Download Lessons in Colloquial Hindustani for Fiji

Lessons
in
Colloquial Hindustani for Fiji
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I
.."
LESSON 1
me'
ti
Goals:
1-0
Interrogative "ka" - what.
2.
Demonstrative "u" - that.
\Auxilla
-3.
verb "hai".
'What-is- that?
,u ka ha'i?
That isa book.
buk hai.
"U" is the demonstrative pronqun meaning "that".
Notes.
It should be used when the object being spoken about"
not wit...kin r,eaching :distance. of the speaker.
Th,e'auxillary verb "haiutOnfillitive "hone")
means "am", "is", or "are" depending ill tbenumber
..
..
.
,
.
of the subject.
It occurs at the end of the sen
N
/
tence in a simple sentence or a.clause.
ai?"
In an interrogative sentence dike "u k
he
the auxillary l'h6i; is shortened to an -e an
ic,ntence may sound i'i.ke this "i ka e?"
,
Certain_words fram English
.frequen'tly usedn HindusXani,
.
..
language a
They may
their original. form as in "buk" or may b
.
e very
etain
distorted
N.
varying degrees.
CO
.
e.g.
4
cok
Chalk
be's
bag
table
'dove
door
4
r)
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le .1.
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LESSON 2
Addition of demonstrative "i" = this.
Goals:
1.
Dialogue:
i ka -.hai?
.
.
What is this?
That is a pencil,
u pencil hai.
"i" is equalenIt to "this ".' ,It indicates
Notes:
the proximity of the speaker to the object.
ti
1. ,Repetition
YO"
4
i ledki hai
This is a girl.
i ghar het.
This is a house.
.
i tcbtl. her
This is a table.
i kur-si het,
This is a chair.
Repetitioji
2.
ya hair
u buk hai.
What is this?
That is a book.
.
What is that?
u ka
',That ,isa.hous'e.
hei._
What is that?
ka hal?
40,
i lutaTh)ei.
This is a shoe.,
,
r
4
,ter)
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1
LESSON 3
Asking a question that calls for either;a.poSi-,
1.
.
.
.tive ors negativse response.
e,
.
Affirmative "er and negative luau.
e
2.
.
.
.
114, i maket hai.
. ,
Is this the matfetT.
,4
'
the:marketg
Yes, this
u mandir hai?
Is that a''temple?
,
.
Dialogue:, i'maket hai?
,
,
...
.
i
,
.
.
-
na, u MasYid hai'.
'
'No, that i -a
...
mosque.'
-
slit
t
Notes:
1,
,
.
A simple statement can, be transform151,into.an
.\;
i
.4-
interrogation simply by changiili the.-intongtfon of
)
,
...
b
the 'sentence.
e.g.
-\
-
.s a market.
i maket hai
'phis
i maket hai?
Is this*the market.
"ha": is ,equivalerk
to'no ".
to "yes". and 'Via" or'"nahi"
"ni" is a shortened form of "nehi" and is.
%
.
-
useemo.r.p.oftan than "uahint
?
%
.
But both tomb- can#134,
,
.
-
'4'1.
...,
;
....
!
Repetition
i,penaiL'hai?.
1'. V;
.
.
.
used without isq change in the "meaning
this 0 a ped-C1I?
4
io
u mandir
U vi3ay
.skua hai?
.
.
-
Is that a etple?
4,.
Is* that Vijay? '
;,
iIs -this a.b.th9.31?
,
;
'
,
,
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.4,
0
"
.
-3 -2
0
Substitution
2.
instructor:
Class; --ha,
skul
dukan
.s
gai
.
.
.
,1
7.
..
I
khet
.
S
td
dalo
.
3.
Trantfermati-on
.
.
.
Irransform the drills itk drill 2by,substitUting
r
"ne" in'
9
ce of "ha" .,..e
%
1'
.
-e
4
,.
to
,
4r
.
r:
r
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-
e
4
( LESSON 4
./
.
1/4
.
Addition of the conjunction "ahr"- and-to the
-1.
Goals:'
,
,
.
sentences in lesson 1.' I
'Aviaitionof the adverb "bhi" - too or'also.k
Dialogue:
aur i ka.hei?
And what is this?
u bhi bulk hai.
That too is a book.
.y.ahu"\and "yeho bhi" have the same meaning as
N9tes:
can be Is4ha.i.tu.ted in place of "i bhi".
"i
6
All three words are codmonl
used and .all three are
correct.
i bhi buk hai.''
This too is a book.
y hubuk
This too`'is a book.
hai.
-
This too is a book'.
y hu bhi buk
substiSimilarly, "vehu" and "vahu bhi" can be
change in the
tuted in place of "u bhi" with no
( meaning..
.
.
Drills:
1.
A.
