaO call that. person is ke deo p.ixe.this person "i leo tumar pencil" is an Imperative sentence and hence the nrlacipal,verb does not occur at: the t-nd of the s'a,ntence. 1. Substituticrn a . . . Instructor: Class:' halo.° sarla'Ae=balad lao maro deo 4 0, Hosted for free on livelingua.com -.1 6 . 7. 16-2 2. Substitution Instructor: h.Va belao' Cleo*: us ke hiya balao. gher lao 0 bilk deo gos beco 3. Substitution 4 Idsxructpr; Class: pensil i leo tumar.pen§il. sicok .bog 6 chata 0 frk p3i.sa ghadi .16 s. a 4.1 Hosted for free on livelingua.com LtSSON Goals: 1. Past tense. 2. In.terrogative "when". 3. *time words "today", "yesterday",.,a0 "the before yesterday". Dialogue: tum kab aya? When did you come? kal. Yesterday. Notes) Formation of the past tense: For the verbs that end in consonants, -a should be Okadded to the bare root of the verb for the'masculinegender; and -i for the feminine gendel{ in thb first and the seeond person. e.g. ram bola sita dekhi ham log suna' o tum baitha For the verbs that end in the vowel sound of a, -i, and -o, -ya should be added for. the masculine gender& in all three persons and feminine gender in tie: first person. Fer_ilminine ge der in sedo"nd and the third persons, -i should be added to the . verbs ending in consonants and -Oa should, be added to those ending in the vowel sounds of -a, -e, 42 41...10. Hosted for free on livelingua.com C. 17-2 -i and -o, omitting the terminal vowel. But thig last form is used very seldom; instead the past kerfect i5 used. For the verbts ending in the vowel sound of -e, the terminal -e should be omitted and -iya added for the masculine -gender. e .g. P ramkiwyd Ram ate, sita khai Sita ate. ham khaya I ate. tum khaya You ate. Similarly: zs hem siya turn roya sita roi I hem di rem -piya sita di I. Repetition ham a3 likha I wrote today. u kal aya- He came yesterday. tum perso diy You gave on the day before yesterday. Ladki kal ai tum h3 ai This girl came yesterday. You came today. Hosted for free on livelingua.com ap parso aya You (polite) came day before , yesterday. Substitution 2. . Instructor: baith Class: . ham baitha. la pi cadh dekh khel so, ti, Tr#nsformation . '''Irit4orm the sentences in Drill 2 by sub- stiluting "u" in place of "hem" and changing the verb form. e.g. C Instructor: la Class: u lays. u lai. 44 Hosted for free on livelingua.com LESSON 18 4 Introduction of present perfect tense. Goals: 1. Dialogue: tumar mastarjli skul ,Is your teacher in the school? m6 hal? No na, u suva gals }lei.. he has gone tel SUN/a. The present perf,ect tense is made of the Notes: perfect participle and the present auxiliary for the third person and the past tense and the present auxiliary for the first and-,the'''second persop.s.. The perfect participle of a verb can be formed by adding -is to 'the bare root of the verb. e,g. kha is likh Is SO + is 4* Drills: 1. RE:petition hem aya hai 1 have come. i ayis This' person has come. tum ayi, heat You (femf.nine) have come. u ledka ayis hai I You (polite) have come. apaya hai 2. That boyhas come. Substitution Instructor: kha 'Class: ram khais hai Ea 45 Hosted for free on livelingua.com J8-2 4 so dsekh ga bec 3. Transform.Uion. fransform the drill 4111.2 by substitut ins!, "-m" in place of "rem" changing e verb /form accordingly. e.g. Instructor: qa hem khaya hei Class: 'p I 4 46 Hosted for free on livelingua.com 19-2 Drills: 1. Repetition rtum ay reha You came, you had crme.'' ham laya reha-', I brought, I had brought. mister ji sikfiay reha The teacher taught, the teacher had taught. apkhay rehi You ate, you had eaten. i buk pedhe reha Sham read this, book, Sham had read this:book. dh,obi kepda dhoy reha The laundryman washed these clothes, the laundryman 3, had washed these clothes. lila i gana sune rebi Lila heard this song, Lila had heard this'song. 2. Repetition sebere ao Come in the morning. din ma ao Come inthe afternoon (during the day). -senjha ke ao Come in'the.evening.' . rat ke as -1. Come at night. Substitution Inslructor: sun Class: ham sebere suite reha likh uter kherid dekh le 3 Hosted for free on livelingua.com 4'7 84. 19-3 s,i bol padha bee z Transformiation Transform the sentences in Drill 3 bysubstituting "din me", "sanjha ke", "rat ke" in place - of "sebere". e.g. Instructor: sun Clais: ham din me suna'Eeha/ suni rahi 44i -.4 0 ° C 4 o 48 Hosted for free on livelingua.com LESSON 20 Goals: Future tense 1. '2.# Time wotds like "tomorrow" and "day after tomorrow.' master ji keb lanti? Dialogue :' r- Inca will the teacher come , back (return)? perso senlha ke she Pvenint of day after tonorrow. Notes: Formation of future tense: For'verbs that end in a consonant, -ega should . be added for masculine gen:ler.. first and the second person and -i for the third person. For feminine gender -ega should be added for first person a d -egifor, the second and, the third person. e.g. hem lautega I will .return. tum lautoc,1/ You will return.- lautega ap lautegt/Ltucega . ./ You (polite) 'will comelweck. . jeget 14uti xr lila lautegi 4Jagat will come back. . :z7"?!" Lila will come back. For verbs that end'in the vowel sounds of -a., -i, and -o, -,yega should be added to the root for the masculine gender in first and second persori'and iF feminine gender' in first' person for the Hosted for and free on-yegi livelingua.com /./ 20 -2 , feminine gender in second)and'the third person-. -I should be added to third person masculine 4:ender. *to e.g. hem ayega I will came., 40 tum ayega/gi you will come. ram ayi Ram will come., sita ayegi Sita will come. . ). The words for "tomorrow" and "yesterdayv and "day before yesterday" and "day after tomorroc are Some people might use Ibihan" instea d of the same. "kel". For verb4 that gpd in -ga for ma:36110m \ and second perspn and'fedinine, gender gender in'fi o in first person.94,-gi for feminine gendervin Q second and the. third persoltt to 44' masculj.ne g ender fn 0 a hoiild4be Added, a per on, u, . a e..g. ( hem buk dega Qog "4. 1. Repetition hem kel sebere layega . , 0.. f, L Jul to I will go tomorr hem aj sebere3ayega r I . I will go thisimorning. , % wham Tars() sebere 3ayega I will go on-tge mornins; lo 2. of the day lifter tllmoridw. Substitution .. . Instructor: 9 . .1a, Class:.'u kel cen3ha k e 1ai .. t Y' Hosted for free on livelingua.com I . 1 , 20-3 beith a dekh cadh bandh, khol r Pi so bela 3. Repetition ham ghlrband-hega I wfll blind' a house. ilau bar kati The barber will cut hair. meha3en kapda beci The shopkebper will sell ,404' cloth. bahini khana pakayegi Siste . will k food. I hem log.regbi khelega We will play kagbi. tum log dhan boyega You (plural) will ,ow rice; . i log gana gayega .These people will sing song. Hosted for free on livelingua.com , 4 14 . LESSON.21 6 Gdals: ,Dialogue: . 1. Asking "whet lel the time ? ".. 2. Telling time in terms Of abhi kitna baia hai? ,* numbers; What is thetime now? How many.o'clock is it now? i des baja- hat. Drills: 1. ° It is ten o'clock. 'Repetition abRi ek baja hai It is one o'clock now. abhi dui baja hai It is two o'clock now. abhi It is three o'clock now. in baja hai Substitution Sklbstitute,i,ardinal numbers up to 'twelve in place of the- cardinal numbers in the sentences of Drill 1. , Hosted for free on livelingua.com St, fi . Lesson 22 r Goals: 1. Interrogative future. 2. Time in terms of "half past". 3. Formal commands. Alk . . Dialogue: hem kab ai? When shall I come? sabere sadhe nao baje Come at nine in the motning. ana When asking a question in the future tense; Drills: differeftt verb form is used. . a.. The. vowel -i should be added to the bare-.4.9ot of the verb to obtain for all the persons in both the genders. r, e.g. Shall I go?. )'ai? sarla khai? Will Sarla eat? - Will you tate? tum ai? There is another way of exprelssing commands. .- This form is use%4( d frequently and is a fraction more 0. polite thah the .form learned' before. To form the imperative ;, -pa should be added Sr to the bare root of the verb. . - f. e.g. 4 kal ana 1 Came tomorrow.',' 1' Call that person.- -us ke balana hiya raktina Keep here. u buk dens Give that booi-: 4 Hosted for free on livelingua.com , 53 44"f5 , Whenever "b4aia" is used as an.adverb, the terminal"a" is changed to "-e". e.g.. at seven o'clock 40m sat baje khaya. 1, Substitution "Instructor: ek a -) sadhe,.ek bae" Tana. /Class': dui And so on up to "dare".) 41, 2. ,.Substitution .Instructor: Class: khana Pbhi'mDt4ichani. I la N sun , ga 'baith dekh padh dho bol pi Pa 7 filch ro si de Hosted for free on livelingua.com 4, 1,ESSON 23 Goals: Dialogue": 1. Telling time i 2. "me" used as "till". fractions. ahhi aes bajeme kitna taim i hai? o'clock? Tandra minat Notes: ti how- long, till. ten Fifteen minutes. The postposition "me!' is also used as "till" or "until". It always proceeds the action verb as iti "baj'e me". 100 The verb roots ending in consonants should have -e added and the verb roots ending in votels should have the terminal vowel removed and -ye added. In case nouns areused as subjects, they should be followed by the postpoqition, "ke". e.g. . . 4 Jaye tie taim :hai. U'Aa ke aye me taim plat ke chute me tai'in hai. "fifteen-minutes till" can also b expressed as "paune". e.g. une dui a Otartet till two paune bara. a quatter'tql twelve- ,Nouns can also be substituted in place of the verbs. Hosted for free on livelingua.com 4 a 3-". e.g. There is time Or his,' us ke/sidi hve 6 1 her marriage. me taim hai 4 There is still time for sinema me deri the movie. hai Drills: 1. Rezetition des baSe me Ric minat baki hai ten'o'cloCk.- ' s minat- ath bale ?la It is ten 34nutes till eight o'clock. baki - gyara baje me bis minet I It is twerity-miriUtes I 2-%.4ubstitution Instructor: 1 eleven' o'clock. baki hai 4 It is ,five,minutes till 6 t -Class: car S. abhi'paune car. ba3a hai ath d as 'sat nao 0 tin 3. Stibstituti.on Instructor: r-Rhana ). .abhi khay.e mg deri-hai, sons Hosted for free on livelingua.com eit Hosted for free on livelingua.com LESSON 24 Goals: 1. Another way of asking "what is the time?"*. 2. 4 Verb conjucts:, kitna aim hai? Dialogue: principal verb +-Jana. _What-is "th-e time? It is ten minutes past nin,e nap hal ke des minat pas hoy gay o'clock. Some people may also ask "ka.taim hei?" in- Notes: stead of "kitna baja or "koM taim . Another way of expressing "ffteen minutes pist" is "sevva". e.g: a quarter after two ' ,savva dui The infinitive 'Tana" combines with certain ,principal 've-rbs,t6 form conjuncts that convey an idea offinality. The secondary verb "Jana" can be used in its past tense or,the future tense in these , .constructions,, except 1.n imperative sentences, e.g. cadh lao,'10a e.g. I went to sleep ham soy gava )rm kha9 jayega 'I will eat -up. , . a . 