Spetiiion and SubstitutiOn
Re ettion
_____
.
.
our ibhiReqs.il hai
-
aur i-bhi,ladjci }leiS
auar
i bhi 'khet-hai
.
And this too is a pencil.
And this tois a girl.:
And this too is a field.
.
aur i, bhi ghat' hai
And thIsetoods a house.-
aur-i bhi kurs i hai '46
And this too is a chair.
aur
bhi tibil hei
table.
An& this too.is-a
Pet
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4-2
...
B.
Substitution
kur01
Instructor:
aur i bhi-kursi hal.
Class:
ped
Whet
4
tebil
's
cok
beg
44,
'2.
Substitution
yahu
Instructor:
Classy
yahu tebil
a
.
i
,
,
u bhi
vahu
i bhi
vahu bhi
U
yahu bhi
yahu
3. "Repetition
i ladka hai aur u ladki
This is.a boy and that is
a girl.
hal
I
i tebil hal our u kursi
is a table and that
is a chair-.
hal
°i am h i our u nariyal'
f.
Th
This is:q mango and that
is a coconut.
hal
ot
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.c
.
6.
ts
hei our u
i
4-3.
This is' an,
emtiVen hai
and that
is an American.
mendir hei our u'
This is a temple a'nd that
;.
mesfid hpi
is a. mosque.
,- .
4
3
a
4
'`,,,
10
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.0
4
et
LESSON 5
Goals:
1
Dialogue:
1.
Interrogative. whose".
2.
Possessive "homar" and "tuma'r".
3.
Posposition "ke"
posseSsive.
u kis k-e-pe.nsil hai?
Whose pencil is that!
u hamar pensil hai.
Thlt is my penciA,
0
"ke" is attached to the oblique
,Noyes:
\
of .the
1
nouns to .indicate possession.
/,
:e.g.
Sarla ke sadi
Sarle's sari.
ram ke,mytgi
Rim's bicYcle.
Sambhuls store.
'sambhu ke dukan
dir
hamar and tumar are the,possessive forms of
ham and tum respectiVeiy.
1
,Drills:
1.
kepetition-
-..
hamar sadi
My. sari
site ke beg
Siti's bag
Fsrmer's Herd.
'kisan ke khe
gokal
4
''
.
.
Goial's'store
ke duk
OE/
.tumar peri'
2.
.
Substitution
e
kursi
Instructor:
'
Class:
i kis
kursi haif
r
ghedi
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LESSON Er
Gbals:
Dialo
is ke" and "us ke".
1.
Possessive
2.
Asking a person's name.
tumar nam ka hai?
What is your name?
hamar nam taja Nai.
My Aame is Raja.
aur is ke nam.ka
-And what is this person's
.name?
His'naie,is Sham.
is ke nam Itam hai."
V.%
"ia" and "us" are the oblique formt of "i" and
Notes?:
respectively.
To form the possessive postpoai-
tion "ke" follows.these oblique forms.
1.
Repetittpn
-(
.., )
4
""7442*
':,.
,
a
,My name is Sarlg; -%61MMv-?=
hamar nam sarla hal.
.,,
us ke nam agok
---
His name is Ashok.
hal.°
tumar nam tom 'lei
Your name.is Tom.
is ke'nam sadhu hai,
His name is .Sadhu. .,..
E
.
,1
%-.14.
1
1'
:.
us ke nam sita had.
Her name i,s,. Sita.
4
2.
Substitutia
,Class:
Instructor: ,tumai
i tumar pensil hai?
is ke
sits ke
vv
hiMar
vinay ke'
I3
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I
oo
ft-2
us ke
lila ke
J.
Chain drtil:
Student A asks student B:
a. nam ka Ylei?
tumr
Student B responds,:
1
.
,
.
.
hamar nam
hai.
.
(to* student C) :
'
tiiMar nam ka'hai?
A
And so on.
.
ti
14
er
.
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1
8
LESSON 7
.
4
Goals:
1.
Positive commands using simplt verbs.
Addition' of direct "object to the verb.
lao ,,
,,Dialogue:
".-' Bring
a
p &ho
Read or study
Aria°
/;
Eat
_
,
ee
suno
Listen
pensil lao
Bring the pencl.
boul padho
Read the book.
,
_khans khao :
Eat 10 %eel...I__
Al
gana sun6
Notes:
Listep to the:song.
The Imp erative mood is used to :express command,
1 advice and
entreaty, prohibition and the giving of
.
,
.
Warning.
.t May refer to an act in the immediate
,
.
-- f
-
.
1
.
.
.
.
(.4:4'4
}-
Tie form in the lesson is used when addressing
.
i
memera of the -family except the elders, friends of
,
Npftio status to the speaker and servants.
.
;
This form,
1
V
O
,
presept; or the immediate future.
,
ier
should not be used when addressing one's teachersi,:
superiors and complete strangers;
In an imperative sentence, the subject "you" is
omitted.
The Imperiitive'form for second person-is ob-
tained'by the addition of the vowel -o to the verbal
root.
Verbal roots ending in consonants, -a, and -e
1.5
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ae
7-2
have regular formation.
e.g.
suno
sun + -o
-
Listen
i
bol
-o
kha +
Drills:
1.
bolo
Speak
khao
Eat
de
+ -o
deo
Give
10
+ -o
lao
Bring
P
Repetition
lao
Bring the.t.ea
nimak deo
'Give"' the salt
citthi likho
Write.a letter
hik padho
Read the book
Listen to the radio
'redio.suno'
dukmn Tao2.
Goio., the shop
Substitution
Instructor:
lao.
Class: ,buk lao
lao
deo
dekho
.))
p6dho
kharido
3.
Repetition
.
caaur pani bhi lao
Bring.tea and water to
bn-k'anr pensil bhi
Buy) the book and a pent
khbrido
tool.
1st
16
"fr
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o
4
773
nimak our mircat bbiodeo
Give the salt and the
pepper, too.
Cini aur4,dudh
hi deo,
Give rh'e sugar and the
milk too.
-
I
hath autod bhi dhob.'
Wash hands 'and feet
,y too
4
;.
a
sy
114
.
-r
or
°°./
17.
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g.1
LESSON 8
1
<
Goals:
1.
Simple negativecommands.
khao.
Notes:
'''n al
" and "mat" are u ed as negatives.
There,
is not much difference except that '"iliet" cannot. be
used as "no" while "nahi" is used as "no".
Drills:
1:
Substitution
Instructor:
khao
Sass:
pat khao
suno
pio
dekho
\
90
18:
"
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o.
LESSON 9
Goals:f
.
1.
Nominative pronouns "'we-and "tum" and "i"
e
and "u".
2.
Verb "karna" - to do
O
.
ConiunCts of noun and verb "karna".
°
Dialogue:
(tum) ka
arta?
What are you doing?
ham phon
artz hai.
I am telephoning.
i ka karti?
What is she doing?
u kam ka ti hai.
She is working.
-s
I
is -,the fIrs
Notesc:
person singular prodoun
meaning "I"; "tum" is the second person singular
pronoun Meaning "you".
"he",
"i" and "u" are used as
he" or "it" - the third person sinvilar
pronouns.
The
pronoun is usually omitted in an'inter.
rogative sentence in the second person.
es. g.
ka karta-2,
instead of
,
tum ka karta?
A-,
The auxiliary verb in ait interrogative sentence
/
can also be omitted.
/
e.g.
instead of
karti?
The' verb "karna" means "to To".
i ka karti hai?
("ker;! is the
bare, rd-6t of the verb and "karna" is the infinitive.
19
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o
972
4
0
,'.
All infinitives ,end
"J. ;This verb in com -\
bination with_a noud.forma a verb that can
e used
.
as alprincipal verb.
4
e.g.
,
phOn
kard.d. =
To telephone
phOn kerns
bhojen+ kerne =
To eat
bhojen karna
It may be n'aeiced that in most noun + verb
conjuncts:in the :lesson the nouns are "loan words"
from the English language.
e .g .
rest, karta, draiv karta etc.
jn a nominative sentence the form of the verb
agrees with the gender of the subject.
e.g.
kamla kam karti.
Kamla is working.
tom yad kerta.
Tom is rem' bering.
tum,bholen karta..
u-rest kerti.
'You are epting. (feminine)
She 'is resting.
To,o*Tain tile-correct-form of the verb for'
g masculine noun'-ta should be added to tie bare
roorof the verb and the correct form for
feminine 'nouns in second and third persons can
be obtained 'by adding -ti to the bare root Of
the verb.
The verbal-form does not change for
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94
".
9 -3
4
feminine,gender.in first person.
tum kerta
ker + ta =ker.ta
you (masculd.rie)
,0
do.
ker + ti = kafti
DrQls:
.1.
,
She does
u kerti
Repetition
hem kam kerta
I am working..
Uma phon kerti
.
tum.stedr kerta 4
Uma is,telephoning.
You are studying.
am eating.
hem bhajen kart
gyan draiv kerta
Gyan isldriving.
u yad kerti
She is remembering.1
2._ Substitution
Irtstructor
heM kam kerta hei
Class:
hem
meri
sadhu
k'a
sita
t OM
i (feMinineI.
-u (masculine)
vfmla
ramdas
3.
Chaig Drill
(c
Student A asks Student .13..
"I
,ka kerta?
"12,
'1
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ti
4
V
.1
7
.41
O
9 -4
.Student B responds:
CI
4
phon kerta.