'The form--0 the s.eccindary verb depei&ds on- A. , . . ' a , tie' . -,, 'gender of the subject, but here are some.rul.es for 58 Hosted for free on livelingua.com 24-2 \ the principal verbs. Verbs ending in consonants retain their orig4n 1 forms, which is the root-of-the verb. e.g. Hem dekh gay uga baith gai ./ Verbs ending in the vowel sound of -e remain the same. e.g. u i kitab de gaya Sometimes the terminal. -e is omitted arid'-aye substituted in its place, e.g. bans pensil laye gay. Verbs ending ia -a ii4d -o have -y added to them. 1 VO ham _ay gay sita soy gai Verbs ending in -i retain their original form. - 1.. Substitution d. Instructor: a Class: ham ay gay IP Pi J dekh Hosted for free on livelingua.com 4 alk 24-3 bol de le ho 391 tut 2. Substitution Idstructor: Vac' Class:- pac minat pas 1.161' gay 401141k p an d're--- a bis paccis t 3. Substitution Instructor: sM nao Class: saVva nao bola hal At. eth gyara VAC sat 0 . O Hosted for free on livelingua.com 114 b. ' R LESSON 25 -4 The day's of the week. Goals:\ 1. Dialogue al kon din ,hai? What day is .today? 'raj kon roj hai? Today is Monday. al sommar had. Drills:* 1. . Substitution Instructor: sommar Class: al-sommar hai . . mangal budh suk S .sanicar I. tt -0,, atvar lw 2. Substitution' Instructor:' ofe (Class: kal kal sommar raha par so -us din . 7. 61. Hosted for free on livelingua.com LESSON 26 Goals: Dialogue: 1. Dates of the mopth. 2. Ordinal numbers. aI What is the date today? ' Icon tarikh hal.? aj setra tarikh hai. Notes: Today is seventeen. The ordinal numbers are irregular for the first ten numbers then "va" or "vi "-'should be 'added to/ the cardinal number dependi'ng'on the gender. Drills: 1. Substitution Instructor: . tera . Class: a3 tera .tarikh hai cauda pandra 7 sola satra athara unnis bir 2. 'Repetition pehla ladki First boy dusri iadki Second girl tisri ladki Third di-r1 cautha(idmi Fourth man pacva admi Fifth man chevi auraC sixth woman Hosted for free on livelingua.com r. 26-2 chetv-1 Sixth woman :,u,: at sarvalecika Seventh boy. at1.,ve ledk;) Eighth.bor n oovi 4 1 z\,:i k d os., i aui ; Ninth girl Tenth woman The first five ordinal numbers are used often, . , ' .. ,,. but thc: rest arc: not used i much. 4, . 1 . rV Hosted for free on livelingua.com LESSON 27 Gba .§: 1. Dialogue: i kon mabina haii What month is this? i 3envari hail This is January. Drills: The months of the year. SUbstitution' 1. Instructor: Classy i 3enveri hoi 3enveri ferveri mac - apreel . 7,6 mei Sun 3u1si °gest I septemba oktuba nevemba. disemba Repetition 2. u 3enveri ke ikkis That was the twenty;-first ¶arikh raha day of January., That was the twenty-second, u Mei ke b-Ais tarikh raha diy of May. 40' u °gest ke tei.s tarikh raha 'That was the twenty-third day of August,. Hosted for free on livelingua.com 64 , I O 27-7. l u'inac ie czuhis taiikn -. That was the tw.pty-foUrth ... ay of March.', raha-1 That was the twenty-fifth 11 oliuba ice paccis ... tarikh ra.h4 2. ' day of October. Substi!tution Instructor: chabbiso Class: parso CheibbiS\ tari -k hai attain untis tis I ekt.is to 65 Hosted for free on livelingua.com .11 LESSON 28- Air Goals: 1. Adverbs "ever" and "never"-. 2. Words like "next year",-etc. 41 Dialogue: tum kabhi reva gay raha? Haveyou ever lieereto Rewa? ha, pichle sal ek dafe. Yes, one time last year. When negative -"nahi" is added to adverb "kabhi" Notys: the meaning changes to "never". e.g. kabhi suva gay Have you ever been] to Suva? raha? r Never. kabhi nahi. St Drills: 1. ',Repetition Have you (masculine) ever tum kabhi gas. khay eaten meat? raha? Have youf(masculine) ever tum kabhi i filam /7, Have you everYheard this tum "kabhi i gana - 4 seen .this- movie? dekhe r suneraha? song? ' , ------- tum-kbhi hiyA ay. .,, , HaVe you ever been here? raha? 2, .t, Transformation A. Transfbri the sentEnces in,Dri11,1 by substituting "tum" (feminine) in place of "tum" (masculine). (3 6 Hosted for free on livelingua.com O , do B. Transform the sentences in'Drill 1 by substitetting "sita" in place of "tum". 3. Substi,turion Instructor: Class: .,`ham ek dafe bOle ek raha dui des bis 0 p pacas sau I RepAtition 4. go. to college next ham Cagle sal kole3 year. 3ayega ram pickle sal pas hoy /Ram passed-last year.. gaya ina ay serla pickl Sarla came last month. rahi, . tum eg)c sal ka kerega? What.are'you going to do next Year? i)- saw a good movi.e last ham,pichle.hafta ek;' 0 week. ac in filem dekhe rahe 5. -, 0 Substitution, Chas's : Instructor:-, kha hem i cij, kabhi - 0 tibia Maya bat , 06. / sun 0 67 Hosted for free on livelingua.com LI p p S. ker. dekh tod la de le Pi I 7, 0 --c A S. ot 68 Hosted for free on livelingua.com r. LESSON 29 q) 1 ,..., Gdala,: , :) 1. Adverbs "previously" and ".always ". r 0 4 Pasrhabitugl. -2. 7. ( t 3-: , Conjunction, "but" (par). \,.' Dfalogue: turn -abhi kaha rehta? ' ° Where do you live how? - , hazel pehle sva meit I used to live in Suva ,\.... rahet rah .par abhi pr/ evidusiv, but I live 'A 4' nausuti :a rehta hai. in Nausori now. o Notes: 41 The past habitual tense is formed by combining / the root, of the pfincipal verb + t or -at and tge past auxiliary. . Verbs ending in -1-and. -e,shsguld have -at added to them to _form this tgnie. . SPY , ° khat.. det SO9t, V plat, 44 et dhould be added to the verbs ending' in jrconsonants. e.g. . I bolt' suizat The past auxfllary should agree wfth the' orthe.subject. Hosted for free on livelingua.com 69 ender 7-- cot I For verbal roots ending in"-e and -a, t o should be added. e.g. dec khat Drills: 3 I Repetition 1. ham pehle gos khat I used to eat meat'previolisly.. r raha ham pehledaru plat I used to dridit iously. raha slut pehla ut root rahi Sita u= d to cry a lot reviously. <- u-aurat pehle bahut Magda karat re.ram ,p'ehle re: khelat That woman use4d to' quarrel 1) a lot previoUsly. Rani used to.plhy Rugby pre-, viously. , ham ehle bahut soot I used to sleep a lot pre. viously: raha tum pehle hamy ghare rol at raha 2. "You used to come to my h&U.se everyrday previously: Repetition ham hame;a car ba3e uthat raha I always used'to get up; at four o'clock., ham'hame;a padhat raha- I ,always Usel to study.. tum hemeria r-e,t raha You always used to sleep. -(() Hosted-for free on livelingua.com 'os 4 t site heiega imli khat rehi. Sita alw ys used to eater 'tamari d.. ram hemega'daru piet reha Ram always used to drink liquor! Substitution Instructor: so' Class: hem behut sot reha per ebhi tiehi sota khet bol khel bedmasi ker din mar pit filem dekh It Hosted for free on livelingua.com =LESSON 30 Goals: 1. Dialogue: hiyaN se maket kitna Ablative "se".. dur hai? How far is the market from here? lagbhag. adha mil. ft ) Notes: . The postposition "sb" has the value of the' English "from". *Drills: 1,. Substitution Instructor': maket Class: maket hiyaN se bahu dur hai ghar erodrom put theta post bopis.. aspatal 2. RepetiNion 1 lagbhag car ba3e ana lagbhagdul sal pehle_. Come at about ,four rly two years ago.' , lagibhag'sab'rog ay raha Near (almost) all the people came. lag;bhag paNC siring'. About five shillings., O 7?. Hosted for free on livelingua.com .1 . 00, In 1 ghenta melt Within about 'three .hours. tition 3. hi yaN 'se ghar adha mil hai suwa t, 1. The house is ha1 a mile from here: Lautoka is far fiom Suva. lautoka hai Al se gher dur hai s., house is far from the , skul. t glier se theta nagiccee . The theater is close to the .4.. house. hai , a , 73 Hosted for free on livelingua.com tr, A o ti I.gSSON 31 Goals: 1. Dialogue: maket kahaN hai? Prepoiftions, like "in front ", ".behind", etc. "WWere is the market? u bade benk'ke age. .Notes: In. front of that big bank. The,postposition "ke" should,always proceed 'prepositions like "age", "piche", etc. Drills: 1.. Repetition( maket benk ke ag-e hai Market is in front4of the bank. maket benk ke bagel 7 Mdrkdt ig next to the bank. me hai maket benk ke piche Markel is behind the !lank. hai , maket benk. ke nagicce. Market is near the bknk. hai maket benk ke pados meN Market is near the bank. hei . 2. . Substitution Instructor: t'ada benk Class: u bade benk meN ka hai? , bade maket chota khar accha ghee, chota beg ,74 Hosted for free on livelingua.com LESSON 32 Conjunctive carticiples. Goals: 1. Ddalogne: raaket ke rests hon hei2 ..., i , Rhicb is tbe.road to the 0 uta ket ? Go straight and turn at sidha layke u hone fi thht corner- whim jao. , sde3 1,:on bagel? Whic dahina.begal. Itig4 side. ( Hindi. tends to redUce the nailer-of finite; Notes: verbs by including orm.or nor)e oE the in sebor- , N, This,done.lni4e clause hy.meafts dinate clauses. of the 1:ponjunCtive 7o form ag coiqunctive ,partiiple-the parti7. I. . c.iple "ke" Should 1)4 added to the baresot-of.tht Verbs ending in eonSonanto atird the..,Vowel somid of . -i , For7the verbs end, .ng it -a,.- .. .' .A.,..:.5y"should l sounds,of,- the Ac A , 'h'e added before adding the reici0e empresses Here, the conjun4ti.vb- the prierity,531 time, i.e. dhe action of its verb .-is:pkior to thht of the fin . ; Drills: : e verb. 1. Repetition khayke acy erAen, come. Hosted for free on livelingua.com 3 o - -2- 4 dekhke ao Raving seen, come. deke ao Having gie6, cone. piichke ao Raving.asked, cone. 1.\\ Substitution ;). :Instructor: sun Class: sonlie ghre leo le .dekb 4414 kha 4 bata ga . 4- 4 Hosted for free on livelingua.com - LESSON 33 Goals: 1. Indefinite pronoun "keel" used as "anylt--- pro- nominal adjective. Dialogue. nahet ke naglcce koT Is there any shoe shop neer lUta ke dukan hat? bohut hei, lekin tun the market?, , 'Mere are a Rot ambhu ke dukin Notes: , bme'yOu gS to Sambhu' s shop. "ikoi" when used as,a pronominal adjective should be followed by a singular noun. be used to mean "about" or 0"mearly. It can also While "natal" added to it changes the meaning to "$c. body "'. "lekin" has the same value as "perr". 0 .r. Drlils: 1. Repetition ghare koi ai? Is anybody at hofte? ' yallaV ko.).41100 Is anybody here? pr kal koi ay raha? 'koi ek sal koi car p About a year. fling koi dul tin mil hai 2. anyboAy cane yesterday? Some joux, five shillings 1;!ary two, tlitee' miles. Substitution instructor: khela ham buraya lekiu koi rjahr Q 4 aya khelf ' z r. Hosted for free on livelingua.com Hosted for free on livelingua.com I 14. LES'S.iiN 34 Goals: -"hi" used t <T give an idea of exclusiveness. A 2. .Instrumental "se". 3. Locative "parr. ka yohi sambhu ke dukan D1ialogue: Is this Sambhu's shop? hai? haN, u sidhi par 4,e ' 'Yes, come here by the stairs. . e-', hiyaN ago. -,.., :. -' "hi" added after a word gives it an idea'of Notes: exclusiveness. e.g. lagga hi ka.ra Jagga, did it. hiyaN, hi hai buk The book is right here. kal hi)em i sadl I bought tilts. sari just. A kharida yeste-rday. ,t, postposiiion ifar'f-is used to indicate location on,.upon or at something or some place. 