'
Student:B asks Student C:
o
e
ka karta?
4
Student C responds:
rest kerta.
V
and so on.
k
Use, the, verhs used in this lesson.
or
4
,
4-
"2.
22
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Goals:
Verbs 4ot found with "karta"..
II%
.
Dialogue:
2.
Interrogative "where".
3.
Adverbs "here" and "there".
,
What gre you doing?.
kartg?
1
ham 1,ata'hat.
'
I am gding.
.0
kahg lata hai?
Where are you *going?,
hua.
There.
As in the previous lesson the form of the
Notes:
O
verb has to agree with the 'gender 9f the noun
-4-
and the correct verbal form for masculine, nouns
.--
in all three' persons and feminine nouns in first
person is obtained `in, the same way' as before, i.e.
the bare-rdot of the verb + ta.
3a + ta = 3ata
verbal root + ta
The verbal. form for all feminine nouns except
those in the first person is the'same-as before,
i.e. verbgl root + ti.,
e.g.
likh + ti,
likhti
uma
Uma is writing,.
tum likhti hai.
You are writing.
4
23
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P
10-2
"hiya" and "bur are the place adverbs meaning
eg,
.
4./k.
....
4
"hie" and "theren.vespecpvely.
"---.
Another way of answering ,ifie question
'
"keha jata/ti?" is:
.
hem maket 3ati.
I
'sin
going' to the market.
Substitution
Drills:
Class;
sun
Instructor:
ham siInta hai.
likh
kha
.4>
bol
w--
-
a
.
.
.
.
.:
2.
o
39
hula
Transformation
Tradseform the above dri,14,1a.substituting the
4E5.,
.-Tollowing'pronouns in place of -"ham".
V
i (masculine)
3.
2.,
u
3.
tum (masculine and feminine both)
Repetition
'
vi)ey kaha hai?
Where is Vijay?
maket kaha hat?
Where is the market?
pesil keha hai?
Where-is the pencil?
skt1 kaha hai?
Where is the school?
usthopis kah"A hai?
Where is the post office?
24
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41.
4.
Chain Drill'
Student A asks. Student B:
tum keha lataZ
Student B responds:
.heat dukan data, (to student
4
tum keha late?
jai/ hal..
Student C:
hem 'skul 3ata:
6
5.
Repetition '
-hem hotel me khana
I eat at a hotel.
khana,hei.
him hop is me kam kerta
,
I work in an offic..
hei
hem begica me phul todta,I pluck'flowers in the
hei
garden.
hem baNcei me tiindi
I teach Hindi in Hawaii.
,',
pedhata liei
A
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LESSON 11
.
Goals
1.
:
. Plutal pronouns.
Postposition "me"
2.
Dialogue:
tum log kaha lata hai?
..(locative).
Where are you (plural) going?
In the garden..
. bagica me
twii
s
44
"-log" literally translated means "peoRle tt
Notes:.
N..
So "ham .log" or
r "fOiks".
4fIl's4
meant,we people" or' "you
turn log' really
.
V
To get thee plural
.-
of any pronoun "log" should- be added after the
pronoun.
g.
turn log
yr people-
you
ham log
we people
we
log
these people
they (here,)
u log
those people
they (2e)
02,
The forms of'the principal verb, and the
4
auxiliary verb remain the same 4s intiingular
' con'structions.'
4
)
turn kaha
turn log kdha lata hdi?
or
hath khata hai.
'ha-m log khata ha i.
90
0
A,
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O
"m"e means "in" or OStP and alwfYs precedes the'
noun.
e.g.
begica me
,skul me
Drills:
1.
and not
,me begica
me skul
and 'not
Repetition.
him log dukan jata hai
4
We are going to the shop.
tum log buk pedhta hei
You are reading a-book.
i log khans khata hei
They (here) are eating.
'tun log ca pita hei
You are drinking tea.
hem log phal lata hei
We are bringing fruit.
--u log gana gate hal.
)2.
They are singing.
Transformation
Transform the sentsfices in Dril/ 1 in singular
sentences.
3.
Ins
Substitution
uctorl
begica
Class:
lila begica me hal.
suva
skul
0
,kemea
emrika
mendir
ba
hoilolulu
gev
4
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.4
o
LESSON 12
r
Goals:
4
Simple equational sentences :
.
"'pat are you?"
am a lawyer."
Vocabulary for different profess ions.
Dialogue:, tum ka hai?
What are you?
ham master hai.
I am a teachar.
ticarA(feminiae).
It is considered polite to use
tum".for
friends, family and people of equal status:
when addressing complete strangers,
But
teachers,,
superiors, womz:n and elders "ap-" should be used
ipstead of "tum".
"ap" is considered more polite,
and proper.
e.g.
ap Ica karta?,
Drills:
1.
Repetition,
4
ham master hai
I am a.teac er.
ham maha3an hai
I am a shopkeeper.
ham kasai hai
I am a butcher.
hai
This persqns is a lawyer.
ham sonar hai
I am a goldsmith.
ram nau hai
Ram "is a barber.
28
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a
v.
v!M._
---
A
12-2
Substitution
2.
doktarsahab Class:
Instructor:
vl
.7
u hamar doktarsahab
hal.
Mali
kuk
dhobi
nau
S
vakil
sonar
3.
ti
-Question and Answer Drill
The instructor asks the studOis one by one:
"tumAil hai?"
They respond:
"ham
hal%
ap kalhai?"
0
29
:r
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0
LESSON 13'
Goals:
A
1.
Interrogative "who".
2:
Family.
3.
Introduction of adjectives.
4.. "ji" as a" suffix indicating respect.
Genders of nouns.
5.
Dialogue:
.
A
t
.
i-hamar chota bhaiyya
.
I.
Who is _this?
i kon hai?
Tbis is mf younger brother.
.
hai.
Adjectiv.es agree with the.gendet of the noup.
Notes:
they qualify in a nominative sentence.
e.g.
5
hota bhaiyya
z.
but
younger brother
oy
chota ledka
small
choti behini
younger sister
choti ladki
small Soy
ot,
Adjectives qualifying masculine nouns end in
-a.
To obtain the feminine, the terminal -a should
be changed to -i.
accha ladka
good boy
acchi ladki
good. girl
4
:3 0
7
rM
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1
13-2
A4jectives ending n a consonant remain the same.
e.g.
beautifu], girl,
sundar 1,edki
%iar11) ladka
poor boy
alsi ladkas
lazy boy
alsi'ledki
lazy boy
- Names of animate objects are masculine or fem-
inine according to the sex
ders in Hindi.
There are only two gen-
Names of inanimate objects endIng
in a consonant and the vowel -a are generally masculine.
e.g.
Apken, pedi gher etc.
,.
yimes of'inanimate objects ending in -i are
generally feminine.
e.g.
sadi, gadi etc.
Names of days and mountains and 'most of the
,
metals except silver are masculine while those of
.
rivers are feminine.
,
..
,
Sometlmesadjectives like "bade may be 4efigthened
.,
into-"badlenan or "badkani".
It is usually used to
'
indicate"thesuperfative degree.;'but may also be
used in compakison.
i hamar bedkana bhaiyya hai.
may mean
This is my-eldest brotheul
Or
This is my /0ei broher.'
n.
31
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\\A.
13-3
=
attached to nouns to indicate
The suffix
O.
respect.
priest
masterji
teacher
Some people may evert attach it to
roper noun:
ramdas
Drills:
.Repetition
1.
elder sister
bads behini
,eldest or elder sister
'bedkeni behini
'f.T7'1%
lambs Red
tree'
eccha ledka
_101b1-4 boy
//
nev,s set,
newshir -t-
motkeni -curet
the fattest woman or fat woman'
choti ledki
small girl
Substitution
2.
Instructor:
bheiyya
ClAs
i hOmar bbliyya hei.
ma
behini.
'
pita3i
ledka
ledki-
auret
,
\
adini
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\
13-4
3.
Repetition
hamar bhaiyya accha hai
My brother is nice.
us ke bahini lambi.hai
That person's sister is-tall.
is ke Chats purana hai
This person's umbrella is old.
ram kg sat nava hai
Ram's shirt is new.
tumar ghar bads hai
Your house is big.
1
111
4
Fj
4
e
3:3
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LE4SON 14
Goals :
1.
plurals of masculine nouns.
2.
A! $.1-6 Hobbit' - "(now"
3.
Adverb,,"kitna" - "how many".
-
.
Dialogue:
! he moment",
"at
c>
bow many schools does this
hlyg kJtna sku! h..A?
;lave?
i-hert are two at tl'.e moment.
abhi dui boi,
t.-...
.
.
,
.
t
The i7/ura+, of,masculluy nouns that are animate
Notes:
objects ;a4Ve t'orme
')7,.
adding "log' to the noun.
0.g.
lodka log
men
`f.,...sculine no lo, ending in -a
the
ma..._` ./5.jczt's
that arenot ani-
plural by ehangin'g the -a
Xo -c.
luta
komrc
Icomr-a
The
masculino. nouns do not change forms.'
language are
Host of Ole "loan witrds',frol
.
.
treated as mzsrutin, nouns Iniess-ttley are feminine
nouns the'mselvos.
.
The.uord "l&dken" (plural:,{ "lsdka") is an
,
ption and refers to "chilAren" as Well as "boys ".
e
O
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Drills:
1.
I'
.Sublitikbion
Instructor:. ped
Class:
hiyi
Class.:
obhi lao
ped,hait
gher
%.dka log
dukan
hotel
.,.admi log
\
2.