1 '4! Drills: - I. .Repetftion. ^ yahl tumvx ghar'heif Is this your houae? yahl is ke skqi: haii Is this thls person's schooll yehi tumor bhai hail -yehl sits ke motar Is this y,,or brothLtr? this sica's car? Hosted for free on livelingua.com yell! tum log ke master Is this'y,our teacher? 31 hei? 2. Transformation Transform the sentences in Drill 1 by sub- stituting "wahT"'in place of "yehi". 3, Repetition a Tyr sidhi par se ao Come by the stairs. churl. se phal kato, Cut the fruit with a knife. cimmac se ca ghoro Stir the tea with a spoon. pen se citthl likho Write the letter with a pen. sabun se kapda dhoo bas se ao ' Wash the clothes with soap. Come by a bus. Hosted for free on livelingua.com LESSON 35 Goals: 1. Bargaining. 2. Adjective + kerns combination . 3. 1 . Indefinite ptdnoun "kuch". Adjective' "only ". Dialogue: ek behdel delo_ke What is the price of 4ki4a dam? C a bundle. of Dalo? sirf .paNc siling. Only five Shillings. paNc siling behut Five shillings is" very mahange hai kuch expensive, 'reduce it kemt kayo. little. Notes: The verb 4skarna" also combines with tertain adjectives to form one verb. e.g, 0 kaitikarna To'reduce. saf karna, "kuch" when used as an indefinite pTonlpun should be followed by a singular verb, stit kuch hai There is some. It canAlso be used as a pronominal adjective. e.g. kuch lama hai Hosted for free on livelingua.com 0 Drills1 1. Repetition dokter kuch dewal ,14tr- 0 &The `doctor gave Some diya medicines kuch_peisa lad Bring some money. kuch kam kere Do some work. 2. Substitution Instructor: likh r. Class: kuch nehi likhO kha la. de dikha 3. Repetition ek 3uttl kabi3 ,Two heads (pair) of,cabbage. ek der3en enda A dozen eggs. ek paunlhinga A poundOf prawns. ek kiida bhindl kshare of okra. ek 30di atE; A pair of shoes. 4. ? 4 . Repetition i611-tita hei It is a little 'hot. O kuch mehenga hei It is 'a 1ittle expensive. kbch kedua hei It 5. is a little bitter. Substitution Instructet: kabi3 Clads: sirf kabi3 lao, 0 Hosted for free on livelingua.com 4.° pye3 C Caul' ata cft; d h 0 S3 r. Hosted for free on livelingua.com LESSON'3,6 Gpals: 12..finsipal verb +'den a conjuncts. 2 . Additions and subtractions-. 3. Past.particililefof auxiliary Ihota". rl Dialogue: i apul ta3a hai? - ek4m.tela hai. Are these apples fresh? They are 'absolutely fresh. 7 , dui paun daye deo. our car'ath ana Give twos pound's. That was- four and four.- hay. a eight annas. O 'Notes: Some, verbi combine with verb "dena" (toAg Tve/. to form a conjunct,verb that contributes an, idea of action iiirected outwards in another 's directioS. e.g. . i citthivadh deo - 40 Read this letter out to me. Formation: For verbs..--ending in consonants there is no ° . -2 ,change._; y should be added to the Verbs ending in A, he terminal -e removed from verbs ending in and 7-ay added to them`. "bhay" is the past pdxticiple df the auxillary t . "hone and has the value of "'Was" or, has happened" e.g. , -kal us ke ghare There was Ramayana at,that Pp r . ramaan bhay person's filace.yesterday. e Hosted for free aon livelingua.com ..,... .: , . -. ... '.. Q-,4 Drills: 1. Repetition Absolutely am ekdam Oka hai Mangoes a ,nariyal ekdam Coconuts are absolutely ,> cheap. sesta hai ° gosekdam ta3a Lai l'he meat isiabsolutely set ekdaM-nawa hai The shirt 14 absolutely 4Repetition tarkatl.daye deo GOye the vegetables -. kaPd.a.n*p deo Meastre the cloth.. learn kar deo, Do tqhe work. s' c : Write the letter.,: citthi likh deo <.,Stitch the, shir't:. sat si deo. _ . to ?aye deo 3. aepetition ,r(rIng the oil. 2 dd.{ our dui car Two and two four. tin aur.ek car Three and one four. . tIn airr car sat paNc a ur t cauda Three and four sever. 4 Five and nine lour.teen, 4.. Repetition paNc meN se tin Miqus three front five. sat meN se dui nikalo Minus two from segen. bare meN se ath Minus' eight from twelve,. nikalo dos neN se paNc Minus fire from ten. nikalo it Hosted for free on livelingua.com / 4. - LESSON 37 Goals: whei kind. 1. Adjective "kei,san" 2. Ac4ective'itna" -- so- much, this much, so many. A Dialogue: .tuekaisan gos becta What kind-of meats do you hai? hamar pas khall bheda I have only this much lamb, * mutton, and goat meat. ke gos our itna hi hai. v eccha dui'paun,kheda Okay,. give two pounds of lamb. ke gos dena. The terminal a in itna should be changed to -i when it qualifies a feminincnoun. be used as an adverb. It can also 0 Repetition 1. sari is this? i kaisan sadi hai? What .kind of a i kaisen phi-11 hai? What kind of-a flower- is this? kaisan kapdahai? :14444 u i kaisan mitts het? : 4 What kind of soil is this? t kaisan caur hai?. (7 ,What kind of .cloth 'is that?, Whate.kind oftce Repetition 2. .2' honolulu meN itna motar Honolulu. 'hai 8 r. There are so many cars --in Hosted for free on livelingua.com fiji meN itna. neriyal There are so many coconuts in Fiji. hai sidni itna hada sehar Sidney is such 4 1 kai us ke pas itna paisa That person'has so much money. hai u itna motahei He is so fat. slta Atni eceii hai Sita is .So nice. ladki itnr 1e3i hai oniat girl is _so Laz'y. 1 t. 4- 1 4 S\ Hosted for free on livelingua.com LESSON 38 Goals: Priricipal verb + lena eojuncts% 1. /. 4Vrtice "to". 4 Dialogue: ,i kanda kitna beret How much "a " baret" (two hai? , yards) is this material? siling. Five Shillings, dui beret nap deo. Then measure two barets. V . tin beret leye leo. Take three berets. nah No, no two barets are_ -enough. nahi dui beret' , bas bei.) - Notes: - Verb "lena" combines with certain verbs form- conjuncts that convey an idea of .action *directed 'towards the subject, Ars of finality. .The rules for the principal verbs are the same. mtk. '" as for the verb,'+ dena-conjuncts.ei .1 Sometimes itisfused a.-e- an adier_b as. in this;14sson with' the valire , ( . of'"4en". L It ,may .also be-used to R give emphasis, or to , +7 protpst. i 0 - e a . = h ="1 Y 4 ham ga.y-td xeha t . I (kid- not: go. .gon,e . ' . t . a ft. , free on livelingua.com Hosted for 'SE - Drills; ?.,(1-,t 1 cion I, ... tu.'0, to .1 I, to us ladka ke nahi / ! (1: :i 0Ii 0. t. / . Then do not invite that a _Boy. :13011asi to ham bola Thin I said to u rois Then she cried. Repetition 2. , ham'thanda-pani se r bathed with cold watei. nehay liya u khana khay-liii He or she ate. u bakdi peiad leo- Catch that nanny goat. um bukpadh liya? ham u gana sIkh liya ,hamlu nava fil'am dekh . Di .you *read this book? . I learnt that song. Iasaw that new movie. liya 4, -., Hosted for free on livelingua.com *. . Lessor: 39 _ ,10 Goals: to be able; or can, also may'. 1. Verb "sekna" Z. Locative "par". 3. Optative sentences. A How cantI, gp to Viriya ham hiyeN se wiriYa kaisa jay Dialogue:, sekta? froi here? , . paidar, basPar, ya to patpat On !foot,, by bus, or par. by laltnch. Verb "sekna" added to other verbs forms conjUnct Notes: verbs which are intrdnsitive and follow thk rQot of ...the'attached verb. "sakne means to be able. is no diStinction in, Hindi fia "can" and "may ". There Sb "sakna" is also:used to express permission. e.g. horn hindi bol sa k to hai - I can speak Hindi. 1 turn ebhi jay sekte hei p You can go'now, a The. rules f6r the principal verbs are the sade ,other conjunct.s-. . A, Drills: 1. Repetition f. ham ,likhe saktach4i AI can-write: I can sing. hem' gay sekta hai 'ham pakay sekta hai bat qraiw kare saktg hai 90 4 r c'an cook. I can drive. Hosted for free on livelingua.com 3 I 2. SubstitutiO to, Instructor: Class: 'Kamla nace nag, padh sakti haf. ga a , sikha . si ac Repetition Come tomorrow or the 'kelya pa.rso SG day after. , pen ya pensil,lao Bring.a pen or a pencil. kabij ya bhfridi lao' Bring cabbage or okra. , sham ya ram A° balao . Call Sham or Rai. "- Re -petition i sadl leo ya to i leo Take either this sari. I this. i gana sikhao. a to u . sikhao Teach either this song or that one.',\ buk.padho ya to i pedho Read' either that: book: or this one. Hosted for free on livelingua.com r LESSON 40 ,, Goals:. ` Terminal -o in verbs instead (5 1. .A. . . -ta in'interraga- , . 9 tive sentences dn secon.d. person. . . se Dialogue: turn khana pakay seko Can you cook? hA, ham sakta hai. Yeg4, I can. The vowel 'sound of. -o is substituted ih Notes: plhe of -tin most interrogative sentences. .4; 'e.g.. A. What are you doing? tqm ka karo hai? A r . What, are you writing?, likholtai? turn ka _ 0, The use of "it" on the verb root 4its not res- tricted to the feminine gender,' some-den'ill use .at this form, . . Driller : ..,, Repetition J. . , . turn ka likho'hai?- What are you writing? 1 tum.ki sikho hat? What are you earning? . . . - What are yoll saying ?' bolo hai? _tunr - What 1Qf you selling? turn ka beco hai? i . What are you eating? , 4 What are you coo- :turn ka pica() hai? , 2.. I . turn ka kfiao hai? " - 7 Repetition f -z turn khad.apakay sako? Can you cook? tUm, ta tar calay salcO? Can'' you drive a car? ., .., 4 I/ . --...-- 9? Hosted for free on livelingua.com ; A 40 12 tiindl bble seko4 . Can you speak Hindi? ab tttm....ned3:::paure Can you swim a river?, t.um ghoda dauday seko? ,Can you ride a horse? , A 74, o . r 4 C fy; Y Hosted for free on livelingua.com . ' LESSON. 41 -ea Goals: 1. Theiht;errogative future; form also used in Simple pOsitive sentences in third person. 2. Use of special Verb "lagna°r- 3. Terminal -e instead of -ta-in sentences in third 4 person. Dialogue: < i,bas kehaN jayi? Where does this bus go? suwa jayi. It will go to Suva. hiyaN kitna bhafa lege What is the fare from here? . -1 hai? Four shillings. car, siling. . The interrogative future- fortis jayi, kari, Notes: . , '1khayi are also 1.te;:d.,in simple,posi ive sentences, , especially in those without a sub j ect, o^ when the subject is in third person. .g, O sIta kKa-na khaiyi! Will Sita eat? heN, khaYi. Yes, she will eat. The vertb "lagna" is special in the sense that t it has, two meaniA0, s::lf to". "To begin" and "to attach We are usirc the second interpretation here.. P it- C . 4, . Site is thirsty. sj.ta)te pyas. _l,ga hai. , ram ke bhak la hai. Ram is hungry'. Hosted for free on livelingua.com 111 4 . - r 4-1-9- ,. Instead of using the terminal' -ta in sentences with subjects zin the thii-d person,- --.-very often used. 4 e:g u ka iare hai? What' is that persert-iroing? 