Substitution
Instrutor:
A
O
likho
suno
deo
khao
beithp.
peliho
daudo
b3so
3.
4
Substitution
Instructor:.
e4
Class:
hiy.g ek pee he
dui
tin
car
p-ac
the
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due
S
4.4 -a e*
7
/.
o
I
nau
das.
Ge
4
0
36
4
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4
Lesson 15
1
The use of "ke pee': and "ke lege" -'possession.
2.
Idiomatic use of "ham nahi 3an-o".
3.
Plurals of feminine nouns.
-
,'Dialogue:
Iow many saris does'
lila ke lage kitna sadi hai?
Lila .have?,
I.do not know.
{ham nahi 3ano.
The words "lage" and "pa " both indicate
Notes:
possession - permanent or to korary -"if-the thing
possessed is a saleable movable object.
"pas" and
'lige"-must be preceeded by either a
pronoun o'r a noun +'postpositien "key'.
e.g.
hamar loge
ram ke pas
lila ke lege
A
There is no word for "Wave".
long hair
So "Lila has
will be expressed t`-his way:
lila Itye bar lemba hai.
-
.
The Thrase,..fiam nahi lane" is used by then
,and. woman both atid is equivalent to."I do not know'".
As with masculine nouns the plurals of
animle feminine nouns can be formed by adding
sfr
3
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e
15 -2
"log" to the noun.,
..e.g.
ledki log
I
Feminine nouns that are not animate objects
.i...1;.4,41.in the same.
So the plural of "ghedi" -watch -
will be,"ghedi".
There is /Ole exception.
r
r
-
When referring
to
one's' children, either "p4as" or "lege" shodId be
used.
e.g.
tumar lege kitna
How many children do
ladkanA?
have?
hamar pas tin.
.you
4
14 have three children.
acikan hei.
1.
Repetition
:hemar lage dui pensil
haft
.
I have-two Pencils.
.
tumar-lege sat huk'hei
You, leave seven books.
is ke lege bahut sAdi
She has a lot of saris.
hei
go
-L-ram ke lege pAc sat
Ram has five shirts.
hei
us ke lege ek chata
That person has an umbfella\'\
0,
4
:38
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15-3
Transformation
2.
Transform the sentences in Drill 1 by subC
stituting "pas" for "lage":
Repetit'i'on
3.
.
i hamar ledki hai
This is my daughter.
i ghadimehanga haj
This watch is expensive.
i sadi sunder hai
This sari is beautiful.
cudi
4,
This bracelet is bi6z.
bal.
Transformation
.1-
Transfo'rm the sentences in Drill 3 by sub-
stituting the plural fbrm -of the nou instead of the
Singular.
e.g.
i hamar ladki log ha/.
4
.
t
39
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,
I
LESSON 16
I
Goats
1-
'PosApositio
Ila",:per nouns as receivers of action.
2.
.
"ke" (objeciive).
45.
Dialogue: A n.ensil ram ke deo.
i.
Give this pencil to Rant.
Here, take -your
leo tumar pencil,
's
When a proper no-un.o-C-tUre in a sentence as the
Notes;
r
re:.;iver of an action the postposition "ke", should
N.°
proceed. the
r
e
3
Ram
ram ke
bring Sits
sita ke lao'
I
.
When the receiver Is a pronoun,
tiri
possessive
z.
-shotild be used.
0
e.g.
us -lie bolaO
call that. person
is ke deo
p.ixe.this person
"i leo tumar pencil" is an Imperative sentence
and hence the nrlacipal,verb does not occur at: the
t-nd of the s'a,ntence.
1.
Substituticrn
a
.
.
.
Instructor:
Class:'
halo.°
sarla'Ae=balad
lao
maro
deo
4 0,
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-.1
6
.
7.
16-2
2.
Substitution
Instructor:
h.Va belao' Cleo*:
us ke hiya balao.
gher lao
0
bilk deo
gos beco
3.
Substitution
4
Idsxructpr;
Class:
pensil
i leo tumar.pen§il.
sicok
.bog
6
chata
0
frk
p3i.sa
ghadi
.16
s.
a
4.1
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LtSSON
Goals:
1.
Past tense.
2.
In.terrogative "when".
3.
*time words "today", "yesterday",.,a0 "the
before yesterday".
Dialogue:
tum kab aya?
When did you come?
kal.
Yesterday.
Notes)
Formation of the past tense:
For the verbs that end in consonants, -a
should be Okadded to the bare root of the verb for
the'masculinegender; and -i for the feminine gendel{
in thb first and the seeond person.
e.g.
ram bola
sita dekhi
ham log suna'
o
tum baitha
For the verbs that end in the vowel sound of a,
-i, and -o, -ya should be added for. the masculine
gender& in all three persons and feminine gender in
tie: first person.
Fer_ilminine ge der in sedo"nd
and the third persons, -i should be added to the
.
verbs ending in consonants and -Oa should, be added
to those ending in the vowel sounds of -a, -e,
42
41...10.
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C.
17-2
-i and -o, omitting the terminal vowel.
But thig
last form is used very seldom; instead the past
kerfect i5 used.
For the verbts ending in the vowel sound of -e,
the terminal -e should be omitted and -iya added
for the masculine -gender.
e .g.
P
ramkiwyd
Ram ate,
sita khai
Sita ate.
ham khaya
I ate.
tum khaya
You ate.
Similarly:
zs
hem siya
turn roya
sita roi
I
hem di
rem -piya
sita di
I.
Repetition
ham a3 likha
I wrote today.
u kal aya-
He came yesterday.
tum perso diy
You gave on the day before
yesterday.
Ladki kal ai
tum h3 ai
This girl came yesterday.
You came today.
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ap parso aya
You (polite) came day before
,
yesterday.
Substitution
2.
.
Instructor:
baith
Class:
.
ham baitha.
la
pi
cadh
dekh
khel
so,
ti,
Tr#nsformation
.
'''Irit4orm the sentences in Drill 2 by sub-
stiluting "u" in place of "hem" and changing the
verb form.
e.g.
C
Instructor:
la
Class:
u lays.
u lai.
44
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LESSON 18
4
Introduction of present perfect tense.
Goals:
1.
Dialogue:
tumar mastarjli skul
,Is your teacher in the school?
m6 hal?
No
na, u suva gals }lei..
he has gone tel SUN/a.
The present perf,ect tense is made of the
Notes:
perfect participle and the present auxiliary for the
third person and the past tense and the present
auxiliary for the first and-,the'''second persop.s..
The perfect participle of a verb can be formed
by adding -is to 'the bare root of the verb.
e,g.
kha
is
likh
Is
SO + is
4*
Drills:
1.
RE:petition
hem aya hai
1 have come.
i ayis
This' person has come.
tum ayi, heat
You (femf.nine) have come.
u ledka ayis hai
I
You (polite) have come.
apaya hai
2.
That boyhas come.
Substitution
Instructor:
kha
'Class:
ram khais hai
Ea
45
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J8-2
4
so
dsekh
ga
bec
3.
Transform.Uion.
fransform the drill
4111.2 by substitut
ins!, "-m" in place of "rem" changing
e verb
/form accordingly.
e.g.
Instructor:
qa
hem khaya hei
Class:
'p
I
4
46
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19-2
Drills:
1.
Repetition
rtum ay reha
You came, you had crme.''
ham laya reha-',
I brought, I had brought.
mister ji sikfiay reha
The teacher taught, the
teacher had taught.
apkhay rehi
You ate, you had eaten.
i buk pedhe reha
Sham read this, book, Sham
had read this:book.
dh,obi kepda dhoy reha
The laundryman washed these
clothes, the laundryman
3,
had washed these clothes.
lila i gana sune rebi
Lila heard this song, Lila
had heard this'song.
2.
Repetition
sebere ao
Come in the morning.
din ma ao
Come inthe afternoon
(during the day).
-senjha ke ao
Come in'the.evening.'
. rat ke as
-1.
Come at night.
Substitution
Inslructor:
sun
Class:
ham sebere suite
reha
likh
uter
kherid
dekh
le
3
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4'7
84.
19-3
s,i
bol
padha
bee
z
Transformiation
Transform the sentences in Drill 3 bysubstituting "din me", "sanjha ke", "rat ke" in place
- of
"sebere".
e.g.
Instructor:
sun
Clais:
ham din me suna'Eeha/
suni rahi
44i
-.4
0
°
C
4
o
48
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LESSON 20
Goals:
Future tense
1.
'2.# Time wotds like "tomorrow" and "day after
tomorrow.'
master ji keb lanti?
Dialogue :'
r-
Inca will the teacher come
,
back (return)?
perso senlha ke
she Pvenint of day after
tonorrow.
Notes:
Formation of future tense:
For'verbs that end in a consonant, -ega should
.
be added for masculine gen:ler.. first and the second
person and -i for the third person.
For feminine
gender -ega should be added for first person a d
-egifor, the second and, the third person.
e.g.
hem lautega
I will .return.
tum lautoc,1/
You will return.-
lautega
ap lautegt/Ltucega
.
./
You (polite) 'will comelweck.
.
jeget 14uti
xr
lila lautegi
4Jagat will come back.
.
:z7"?!"
Lila will come back.