111a k likhe hai? What is Lila writing? sambhu ka khaye heiTc\*hat.is ambhU eating? I The verb roots-ending in consonants should have -e added to theM, while the verb roots ending in the vowel soundi of -e, -e, -i and -o should 11940 -ye ,added to the. 1. Substitution Instructor: paisa Class: bahut 'peiea' lege hai. ex isv panl buk bhara kiraya petrol, pyas bhilk thenda garem Hosted for free on livelingua.com d 1 If hem bas,to belksedfts.a subject in ani'of (Note: 4 .t these sentences; then the inflected oblique, form of - ham which is home 'should be used. Tha same,holds for tum,- the inflected oblique form.,of Which'is tru tumme. If the subjec t is in tile third person then it 'should be followed by the-Rostposition "ke" [ob. jective) Ise and use are the inflected'oblique forms df j and u re spectively) . -t 2. A ti Substitution Instructor: kha L. Rem khay Class: dekh so bol' it sun dpi . . dho k le la . itepetitIon, ., - 5 ... liaa MAI ayr . Lila will comei1pow. .,, , . ,i ladki khans khayi .TiTs girl willlaE mow._ plen des. baje ayE. coMerat ten The.1)11 !1 o'clbck. Hosted for free on livelingua.com sambhn kabj' When isSaMbh going? A ' LESSON 42 Goals: Duplication of ady,erbs . . Dialogue: , , 40- suwa,jaye me 10.tna deril How long does it rake to go' 4, .. e lege hai? to Suva? -S. . \,.- , . 1 car sadhe car g anta. - Four and foiir half hours. bas kahaN kahaN h rui k? . What various places the bus . . . . , % stop/a t? . nandi, sipgatok,1 koro Nandi, Singatokg, Koro Levu lewu eur nawua ru and Navua. ; Notes: she. duplication of, wprds is frequentvisHin ustani. Dliplicdtion gives an.'idea.of.extension or ime or spar. distribution over ( - Adver bs are . .... .g' peated toconvey intensity. Ifstead%01 saying' "jaldi kam karo") people might say, "laidl j 1di kam karo". .similar examples: dhire dhire cal°. A , thik tfiik bolo , . . . , .r 1 Drills:, 1. Repttitio% . tum kahaN kahaN gay t ? 'What varfous places did yo'u gd to? _ Aanna ke Piet kaha kabiN he l? . m -various planes are the cane fields at?' %4 I I Hosted for free on livelingua.com . hai am ke per kahaN kahaN . . various places ar e manv,, t* hei? trees at? jaldllaldi bolo Spek fast. dhZre dhire motar ca- lao 'Drive the 4 car slowly. 4' 4. A- 4 4 cs, O 98, Hosted for free on livelingua.com V LESSON 43 Conditional sentences. 1. Use of the special verb "cahna". -.2. eg,er fiem.accha bojen khana If I want to eat good. food, e, to hem kahaN c'ahta . Where a.hould I go? jays? Om bombe loj )ao babu, You go t.o the Bombay Lodge sir,t huaN ke khana a ccha hai. the food therar is goOd. .t13, 4 The verb "cahna" (to wish, 'to desire) may take Notes: ft an uninflected singular infinitive as a direct object. e hem jSna cahte he i. I wish to go. tum ka ka rna cahta -Ha il . yoU 'like , --to 'do? . Repetition Drills. : ,,, . , , , agar sembhu ayi to hem We will go if Sambhu .camps. 0 lqg jayega t .- . . .agar 11a ayi'iolus ke r.okna . Detain Lila if she.comes. A eier turn Cehta hei to tum:bha,air seko ei. You, :oo. can come if you want td. ; 99 Hosted for free on livelingua.com 4 1 eger pari iyi to ham We will stay hoT4e if At' log. ghare rehe5a.4 rains. ). . Substitution . : . a maket Jana Instrugtor: . filam dekhna Class:- ham maket Jana cahte 1144: . tlotel'-janft regbi khelna kerilchana . kam kerns "buk pedhna _- rf Hosted for free on livelingua.com A. N i p.ed meN b.hut phel This tree has a lot of fruit laga hai. on it. i ,ped meN thodG fhtil This tree has few floweTs.'' lege 11.81.. Without a postposition: i sadi hemme etcha,lege I like this sari-1 . hei. 1 aisen bat khGrab lege This kind of a thing looks . '4, hGi, bad. 4. .4 L *.r r. ( - '101 Hosted for free on livelingua.com LESSON 44i;$ Goals: . '2. Duplic'ation of interrogative pronouh ,ukan". :Iransforx...tai 'intransive verbs into transitive , , verbs. . . / , ,; Dialogue: . aj kon kon bhojan Ana , , Whatall foods haveb'een ,t, . i . hai? cooked today? -4' >1 .. hamme behlt bhtk laga . I am T.reKy" hungry. . . hai. tt 'aj durgI.ke'gos*, eli ke l' Ch ic ke n, p t at oeP, le ntils , tarkari,,dal, ro,t1 , our bhat..paka hai. , roti an have been cooked today. . sy,.... --, ` . ..,'. : Notes: rice The interrogative "ko"'is repe.atedlto, V,. --, ,convey an idei.af extension and distribution'.4.- e.g. . , , kon kon ayega ?. What varj.ous people W14 come? - kon' kon bola? . . What variousPersons,spoke? Some verbs have an ihtfans tivd-for m 'whtch may I' be a passive or a kind-of 'iddle form-,indi4;atini I that something4dccurs form. The usual dh such verbd ip o elf a-transitive acteistic of -she transitive of 0 i -al -a. 4- - . /0'" eeg Intransitive ,.; 4. bbilna Trats tiVe -* 'bona a' VA to he I 102 . Cr Hosted for free on livelingua.com . 5, 1 t51 , A 4.4 - .rukna, 'rokna pakna Rakana nikb lna nikana , - X Some xerbs.hSve an irzegAlar, formation. . ---te.g.m 1 , 1/4 chug )a. ,,, chodna Ahulna 4 .4. :. dhOna . Aetna --, -1 phadna ' . tutna --a.. . .. t todna Or N phIlit I- phodna - ., , ,:. . ... . . Drills: 1. . . \ Repetition `, . 0,j ka 'bona-- ha l? What has ,been iadd today? : kereccha bhojan''peka ... . Good food had been 'cooked, - . rehii. yesterday: 4 ' sosa- phiit gaya . sidf.phat gayA Saucer,b,roke. 4' . .... "Sari tore%. : , 2. . RepetitiOn. : s kon kon bhoja4n What various' foods P . . . ., : . -0 kon kon' to . . a, What different, peofil .#.,3 v... korilc,on ,kapda What different kinds of cloth'r . , kon kon janwar' 3. What different animals. . . Repetltion , . ,- , e .. . .. The special verb,"lagnemaY be preceeded by ....... a postpoaition: A.. , hamar ihar meN *rang , My house is. being painted. Hosted forvfree on livelingua.com ', . loge 'lei.; . . 3, ° t LESSON 4Y 1 , . . Goa la: -, Dialogue: 1. Dative "ke.khatin". 2. Interrogative "why". . , hemar khatin murgi,ke Bring some chicken, vegetal:'. goS tarkari our rbti lao and,roti for me, and don't our b ing y.meat for my friend: hPmar dost-ke khatin gos nehi kaNheNt Why? - Ala Because he is a yeget.grian. kahis ki i sadhu hei. .0 The postpOsition "ke khatin" deans "for". Notes: 'ke liye", and "ke viste" have the sage meaning. Drills: Repetition hema khatin buk "'Bring.a..hook for me. lana 'us,ke khatin hamcsadi I bronght a sari for her. laya hamar frend ke khatin ' Bring-some food for my khana lao friend. . hem tumakkhatin rukegi 2. I will wait for yoU. 'Substitution Instructor: , *." 7C1-ass: bol 104, tum iaNhell bole? Hosted for free on livelingua.com 2 46 '2- a a -, ga, . ruk dekh a la Repetition 3. tumj. kaNheN vaste ' What did_you,buy this for? Acharida . site kaNheN vests nahi Why did= not Sita come? AYis?- Ns ,) kaNheN vaste bas hiyaN Why did' ,the bus stop here? rukis? 4. Repetition kahis kl kal chuttI lb I Be ause tomorrow is- a' holiday. a hai kahis .hem log gos Becaude we'do not'eat meat. nahI khati kahisi tum abhi chota :BeCause you are young yet. hei.' a. O kahis ki bas ke'xayer pankcer hoy 4/Rya. Because the tire on the. bus. --has a ifuncture. s-.41 105 Hosted for free on livelingua.com Lesson 46 Goalso: 1. Use of special' verb 'pasand ana" -7- ""to be 140liked ". . - 2. / Adverb "p'hir" "again": . Dialogue: tudme khans pesend aya habil? Did yOu like, the food . sir? - a . haN, par khAna-thoda tita . raha.. Yes, but the food was a little hot. , litna paisa bhay? nao maN _How much was it? haear hotel k Nine shillings, coma, ana. again. to my hotel: a ' Notes: . "!pasand ana" s a special intransitive verb tha,t agrees with the gender of ha object. o hamme ti ladk i pasdad.ayis. I like4,..,that"rgirl. 7 The subject should be' in inflected oblicide form. If a proper noun is used as supject.it should he foll(c)i.red by the paitposition e.g. sar a ke esedi pasand aya Sarla liked that sari.' 66 Hosted for free on livelingua.com N. 1 Drills: Substitution 1. hemme mith'sT. *Class: mithai Instructor: pesend 4aya huk. kepda' . gana gher bag Repetition 2. . hem tumme phir bal.ta hel --N,L am telling you again 7- i ... , . . M 0 ham ,u 4 . heM phir emrika jayega . 0 . I saw that movie again. them phii dekhaw. . I will go: to America F -,' tum kel phi2 ana Come again tomorrow. . f. . s Hosted for free on livelingua.com N II Lesson 47 1. Principal verb cukna' uncts. w 2. Expressing-purpose. um khana khay cuki tabu? Have you eaten sir? ha/44A:riheN? Yes, why'? celo hamar khet dekhe Come to see my field. .11 Verb + cukna is another conjunct that Is used frequently .It conveys an idea of finality.' o Repetition turn lam kat- cuka? Have you finished working? turn khana khay cuka? Hive ym finished eating? turn form bhat Cuka? HAve you finished_filling,-' ^ the form? turn pepar padh duk Have' you finished' reading the.paper? _turn i sakis dekhelUka?* °P. Have you seen this movie? . turn alilagayeuka; 2. Repetition . 'Have you Apflied? " kal hamar ghere khana khaye. - ana. . Come to eat (and sat) ft* loL at mX place tOmorArow. Hosted for free on livelingua.com 4 "r"..)-a' 4' 4 him ,sekis dekhe jata I ,am going to see,a '1 . movie : . , . . = . u briket khele jata hal . ''' t He is, going to play . N,,,,,:: t cricket-V kel hem log" jhInga pakde We 'are, going to catch Jayega., rea-wris tomofrow.-M. =", 4 ..* I o Hosted for free on livelingua.com .. -; # Lesson 48 '. - r _Goals: Suffix mwala" -. Dialogue: - . tumarkhet.hei? , ka -i se . % on nouns only. A . . ' . nahl, khali gennawhlakhgt hamar hal. ' No, only the one with,' / , tnga'K'cane in it is mine;.- v- ), , V . ° llotemy . Are these all your fields? . SuffiX "wala" is added' to verbs to form adjectves.t is added to nouns to form desc, iptive'adjectives. 1. ham sahlrend 'ke belaja I invited,aif they fr4end. At sob 19g ghareleya All 'the people (every.tidY) --Yr- *1.. weht.home. . ., , . ' sab.buk lao Bring 411 the boolc4. sob phel kherab hoy gaya, . 2. , All' the fiuits.spOiled. Repetition , u 4 dhlw la ader hemar, . . That man with a beard is k4. my brother. b'hei -yya h u katwOo. admi (adken ke lomasta,407 hal. That man with a coat is the childrens.' tehcher, jutawala dukan .kehoNthei'? Where is the shoe, shop? aayammli lerki hamar bahimT s , That girlw!tth the dress, is my sister. .5 Hosted for free on livelingua.com e /' V 3. Substitution 4 Instructor: /juta Class: . a. jutawala duk:an ,A / :sadi r gos ,kepda - buIC ( I cl eir S. ti I Hosted for free on livelingua.com Lessod 49 40" Goals: s`...% 4. l.: Reflexive pronoun "epe, e. ' 2. Dialogue: AcOective "every". -, N, tum apen khet meN kon kon clj bot'a hat? What, different things r hem her sal (ark doyou soy in your.fieid? onna - - Voia'hei , 1 sow (platpt) only . can#Rotes: If the possessive-:adjective'is identical with the main subject of"the sentence, then the reflexive pronoun is used e.g. hem apen bbeiyya ke.leyega hem epen buk staht dega * teLn beg khole. Drills: 1., Repetition 41. . Item apen pitaji se puchega. I wily ask ,my father,; - apen ghereiap -Go to yOur. home. apen moter layis , He broUght his car.., T apen khet meN kam kere'hei 'Re is working in his' field%; hem apen kepda dhota hat 112 I am washing my clothes. Hosted for free on livelingua.com YA a/ 3. I A , -_ 4-1- ,1 kepetition hem har sal suwa jata hat . ,r go to Suva ever3tiyear: . .;- ,. % , ,,, . i-master ji hei hefta ekjem This teacher gives, v to .- . . deta hei -eXiaminatfon (test) every . hamar meN roj ghat sal karti week. , :he; . My matheecleans the house ; every day:, ... 1- . 4 tl 1 V%00. t. 1 i 113 Hosted for free on livelingua.com , Lesson 50 . '441141s: ' ive sentences using "ki", Opt Suffix lialegue! .4, madad kare hal. ki tumme ko Does any body 'help you , i or net? lite hi'? haN,. lie 43atbe hamar ,. , d.in bher kare Hai gherw Yes m., Y. 1,) . (1-. my wife'rks mg ail Wit h 1--.: ,I., 1 e .75,, . The guff ix ."bhar."\added to a ...., 'f-d' itinvil N\ --- .- of fullness.. ,*,.-,",., ,.......7 .. '4 ..- 'It :-.. 1 an idea -..,...'. ,. . .... l' \ u ..- . ..,._-' tum.,ayega ki. neliit":-1-A--\-----'1- _,. \!1 a. - \ Poled.' 0 r -PP -41,..., _...., , ms;k04124 , boo.k. or , tum 'abhT libayega ki der me? '-tum e geNv .pcsard aya ki ou eat\nowil Did 114e ltfiis ? own or not? 4 epetition 2. ham t -.bhar padha pet heir qthana khao studieci, all night. Eat a bellyfilli belly is full) I ler a din bher rota hei gilas. bher panT. 'deo* . This boy sieeps all ,ntght. of Is 114 Hosted for free on livelingua.com / _..- + re ' 3. Substitution Instruction: hamar .Q1ass: hamar sathe ao is ke '.master'jT ),te' . 7 us ke A ram ke apan lahe,y4 ke apan)frend Hosted for free on livelingua.com , C t S f. G ads: -Me' Passive voice.' ' Dialogue: 2. illupkication :(4 interrogative pronoun "ka". fiji meN ka ka bAa jata hei? 'What-various things are '\. sown inFiji? genna, dhan, dalo,-kela, _ . neriyel vegaira rotes: sugar cane; rice,'dalo, bananas, coconut etc. 1. The passive -voice is not so extensively. used as ,in' English. It is formed by adding "Jena": to the past participle of a verb, and both verbs are subject to the%Kules of gendpx.' xY hiyeWeccha kam p:ara jata hei Drills: 1. Good work done here. Repetition tum her khatin'ka ka Jaya? What all did you bring, qr. me? tern thehe,r meN ka ka kherrda? ,What all did.you'buy at the. city? master ji aj ka ka kam diya.? -Whit work has the e cher given' today? .\ tum chutt* meN ki ka-16Cra?, 1" 4 What all .did you", do during' the holiddys? f Hosted for free on livelingua.com O r- 411 Repetition 2. Tood.iS cooked in this kamra -meN khapa pakaya room. jata hei. cij amrikvmeN nahr khaya This thing is not "eaten jate hai. in America. hiyaN accha gos-becs jata Good' meat is sold here. b'ei $ hiyaN sob ctj bahut mehpnga cfs , - bec-it jata hai .. . Everything is sold very high here. .C. - -et ) ol i. 117' Hosted for free on livelingua.com Lesson 52 , Goals: IdiOmatic -use of "ekko" "i-s liye", 2. Dialogue: "for thig reason", ",so",- "bpcause". liyeN kon kon cij barleys- jets What diffeeat hei? . are made here? - 1 hiyeN ekko karkhank_nehi, There is not eirereoode is '1iye seb cij baher se factory, here,'. scr.every7- 1ayata hai.G thing, ties tabe brought in from outsi . - Vt Notes: "ekko-" is equivalent to "even one",. e.g. . .tumar lee ekkp pencil Do you have even `one Ilea? pencil? ,t) 3,3 Drills: 1. Repetition ..' tum ekko dafa Buys. Oya? Nave you been to Suv-a even o hiett ekko sakAs gher - c ? There is ire.'(4 evew one neb4 movie house here ? i per meN ekko phel nehi There is not'eyen- ode- fruit hemar lege ekko buk nehi t is tree: tree: 0 w. I do- not have even.--one. C " s' 118 Hosted for free on livelingua.com -t ro s. a, I O 2. Repetition 41 , ham biMar raha is lige ka I did not come-yesterday, , naht.aya because I was Mick. is liyei/tumokal met ana So you don't-cqme . r. . tomorrow. hem:tumme is ive I palled you,for this bulaga 'raison ham 1' citthi is liye likba I. Wrote 'for this reason 4 .this,letter ' S '`, a .-- ... 4 .4 O ,,,p, 119 Hosted for free on livelingua.com 0 '4;,. 4 . LESSON -453 4, GoalS: 1.' Intentional future.* q). Dialogue: ,/ tumar"'lele koI janwar Do you have any animaloT het? ebhi.nehl par ham kuch Not new, but I am going to' ,t' , bail koharidevala hei. buy some bulls. .6' p Notes: Suffix "wale on the oblique ford of aAverb root Indicates-intention. 4 Drills: . J. 'kepptitiom hem kel sheher jayelgaia I am g,4ng toogo to town tomorrow. egle,hefta hamar' bhaiyya emrika se. My rotheris going to come from America next week. ayewale heI. ham apan frend.ke citthi liktfAmis hag.. '120 I am going to write alelet to my friend.. / Hosted for free on livelingua.com ' A 'LESSON 54 ( \ A Goali: ProbSbility. 1. , 2.- "aur koi" "ar)y.other". ^ Dialogue:, tum afar koi'ianwer nsha Aren't you going to keep r c palsga? any .othei animals? ,131tit. kich 'sure layAga- I might bring some chickens sada ke liye. fo r eggs. 0' . .Notest I "salt" indicates probability. 'might", "probably", etc. . ,. other" or Panybody else" or "!any more". 4., (-- :7: Dilils: 1. , ... Repetiticin -aur koi nob! aya? Didnt anybody else come? ; tum aur-koi Mem r L koi" means "any "ali . l mein "may",,, Did you see any more moviesI . dekha? _ . tum aur koi, desh. % Did see any countries? . . dekha? .% 4' . *. , 1 - . ,, tum aur koi log' ke :Dfd you invite . 4 , my more people? . .,-;-/ belay-07 ' . . Z. . Repetition . '. . ej hem gait filem aekhi 3aiegaN I might go6r a.movie today. - salt keltrifan ayi There might be a storm tomorrow* 121 Hosted for free on livelingua.com p. , sait bimar hsi ram sait Aj asejha ke That person is probably sick. Ram will probabiy come this evening. A 4". 5, Hosted for free on livelingua.com .2; tp LESSON 5.5 Goals: 1. Drplication of adverb'kebhI".. i Dialoguef hiyaN panl keb biresta When does it.rain here? . : 400 . barish ke MOSOM meN to It rains ''a lot during .the behutberesta hei, per rainy season, but - sometimes kabhi kabhi thend it also rains during winter aur germ' ke-mcisem and..s6mmer. meN bhl beresta ) Notes; When .the adverb ,'-'kabhi" is duplicated, the . , 0 aeating change: from "ever" to "soiTmes". '..... Drill*: Repetition; 1. z __A/yaN kabhi k abhi behut. Sometimes, it rains a lot 'pant beresta hei, help kabhi kabht ihoda I go horse riding somP. daudaye jets hei , hiyaN kabhi kabhi behut 'Really good-movies come ece114-sakis ata hai i'admi.kebh1 kabhi hereA-soie This man giVei4a4 'meat. .4 kherA:gos deta hei" sometimes. 1 o 1 2 .3 4 . Hosted for free on livelingua.com LESSON 56 -1.. Comparative and superlative.degrees. -bialogue: fiji ma sab. se jad :Where does it rain the most pani KahiN barasta in Fiji? 4 hai? a rewa jilha meN.., Notes: Ip Rewa districts-- There is no special form of superlative or comparative. When two objects are compared, that -one:tiiith which the comparison is "drawn has postposition "se an it. T the adjective confirms, 7 to the rule of the ad e.g. . i 'erica se i larka ThisiP y lemba hai. o ,,,taller than this boy:, itlarkI 'se u larki a This girl is fatter than moti hai. that girle*,' To ApresT the superlative degfee s-universal comparison is'made by using with, the postposition "se". e.g. , i'larka sab se This boy IS the'smartest ilusyer hai. of all. . hindustanl khana India ' food is the hottest 'soli se tItahail.'' . 11777 ;114 I . 3.81)199Wa . lea Hosted for free on livelingua.com r L shcA 6 6 'Sometimes, wheh the thing refered to is not. known to the speaker, the superlative is expressid by, repeating the adjective and'inserting the postposition "se" In between. e.g. Bring the beat mat'erial.., accha se accha, kapda Jana. -a Drills: Repetition 1. That pene'il is,ldnger'than pensil se u pensil this ,pencil. laba hai That, house is; taller than i ghar se u ghar uNca this house., hai, -Your book is better than hamar,buk se tumar, buk ecchI hai SuVa is bigger than Lath,pka4Y suwa lataoka se hada -hai ,. Repetition 2. . to - , . -- .;. . ., Sab sp uNea ,4k pahar kahaN , , Where is the highest moun- , .. ,--- , tain of all?- hai? . u admi sab se motajlei i . . That man i 'the fattest of i am sab se m1tha hai This-mangg is the sweetest, . & 4 of, a11. 3 huaN ka. ngtii7e'sak se hada hai '125' hd coconuts from place" Hosted for free onthat livelingua.com . + .< ,- . .f 4: 41,_,, . are aweetest'of'alL, , 4,... ,, ,,,, ' ,:.% V 3. Repetition , . , -- bd'gica meN sundar se . There are the most beautiful sundai phul hai tumar lege 1SStI se flowers in the, garden. :Y.ou hay_e' the mosi- clothes kapda hai i-per meN bade se of all. This tree bears the biggest bada phal lege hai 4. .' fruit of all. Substitution Instructor,: sundar Class: moti i 'arid sob se suilder'hei acchl hus3iar leji. II , 12&. Hosted for free on livelingua.com r 410. LESSON 57 z Adverb "bar bar" 1. repeatedly, again arid, again,/ Oft;,n. Noun -4- hona conjunc,ts. 2. hij/aN bar.bar tufan ;1.1 )gue: Do you have storms/eften? ata hei?. nebi, par"pichle sal bade, tufa, log No, but last year a big aya aur storm came and caused- e bahut `a lot of dam4e. aiksau0hay, Notes: Some nouns co'm'bine with auxiliary "hona" farm' intransitive verbs that have a sort of to a passive or .a middle form tha.r._.indicates that the act-ion takes place'of itself, The object of .-. these verbs should be followed by the-postposition "ke". e.g:, us ke. ghay bhay -Drills: 1. He'ha..e. sore. Repetition N 4 turns bar bar kaNheN tthy.do you come. ag;,in*. hal? and. agai,r-, ham bar bar shehar Igo to Suva'often. Yi jata haj / p. 12' Hosted for free on livelingua.com 4 u 1prka'bdF-bar fail. hota u bar bar hotel jata hai TAt boy fails again and again. That.persom goes to a -? hotel often. Repetition uske behgt fayda He made a lot,ofprofi't.' bhay . hamar khet'aeN iLsa1 bahut dhanbhey My- 'field pioduced a lot --4-00of 'rice this year .'4' i larka ke ghv bbaY This boy has a sore., agi se us ke ghar Hds bouse.was damaged a r bahut niksan bhey Hosted for free on livelingua.com LESSON 58 Goals: 1. -DiEdogue: Duplication of ink defi ite pronoun "koi". ka amrika meN poes'it snow in AmeriCa? girehaiq -haN,A1Aoi koi jegha ,Yes, it shOws in some gire'hai. Notes: places. 4 When duplicated "koi" means "some". e.g. koi koi Some angrApi nab/ _ - e pople note speak English. L. bole hai .Drills: 1. _ Repetition koi koi log gos nahl Some people do.not eat , khata hat "koi, koi kisan sirf meat. Solie farmers .plant only , ganna bota'hai sugarcane. koi koi paltu janwar Some animal's are tame. ha$. koi koi larka padhe : ke liye as treliya Some boys-go,to Australia 1 . - to learn (to go, to school). m? jata hal C 129 O Hosted for free on livelingua.com LF.:SON 59 Goals:, Adverb "tek"%- 1. V Dialogue: emrikd meN keb beref When does it snow in gire hei? America? t,-- dise^mber se mac epreil Piom December till March-401. talc. 4 Notes: .11 7) "tek" really means "till" "Until". It is used like a postposition.' e.g. . 4 , hiyaN 'se huaN tek- from here till there neci..2.1366 tek\ till nne'olclock 4 . 9 ., Drills: 1., Repetitio .. - , hiyaNise,hUAN 44,titaT, HOWymsny miles fibmhere , , mT1HheiV--- Man , 47 " .: tp.th6ie?, ,ii; 2 1 41 I. Se7iPntOW-relt ,' 71, .._.,,_ t There Is good foid from . aOcha-erek 11!1.--: thenki ke mosem 7 Nandi to LEiutuka.. I ill stay here till' . t k hiyaN rehega hem sebere se senjha tek-.kam Aorta 'hei te r . I woi from morning till nig4. Hosted for free on livelingua.com , 4./ 71) M . Goal: ...LESSON 60 Relative pronoun "Jo". 1, . , 4 Dialogue: Jo admI abh1 gana na gay a . raha u kon hal.? Who is the ow? an e'(tat san \ or I: Who is-he that sang now? pieta nail!, ram se 1 do not' know, ask Ram. 4 pucho. Notes: A clause introduced by a relative particle and followed byanother introduced by a corelative 1 . is a frequent mode-,,f construction. The corelative "so" has been,almost entirely replaced by the jo demonstratiVe "u". Verb "pith" is one of the spcial verbs that ' require the postposltion "se" on-their object. Drills: 1. Repetition joadmlJuy raha' u kon hei? Who is that man that "tame yesterday? hiyaNJo4larki beithi rehi u behut ecchl , The girl that was sitting here is very nice. hei. JD. tum kel Jo gos'khay, reharudeMb,rahV 131 The meat yoli ate yesterday was lamb. Hosted for free on livelingua.com a Ar ham jo j1en se emrika The plane by which Y went to America was very big. geya u\behut beds ratio turn jo clj order-kera When are the things you, ,u keb sy14? 2. ordered coming? a Repetition. sob log se betay dena- Tell everybody, (all the people), = Come after you have askid: pitaji se ptchke ana .1 .,.... your father. u hem'se nahi bolta p4 - He does not talk to .tee. . hei us se pilch leo Ask that person.. is admi se 01;1 Buy: fruits from th is tan. ' 'kherldo 4 4:t , re 4' 1 4 Hosted for free on livelingua.com D Yt ' 2. 2----A, --.---->...__ '.--Goals: i SuffiX "wala" on verbs. 1. .. , . I . LESSON 61 2.4 Suffii "wale" on adverbs.' 0, . Dialogue: ',11iyaN koi angreji ..- Is'thare a speaker of bolewala ._ Engllsh here? huaN bege141a.dUkan There is a man next meNek-admi hai, u --(loot. He speaks it.. bolts hal. zn Notes: r Suffix "wale is used ;to form a tives. . Added to oblique Ptim of the verbal root it indicates the doer of the e.g. - 'khet! karewala Feisple who do4arming / log It is added.to adverbs to form adjectives: nagiccewala gaoN Drills: Repetition 1. , , ' .. . u nacewala kon harp i the town near bye, Who is that dancer? a . .1: hindus,tani bolewala 4.4 . O kon kei? Hindustani? hiyan,koi gos becewala. heir . . Is there anybody who dells meat here?.. hlyaff-gOs khayewali A Who id this speaker of Isn't-there anybody who , kbi nahi? eats,meat hiPt?' 133 .0 Hosted for free on livelingua.com la V I 2. Substitution Instructor: Class: nice nicewalk dukan Occha hei p / upar Agicce bagel padaus piche r V 1 I. 134 ti Hosted for free on livelingua.com St LESSON62 Goals: 1. "se" indicating mariner. 2. Adverb "upar" -- "on", "on the' top of", "over",,"above". Dialogue: jor se kaNheN, Why Is Serla shouting cillaye loudly? us ke buk.ke upar Theie is a lizard on bistuiya hai. Notes:. her book. Suffix "se" on adverbs, and certain nouns ' 'indicate manner. e.g. ti acchi se Y "uper" is really a postpoisition. Sometimes the. locative "par" id syrionymons with- it. "pet" is often distorted so it sounds like,"pe". Drills:,- Repetition 1. . hemarchet ke upar There is a monkey on my- ek bander had roof. tebil ke uper'dher There ar e a lot of kooks' auk hai . !) . . -on the table. . . . - . pei) ke uper'n hi'cadho . Do not. climb the tree. . , .. . . sofa ke upex god met , rakho ,' ... , Do not put your feet on . . ,... the "sofa: . -* :135 Hosted for free on livelingua.com .., I O bUk'tebilkeuier hal The book is on the table. t Repetition 2. r Sit ontthe chair, kiirsi .par beitho, g jemin'per ssota ham We sleep on the floor. 4 hai .,...°/' hemai khana tebil per rekho .* Do not write on the board. 'bord per mat likho 3. Keep my food on the table. Repetiti.on. Do not talk loUdly. jorwsi mei.bolo, *`.7 A u behur dhlre IRA bole That perilonspeaks very Softly. hal i kam eccha se keo Do this work, id a nice Way. th3k se likho Write properly. u.lerka behutior se That boy runs very fast. dauaehei ti Ir 7 11' ,.. -43 6 t. J V ; Hosted for free on livelingua.com set O ..r LESSON 63 Goals: 1. .Duplication of adjectives. Dialogue: u myuziyam kg bh1tar What ,i,s inside that museum? ka hai? behut purana puran:a There are very old things clj hai. Notts: in it. Duplication of adjectives convert; intensity, f 4 Sometimes the duplication may be 'done by usinva ,J, synonym of the ,adjectiie. Drills: Repetition I. fah r *,1164,. neva nava -kapla Very nice clitthes. . 41k o fat Gotha Gotha c11 Very nice things. bala bade biiding Really big building's. mitha mitha phal Very sweet fruit. khaiab kharab kam Veiy,bad deeds.- sunder sunder Very be.aUtiful flowers. 2. RapetitiFin saf suthrakhar Very clean house. mails kuceli kapda Very dirty clothes. . hers bhara khet yary:Imeen -sera gala phal Really rotten fruit. .437 0 Hosted for free on livelingua.com t 0.0 LES3ON 6 Goals: 1. Optative "nehi to" -- or, else, otherwise, lest. , Dialogue: alai j alai j celo nahi walk last otherwisi- we to der/ hoy jab; -AP will*e late. tum jap ham bad moN ay'ga. Notes: You go', I will come later. . Postposition "bad" iS equivalent to "steer". 440 When "meN" is,added to it, it is used as "later". Drills: 1. Substitution Instructor: deAri Class: jeldi kercnehI to derl hoy jai sakis shuru' m. . T.. dukan bend ramain beltha V khana .kletem2. Repetition apen buk pedho nehi _ted your book otherwiie to master jI daNtega stedi keno nphI to turn the teacher will scold. Study or you will fail! fell ho. jayega io nehi to tum -mota ho jayega . Play a lot or you will get fat. . . 1 .1 1' 8 Hosted for free on livelingua.com 4 bat mot kero Aphi_to master jI gussa Joy -Do 'not talk or tle teacher will get angry. jal 3. RePetition ebhl neht badmeN ana em khana kkay ke bad meN ayega ram bad meN ayewala Not now, come later. I will come after I eaten. ,Ram is going to come later. hei hem aj bad meN khans- r_will'eat later today. kh&yega C .139 Hosted for frees on livelingua.com . LESSON 65 -1* Dialogue: 1. "Relatitt "jab" and corelative u.tab"- 2. Verb + padna conSuqcts.* jab mastar ji gussa What did Sita do when 'bbay tab Alta ka the,teacher got angry. karist u roy pad!. She burst out crying. . V Notes:. Verb + p dna conjuncts are not'ascdten used as some'of,the other conjuncts. "padna" gives an -idea of suddenness. Drills: 1. Repetition jab ham aya tab hiyaN - When I came there was / koi nahi -c4f:P A . : jab u amrika gaga tab .' When that person went to erodrom per hahut America, a lot of"people log araha came to the airpo jab ham maket jayega, 4 nobody here at that time. tab tumme sathe laye When_I 'go to the market, I will take'you with me. . jayega jab badal ghirtA hai 1 tab pan/ ati hai It rains when the clouds gather. s° 140 Hosted for free on livelingua.com 2. Ropetition mejak Bunker ram haNs Ram laughed when he'heard the joke. pe.Aa . r) hom kel sir pada I fell down yesterday! bas chut pada The bus started. phir u aurat cillay Then the woman burst out pedia, ham huaN se cal peda shoiting. walked out of that place. . VD- 141 yt Hosted for free on livelingua.com ws .4 LESSON Goals: 1. Verb + pant: conjuncts. Dialogue: tum ka1 apen,frend id you see your friend se miia? yesterd nehi mil paya a I could not se him because kahis ki u bimar he was sick.4 (I didn't reha., get to see him.) Al...4) Notes: "pana" added to a verb convey,s.ability. means "to get". Drills: 1. Repetition "pane .4 ' hem u sakis.nOli I could not see. that dekh pays movie. hem kel rat nehi soy I did not get to sleep pays 'las't night. hem per per nehi cedh I did..nqt get to climb on i 'paya A the tree. '.. , ram i kam nehi ker Ram will not be able,to 4 ..payega do.this job. hem rin4mehIna se have not been able to, 0;khar nehi " ead the Fiji newspaper - ped ll paya since three months. 4) A42 Hosted for free on livelingua.com LESSON 67 7 Goals: 1. Another way of using infinitt.res. Dialimuetum JhUtkaNheN'bola? Why did yqu tell a lie? L kebf When? . . . , kel, jh-dt bolna kherab Yesterday, lying is a bat hei. Notes: bad thing. The itifinitive may take. a direct object as above. The infinitive is uninflected in these constructions. t Drills: 1. Repetition cor1kerna p'ap-hei Stealing is a.pin.' behut sakis dekhna It is a bad, thing to see kherab bat hei a lot of movies. I apan pita J1 ke meded .4 It is good to help o'ne's kerns accha bit hei j but .bolna pap hei buddha fathei. i -ke ,ijjet kerne ecchs bat hei . , Lying is a- sin., It is good to respect old peOple. 40' 143 Hosted for free on livelingua.com LESSON. 68 O )4s: t Still another use of infinitive: 1. .0'1 Dialoguec: hem eftwa jai? Can I go ,to Suva? tumm'e'lana hei to jao. Go if you want-to4 I a. Notes: . / Infinitive can also be used to express intention or.iecessity. It should be preceded by the oblique form of the pronoun, or if a noun is used as sublect it should be followed by the liostposition "ke". ,Drills: .1. Repetition # will not crime tomorrow hem kel nehi ayega kehis hemme stieher as I, have to go to town. Jana hei hemme ebhl kern kerns hei 'turn der! meN . I have to do some work"now, coati' later. ana hem log ke' ekj4 ke liye pedhna'hei - use khans khaye'ke liye Jana hei 2. 4.. 'We have to study for the lexamination. That person has to go to eat. , Substitut.ion 74 Instructor: likh Class: tumme likhna hei , to 14 4 likho Hosted for free on livelingua.com Hosted for free on livelingua.com to LESSON 69 1.Idiomatic use of, "paked,lena". Goals:* 4 Dialogue: Where were you all thape tum itna din kahaN raha? days? s r have caught a cold. hemme jukam pelted Ills. o "paked. lane lea transitive,verb meaning Notei-t. '"to catch". In Hindustani the person doesnot catch ajdisease, it is the disease that catches c't a person. A Another o way oF sayinv4I have influenza" 'is:0 / Q "hamme,influenja hay gay:, Litez.ally translated: ) r Fr. '"Influenza- has160pinad II ° 6, Drills: 1. Substitution. Instrudtor: jukam , o 4 .41 a 9 Class: 4 lamiltoluk #ekedl,. 1.1re bimarl tifoid "Ne maler_iya influenjA 2.. Substitution Instructor: Class: us ke inflilenja hoy gay, Hosted for free on livelingua.com A 4$ Siam krisna usha ashy ()hanker turn' 6i; flo 4 a. Hosted for free on livelingua.com ' 4 IL 4 .LESSON 70 Goals: Dialogue; 1. Duplication, of participles. 2. Velrb + legna conjuncts. turn kam'kerte kekte Wily' did you stop while 4 I kaNheN ruk geya? working? hemar pet piray lega. Notes: My stomach started aching" Platiciples are duplicated to convey an idea 'of distribution over time. Tlt participles should be in oblique. "ligna" is an inin'sitive verb meaning "to attach itself to" and "to begin". With the fitter ;!* there is no difficulty in construction. I e.g. kam kerne legs : He started to work. When combined with another verb it forms a . -conjunct that giveS an idea of commencement (as 'above). ' , Drills: Repetition 1. shenker pedhte pedhte 'soy gey Shenker fell asleep while .' u rote rote haNs dais reading. That person-faughedout while crying. 01, , 148 Hosted for free on livelingua.com O . L hem kam k4te kerte 4' thek geia I an'-tired working., . u calte calte Alt gaga He stopped while walking. u lerkl gate gate That girl sings while pekatI hei 2. cooking. Substitution. InstOttor; haNs Class: jitendre haNse lega % kha nac .bol 0 c e-1 01, 149 i Hosted for free on livelingua.com LESSON 71 . . Goals: Dialogue: 1. Indirect speech. 2. Adverb IN"kaNhr". tum dAtar ke ege . . - Did you go to the gaga ki'nahn or not? At -gaya raha, u bolls ki I had gone, he said, not to kaNhi nahI Jana. Notes: o. anywhere. There is not too. much differpnce in.direskand indirect speech in Hiddustani. When converting direct speech into the indirect form, the comma and the inverted commas are removed and article "ki" (that) inserted. e.g. v. ,244 u "ham lata hpi" u bola ki ham Jata.hal.. Drills: -1. SubstitutiOn Ihstructor: ghere. Jac,. Class: u bolls ki ghere Jao Harem khans`' ttbao a i davai pio O - daktar sui legais heti ghare Jayke.soy .2 o' goll khao. at, 150' Hosted for free on livelingua.com 4 4. .41 11-2- Repetition 2. . .hem*thehut din se keNhl, . I have°not-gone anywhere . 'nehi gays since a long time. - f , turn kal keNhi mat Jana Do not go anywhere tomorrow. u keNhisnehl jatl hei She ddes not go anywhere.' u admi apan ladkan ke `That man does not send his keNhi nehI bheje hei. children anywhere. 4 a : %.2.. 1 I Hosted for free on livelingua.com e if 4 ) LESSON 72 1 tioal s: 1. Interrogative pronoun "kis". 4 2." rostpoeiEion "bare meN". #1,1 II k , laLNi turn kis ke bareimeN bat e Dialogue: Whom are you talking about? kart'a hai? rejendra. kal motan se Rajendra. uske dhakka lag gay. N Notes : He'go't hit byfa . 'car yesterday. 40 The/p?Npoun'"kis" always has one of the foal .w- , Cr ing postpositions on it. ' . 4 ' , . -....._ ''' When it has "ke" following it, it either means "whose" or "whom".t e . g,. 1 ...* i jiita kis ke pai? , tum, k/s ke bUlaya? Whose shoes are these? I 'Whom have You tnvl.ted?' With the po.stposition "se" on it,' t\le I 1 meaning. changes to "to whom" or "whom". tuM;kis se pi-mile? Whom d,id you' ask? <q. When it is YolloWed beliye" it is equivalent to "why", Cr "for what reason". e.g. , tUM-kal kistkiye nahi aye? . Whj,,aid you no't come yesterday? bare mei." is equitalkent_tc4Ine04tection . owith" o "about". ..152 Hosted for free on livelingua.com 51. 0 ... Drills: .. . SubstitU,tion 1. f .., . s itna Instructor: --- Class: .hem me germs ke \- aiaika bore meN k-uch, 1 i a4mi bOttao. e r. t. .1. khe t 1, fiji '2. ."Repetition 4' Who dies thatibig u bare gher kis ke'hei? belong to? , , , ,tum kel kis ke sikhaya? houses ' Wom_did you teach yesterday? t, . ;.7 Whose. umbrella is this? i chant kis ke heft # i . -Whom' did you bring 'to your tum kel kis ke apart I ' hou,se yesterday? gher6 laya raha? 3. 'Substitution ppcn Instructor: ' ,Class: t,!.1..4 kis se Pildhke. aya rehe? bol b4ti 4.% keh Aiephtttion 4. \ . --7'' . ,. '. . tum eisen'Itam kis-liye ,'What did you do a thing like this for?- kera? . 41 e .. Why 'do not wear shdes? tum jrita kis.11.ye 0111 E "--- pelvic) hell ''. . . tura kis liye itna udae ha l.? 414'' What are' you sok Ed for? , . . ... Hosted for free on livelingua.com :0 . re. ...., 153 ...-_ O LESSON 73 ., Goals: Dupliidt,ion by means of a rhyming word. 1.4 Dialogue: 1, ___ -A* rajendre ke cot wot to . Did aajandr. gets hurt?' 'nahI lagaa i ramesh bole hai ki us Ramesh here says lhat'he ke,god tilt gay. broke a leg. Notes: Duplication is also done by adding a';hyming jingling word without meaning. TEe word is formed by substituting 'le for the'init,ial letter of the, noun. `This sqrt of duplicatioU is fairly. common with nouns and is, used in.:aComparatively-lees degree. with adjectives, verbs, ildvarbs and conjunctive participles. Drills: 1. Repetition bath with dhoy leo i adml kuch kam wam Wash, you r hands... . This man 'does' not do any nahl.:kre-hai work. Jae wuta utarke.ghar Take .ypur shoes off-before^ . met do." coming into the house., . god wod dhoy ke ander Wash your feet Wore 4 do. coming in. -1-54' Hosted for free on livelingua.com VA e' ,t 4, k-f ilk, ¢... . ,_ r '."-''. :..0 n 4 2. Repetition kherab werab gos met Do not give bad meat. dena thencla tanda pani leye Bring cold water ao. kuch gerem warem ca Don't you have any!hot tea? nehl hal.? 3. Repetition .tumar kedken 'pedhe Your children do not study. wedhe nahi hai' rat meN behut ghumo . Do)1 itlyalk airoun night. wumo .nehl us ke khatin rukna Don't wait for that person: wukna nehIk hueN jayke rona wona Don't cry after-going there, nehL .t1,1 %a, . 15 5 Hosted for free on livelingua.com . 1 7 AJESSON 74 ..414 Goals: Dialogue: 1.. Verb + kerna conjudCts., 2. Adverb "always". .i admr roj kaNheN dauda Why does this man run every kare hai? day? u's ke doktar bolts ki His doctor said that he / ; should always run mortal sanjsbaike dauda= kato - and evening. . . :Notes: _ - tum,fiardam sabere'aur. ..4)_... . ' A.,-, This Conjunct of verb and karna indlicates a & . . habit or an every day happeding., . . Here are a fiw , rules for, formation of the principals verb. , Verb roots ending in consonants should have., -a 'added to.theM; and verb roots ending -o ounds,cif -a,.-e, -i and i to e . vowel should have -ya added ,e . /i.g. i ladke- b'ehut . 81, This boy, Studies i lot,. padha kare hai itna .Don't eat so muchtanarind,. kh.dS'a karo art admi hamar'ghare -This man,gives (borings,) hal1 dudh diya kare i adml babut piya milk to our place. This man drinks figpt. kaTe hal, 156 Hosted for free on livelingua.com , 11r4 din bher met soya - Don't sleep all day. kero. ( To change_the tense into past tense past habitual construction should 'be used. e.g. admi-pehle behut piya keret reha. Drifls: 4. --Substitution led- Instrtictor: - Class: aure/herdem lade kare hei. so I i q, ft, ,t 0 I peke heNs 2. Repetition Be going to schOol everyday. -rtij skul jaya kero t herdem sec bola 'kero Be telling the truth always. 'socsemejhke bola kerb, Be thinking and then speak- a -idan g behut daru nehl piya Do not drink ti) much. P kart,. 157 Hosted for free on livelingua.com ° 2%. LESSON. 7-5. Goals: Dialogue: 1. ,Special verb "mangna". 2. Special verb 'dens". rameh saliis Jaye mange Ramesh wants to go for a movie. to us) ke Jaye deo. Noces: Then let him go. ; %:ingna" is a special verb like "cabna", almost identical in x meaning. The verb- "mangna" takes a, verb ad'.its direct object, which may'be in oblique infinitive form' or in the following form. f, The later ( form is used more-often. The verb roots ending A conson#nes have -e to added to them and the verb roots ending in vowels have -ye added to ,them._ Except for -ei in which case -iye should be added. t. e.g. ham accha O want to'hear a good song. sune mangit hai. i apan freed ke ghor4 Jaye mange $e wants to bring his friend home. hei. tum daapiye Do you want to drink? mango?. "dena" is also a s ecial, verb t"meaning'"to or "to-Jet": When it ta ekas its indirect object. 1.5 8 Hosted for free on livelingua.com 1 the infledted infinitive of another verb, or the form described above,,it signifies "to allow". e. hammg soye deo sambhu ke aye deo ',Let me sleep. L.et Sambhu come. The direct object should be in inflected form, if a pron6'un is used and nouns should have the post -i position 'eke" qn them. "us ke" and " ke" may be /substituted for "ise" and 'use" respectively. 6 Drills: 1. Substitution Instructor: hem gana.gdne gana sune ghere jayel a mangit'hei. khana khaye ca piye neva kepda kheride soye 2. / Transformation Transform the sentences in drill 1 by substi-, tut-rig "tum", 3 and "u" in place of "hem" and changing the verb form to suit.3. 4 Substitution Instructor: bo'l Class: use bole deo. a I. mar 159 So Hosted for free on livelingua.com kha-. beitb kam kei ("Jaye deo': is idiomatically used as "Lgt or "Don't other about it "). ri r . 41, c. 160 Hosted for free on livelingua.com A a 4 LESSON 76 Goats:, -Veib + rehna conjuncts. . er ,-Dialogue: ,- tut lel -rang, kg motor What did your filchdr say - , _ kherida to tumar When 'yoh bought a red pitaji ka,boaisi colored car? u dui ghenta tek' He kept scolding me fo'r bigedta .reha. -two hours. ' , O `,.;* . Notes: The verb "r hna"-means 4IA : co iiiitain" or "to ,- stay". 4 ,. 6 viik2 A sense 'of ,continuity is-expressed by the combination of perfect tense of "rehna" and the. / present, participle of the main verb. e.g. ham log kam kerta We kept working. reha. Dxill s: 1. Substitution Instructor: _ %o . s Crass:. kha kelhem din bher rota reha. bat rcei heNs "1 1'0 ,peka kam ker _ Hosted for free on livelingua.com -2,1. Repetition samundar n4la rang ke Ilk ocean is , co:tore:. hai kuch phul lal rang ke Some flowers, are 1 hai hamar 14pda ujar hai My clothes are white. us ke chata keriya hai His umbrellg is ;bXack. r `sham hariyar rang. ke' r bought a green sari; sadi khakida. Un ...- ham e baijanira 411 r I don't like purp.le color. p1 sandnahl orenj rang ke ka a lao Bring orange colored cloth. 0 Hosted for free on livelingua.com A ,t LESSON 77 a. r Goals: Re.letive Dialogue: ---"---and correlative "wise ". tumme skul kp taste pata 1191? Do you know the way school? p nahi. ,No. td phir hem jaise Then go.as I tell you to. batata weise jao. Notes: The-pronominal adjectives "jaiia" and "watsa" are used in their inflected.fokms as adverbs. They are very rarely used in their uninflected forms in Fiji. 4 1. Repetition . jeise,batia weise karo .- Do as told. . : . jaisebsikhaya waise 0 Tell as you were taught. 4, /----'. \' . boa na. (% . jaise dekhi weise batao Aalse aya waise jao Tell as you saw. -Go as you came: o . 4 , 0 4 o 0 A a / 163 Hosted for free on livelingua.com .1 LESSON 78 Coale: 1., Another way of using spekial verb "cahna'". Dialogue: tumA 1.tna sakis nahr i al L You should not see 'so many sr dekhek cahr. movie; s . >kaNheN? Why? , . turner aNkhr kharab hay YOur eyed will get bs.d..) . . . jai. , Notes: % , A- 'cahr", "it is nece'esary", "ond ought to", is 0 --anjmpersonal form derived from "cahna ". It is used' A* . \"'" with verbs more frequ tly thanwith nouns, 1 It can- , be used as singular or plural and in any tense. The iie-- ,interpretation depends on theicontlat. here is a special-JO6m of verb that go.es i441 1 "cahi ". - r Verb roots ending !in -b, -e, and -o haVd . . -ewek added to thOM; and'vd.rb roots ending in.-10 '4 0 . 9 ,- . ,have'-.-.yek added to them. i e.g. 1 tumme i kam karek 0., 4t o You ought to'cio.this work. a cahi / tumme kallawek You have to come tomorrow. 4,0 N ° cahi hamme rgel, ke i,,buk -I ought"' to grite'this book - -dewek foahi use abh1 sowek to Rgae. He ought to sleep now. Hosted for free on livelingua.com o ,1 / ' 6 fih 0 The subject, if it`'Is a pronoun should in- , inf1ated form,all& postpOsition "ke" shoulkbe t a, added, to the noun's, e: 7-/ / a Substitution 1. -4, Instructor: Class: Fool , tumme bolek cala"." - kha ga so psdh de 0 . - e*- a O - a 0 Hosted for free on livelingua.com Gbals: Special verb "patina". 1. --. . . Dialegue: 1 ham padhe nab' mang: I don't want 't01 study. . . Hai. u to.tumar,kam hei, That is your dur i, you tumme padhek-pedl. have to s udy. ? Notes: "padna" is another '11) like "cah a ". . "pads" is the impersonal formoAdrived from it,,that presses necessity br compulsion. The verb foi direct object for the ,verb used as the in- identical With the verb form for ; . "cahT": Drills: 1. .Repetition tumute hamar pat meN, You have to come 'for my awek padi. party. -tumme hamar bit sunek You have to Listen to what' . pedi , ,-, I say. A r I had to sel.), the cat-: "'/ hemme moter becek pea _ - use kel dokter ke lege He W have et lio to tW' ,: jagek pea doctor tomorrow. ( 7 Illimc hemme kel dui mil celek pedi : I had to walk two miles, N .,/ yesterday; J ushe ke bihan jeldl , . , Usla will have to come 16- '115 awek pedl i - 'early tomorraw. , 166. ,'" Hosted for free on livelingua.com ,. LESSON 'BO A 4 Goals: 1. Dialogue: turn kal j is ke ghere Relative "jis" and'coirelativ pus". . What is the name of the geya reha us ke nam persomg. ka hell? visited yeqterday? shenke'i.-,u nate me Shenker,. homer bhal lege hal!. Notes: "jis"., and house you Re ;is distantly related to ,me .as brother, "us4lare the inflected forms of "jo" and "u" respectively. Both of them- always have a postposition on them. In the Indian communi garded as "brother!:.and lut ifthe.relation i boy cousin is re- giri cousin'as "Oster'. distant, ''nate,meN" is used which signifies that the person is. 4 . distant relatict, Drills: 1. Repetition jis ke c1ij hei us ke lauta deo. Return the.gting.to the person it belongs toil jis ke pichle)lefia Don't invite,, the person( bulaya us ke phir you invited last-weelt. met bulana. hate jis dokter ke lege :A geya,reha us ke lege 1 Never go to Itlie doctor .1 went .to. Hosted for free on livelingua.com tbt;°('' N.. ; . duke1.4)1s :dm!' ke, hai u The man wino owns this shop ke lege behut -. . has-a lbiOf.money. `paisa -Sisbstitiltion Instructor: kaka o., Clase: bahini 1' u nate meN hamar kaka lege hei. mama phua to mausi ^ t 168 Hosted for free on livelingua.com LESSON 81 t Two postpositions occurring together. Goals: 1. Dialogue: u abhi per pe se gir Who is the person .that dust fell off the tree? .pada u kon hal.? Of all of Sambhu's son. 'sambhu-ke larka. sambhu kf sab larkan (among. all of) Sambhu's 'children this%oy turned meN se sirf out to be very naughty.. bahut badmas nikla. The postpositions 'par se" -- "off" and "meN " Notes: 1 4., q se"-- "among" occur very freuently.. These are almost' the only times when two postpositions occur together. Repetition 1. 04 per pe le am gir ppda A mango fell of ghat pe se admi gir A. man fell dff the roof. tree. Pada mijdur sidhi par se gir 4 The laborer fell off-the. ladder. 1p4da tebil par me hotel gir Bottle fell offthe table,, r. gel'.. 4, . 2: RepetitiOn , ., A. ..... .- i NOt one coconut is good db neiryal meN se ekko accha nahi nikla 169 among all of these. Hosted for free on livelingua.com X v (6. I- :7e i sob khet meN se'sirf Among all these fields ek khet hara-bhara hai. i sal)* ped meN se sirf dui per meN phal hai. only one is green.' Among all of thege'trees only two trees have fruit on them. sob hotel meN se bombe loj oecha hai. Among all these hotels Bombay lodge is the best. Hosted for free on livelingua.com .-t LESSON82 Goals: Relative vjahae, and correlative "huaN ". 1. 2. Another way of expressing "lots of ".' Dialogue: hawai kaisan des hei? Whit kind of a, place is Hawaii hawai meN jahaN jao There are lots 'flowers q. any plact you go in huaN Hawaii. The vowel "e" is inserted between nouns. to . Notes: a corivey an. idea of abundance. e.g. - 4 lots of fruits phalephall Relative "jahaN" and correlative ".huaN" Are :, 1 , % "any place! or- "every place":-. used td, Convey , Drills: 4 1.'- repetition jahaN bahut panl barie _What grows -best wbere.there 4 :rains a loOt hai huaN sab se accha ka uge hei? jahaN samuncler hei huaN.Wherever'there is An'ocean, . . . machll behift .seata bike fish is sold very cheap._ hei. . turn jahaN se buk liya Put the book where you took 4 it from. huaN rakho 1 71 Hosted for free on livelingua.com r 4. 1 jahai krisna rahat raha heaN ek newa ghar ! There is going to be a new house where Kri . .. benewala used' -i, 4 to live. e' . ) lepetition 2. "4 ; karWala pat]: meN There was lots of liquor baruedaro in yesterday's party. buca,'meN gosegos hai There is ;lets of mea in the butcher shop. 1 maket meN apuleapul fiai , There axe lots apples in . 4- the market. 1 4 - . F 4. 4, 172 F/9 Hosted for free on livelingua.com O I,EON 8,1 4. Goals: 1.. Duplication of cardinal numbers. Dialofue: tum larkan ke kitna How much money, did you_ paisa diya?. , give to the .children? sob ke'sk ek siting I gave a shilltng each. diya. Notes The cardinal is repeated tdrexpeesp,.eitl.' 0 the distributives: ) o u log ke pas tin. tin siting- ha'i or to express "at a time". e.g. ek 51tk admi ,ke 'a:War bhejo 0,- . Drills: 1. Repetition, sat ke rage tin tin buk hai Everybody has three book:: each., 1 ham 1pg ...ke pas ek/ ek Wg haVe got one umbrella .chafa hai each "ow -sab ke car c47r,ana deo Give everybody four ann,-14,. . each. 4w.! 2. Sub/stitution Instructor: '. dahejo. - ekek admi-ICe bhejc bulao .. , ., . . : , . : lao ,,batao. 0 / 17 3 m Hosted for free on livelingua.com ,, 4 ,t LE SOIT 84 :0 Goals: '1. Dialogue: Causal verbs. tum itna° a ;1heN heNso Why are you laughing so hei? much?, krisna hamile behut Krisnais making me laugh heNsaye. hei. Nptes: a iot. Many verbs besides having an intransitive ,) form'and a transitive form.,also havea_____teausal" form which is indicated by the medial "wa". e.g. Transitive Intrenaitive Causal' banna banana benwana joitna pitna p-itwana. kliulna Drills: 1. kholna khulwina leepetition lerkan ke gowayldeo Put the children to' bheiyya, ke kfiatIn ca Send for tea for brother; mengwao 4) '44 '. alien behinl ke nehi _ Don't make your sister. --.-- rowan .,.. cry." 4 us ke kahanLkahwao /" ham .newa kapda I , M ke 111m ten' a story.. ---,,, '1 ....- '; benwayega 11 get. new clothes m de. . 174 ' --- .-4, Hosted for free on livelingua.com le LESSON 85 oafs Necessity. I. Di." 'rue: i,emme salt paisa ud'har Jena paUl. I might have to borrows some money. -kaNteN? Why .% hamme paisa ke jarurat I need, the money very much.: . Notes: "To need something ". is expressed as "I have the need of---". Drills: Repeti4on I. hamme kapda ke' jarurat AI need-clothes. hai L . ca meN olni key jdrurat The tea needs sugar. hai alsha ke paisa ke Asha needs money, -jerurA hal tum" log, ke Jae ke You -(pSUral) need shoes.-.- jartiftt hai. v. tt I 1: :5 Hosted for free on livelingua.com . r. a LESSON' 87 Al 111111010.c. Goals! Prepositional "without". '1. 2. Dialogue: Sp.pcial verb "milna". hamme aj hahut al; mile. - I SO-Lind (got) a lot of mangoes today. bina nehi khana. Do, nov eat withoutswashing them.,t, Used .with an-Snd.irect object, verb "milna" Notes: means "to get'. aj home log ke bahut m;i01-1 mfla. With "se" it means "to meet". e.g. kel ham ek behut accha larkT se mile gey'reha. The prepositional "without" -4"bina" follows the verb. -ye should be added to -the verbal roots ending in -a, and -o. --:''i -e should be added to the verbal roots enriing in .consonants and '.1ye to the _roots ending in -e. "*. Substitutior. Drills: . . elass Instructor ...... hamme buk 'bark 176 Hosted for free on livelingua.com o 4 poc gher accha mark jhinga taja tarkarY 2. Repetition ham se bataye bina jiabi jana. Don't go without letting me know. trim ghare puche bina aya? Did you cope without askIdg at home?, itna homwok kare bina nahi ana. Don't cometomorro0 with-outAning tills much home-voilk. fTs liye bina neht ana. 'Don't come without . bringing the fee. -aj khana khaye bina mat Jana. - Don't go-today without . ), soca bina mgt bolna.- eating. Don't-, speak withoutthinking. 1 '7 7 Hosted for free on livelingua.com a 4 O LESSON 0 14- I' Goals: 1. Inflection of cardinal numbers. Prepositional -1.1 stead of" and "together". , Dialogue: tum &Una milke dui dingy You two hate been working se 'scam, kao hai, ptlir I together since two days; f . be ka khatam noh-fi haven' you still 1 i bhay? finished it? . ,, r raja kdM,kare k' jeghia 4 ,i . Raja wanders around in -, i 1 sgh-timthai. ' . stead of` working. '1 1 1 Notes: i -oshould he added foi- the inflection of 1 cardinal numbers. , 1 ° 1 , indicit4 tdtality e.g. When' inflected, cardinal numbers a . . Y i - .,.. 1 i i 1 c-at.oN -laraf .-.."-. Thle - all four sides3 r conjunctive,paiticiple "milker" also means i togethi 4, .1 . . , brills: p J. 4 Repetition sab logitmilke bolo. Everybody say togetheZ. i caroNilarka;milke Thkese. four bc-,,s together , behutibadmail, kdre create a lot oof mischief. -----?' hal,. 0' --.e, 4 yinp lalptanbO)9:ie. re4yke).pad;ho: jeld'all tbreechildryW _ 1 . to-go and study. 4 178 Anmwoommeirp%oper t. . 4 t" Hosted for free on livelingua.com cet 1/4 We a All. four of 148 'daughters us ke caroN larki log" are very beautiful. bahut stindr hai. J Repetition 2. , Why don't you work in um soye ke jegha kam stead of slee?ing? kaNheri- nahl ''karta?- Give lamb in stead of murgl ke legha lemb . . , chicken. -:daye deo. , _ . , tum jiitA ke jegha flip -Veer_ sandals n stead, of _ , 7' ' \ s flop pehno; t " ham log alu ke jegha bhat khata hoi. shoes. - - We eat ,rice in stead of .potat6es. ' 'et Hosted for free on livelingua.com O _ .or 9 LESSON -g9 I C Goals: Duplication of afidefinite pronouns with "na" in between. Notes: °"koi na Icoi" is used es."s 007 or other". na kuch" Die4ns "something or other".. And "kabhi nekizBhi" means "sometime or other*. 0 1. Repetition ri.ko k i na koi * Wait here somebody. or to,av-rts 41 othe.r will come. 4 koi- na koi ice ci mexet Somrbody or other will. jayek pad T. have have to go to the market , toda-y. ham soci-t bai ki koi ..J-think that sowbodyor . 2. na koi al hamar ghare other,wili cope to my ayi. house today. Re eeitien hamMe uske khatin kuch na kuch .to kh...)rldek path 4 1 will Wave to buy 144 s ome- thing or- other for that per. son ., tumme shehor nee' kuch na kuch kam mil jay(!ga. senkar.kuc4 na kuch . . You will find some job or other in .town.' ,Sank'ar is sure to forlet - cij jarut one thing or 'other-. 180 C Hosted for free on livelingua.com 4 O Iteetition 3. ) , % . *everybody has to die one seb fte kabhi na kabiii , to .. . t -:- -, . time or another. manna hyli . \'... . Take me 'along with you 1:.:)-ohl na- kebhl. homing 0 ' . !hi. aeon 'lathe` le j'ao .. l r, . kal-h'T na kahhi t, s'-&aim some * t:i T e. ..Cov., IL ' of o t 11 .-: 1; . on tide sore t or -c,.c ,A ....% por aya k ro & other : - ' tr. a. do "ID O q di R. , c N .181 Hosted for free on livelingua.com r r-