For verbs that end'in the vowel sounds of -a.,
-i, and -o, -,yega should be added to the root for
the masculine gender in first and second persori'and
iF
feminine gender' in first' person
for the
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free on-yegi
livelingua.com
/./
20 -2
,
feminine gender in second)and'the third person-.
-I should be added to third person masculine 4:ender.
*to
e.g.
hem ayega
I will came.,
40
tum ayega/gi
you will come.
ram ayi
Ram will come.,
sita ayegi
Sita
will come.
.
).
The words for "tomorrow" and "yesterdayv and
"day before yesterday" and "day after tomorroc
are
Some people might use Ibihan" instea d of
the same.
"kel".
For verb4 that gpd in
-ga for ma:36110m
\
and second perspn and'fedinine, gender
gender in'fi
o
in first person.94,-gi for feminine gendervin
Q
second and the. third persoltt
to
44'
masculj.ne g ender fn
0
a
hoiild4be Added,
a
per on,
u,
.
a
e..g.
(
hem buk dega
Qog
"4.
1.
Repetition
hem kel sebere layega
.
,
0..
f,
L
Jul
to
I will go tomorr
hem aj sebere3ayega
r
I
.
I will go thisimorning.
,
%
wham Tars() sebere 3ayega
I will go on-tge mornins;
lo
2.
of the day lifter
tllmoridw.
Substitution
..
.
Instructor:
9
.
.1a,
Class:.'u kel cen3ha k e 1ai
..
t
Y'
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I
.
1
,
20-3
beith
a
dekh
cadh
bandh,
khol
r
Pi
so
bela
3.
Repetition
ham ghlrband-hega
I wfll blind' a house.
ilau bar kati
The barber will cut hair.
meha3en kapda beci
The shopkebper will sell
,404'
cloth.
bahini khana pakayegi
Siste
.
will
k food.
I
hem log.regbi khelega
We will play kagbi.
tum log dhan boyega
You (plural) will ,ow rice;
.
i log gana gayega
.These people will sing song.
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,
4
14
.
LESSON.21
6
Gdals:
,Dialogue:
.
1.
Asking "whet lel the time ? "..
2.
Telling time in terms Of
abhi kitna baia hai?
,*
numbers;
What is thetime now?
How many.o'clock is it now?
i
des baja- hat.
Drills:
1.
° It is ten o'clock.
'Repetition
abRi ek baja hai
It is one o'clock now.
abhi dui baja hai
It is two o'clock now.
abhi
It is three o'clock now.
in baja hai
Substitution
Sklbstitute,i,ardinal numbers up to 'twelve in
place of the- cardinal numbers in the sentences of
Drill 1.
,
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St,
fi
.
Lesson 22
r Goals:
1.
Interrogative future.
2.
Time in terms of "half past".
3.
Formal commands.
Alk
.
.
Dialogue:
hem kab ai?
When shall I come?
sabere sadhe nao baje
Come at nine in the motning.
ana
When asking a question in the future tense;
Drills:
differeftt verb form is used.
.
a..
The. vowel -i should
be added to the bare-.4.9ot of the verb to obtain for
all the persons in both the genders.
r,
e.g.
Shall I go?.
)'ai?
sarla khai?
Will Sarla eat?
-
Will you tate?
tum ai?
There is another way of exprelssing commands.
.-
This form is
use%4(
d frequently and is a fraction more
0.
polite thah the .form learned' before.
To form the imperative ;, -pa should be added
Sr
to the bare root of the verb.
.
-
f.
e.g.
4
kal ana
1
Came tomorrow.','
1'
Call that person.-
-us ke balana
hiya raktina
Keep here.
u buk dens
Give that booi-:
4
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,
53
44"f5
,
Whenever "b4aia" is used as an.adverb, the
terminal"a" is changed to "-e".
e.g..
at seven o'clock
40m sat baje khaya.
1,
Substitution
"Instructor:
ek
a
-)
sadhe,.ek bae" Tana.
/Class':
dui
And so on up to "dare".)
41,
2. ,.Substitution
.Instructor:
Class:
khana
Pbhi'mDt4ichani.
I
la
N
sun
,
ga
'baith
dekh
padh
dho
bol
pi
Pa
7
filch
ro
si
de
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4,
1,ESSON 23
Goals:
Dialogue":
1.
Telling time i
2.
"me" used as "till".
fractions.
ahhi aes bajeme kitna
taim
i hai?
o'clock?
Tandra minat
Notes:
ti
how- long, till. ten
Fifteen minutes.
The postposition "me!' is also used as "till"
or "until".
It always proceeds the action verb as
iti "baj'e me".
100
The verb roots ending in consonants
should have -e added and the verb roots ending in
votels should have the terminal vowel removed and
-ye added.
In case nouns areused as subjects,
they should be followed by the postpoqition, "ke".
e.g.
.
.
4 Jaye tie taim :hai.
U'Aa ke aye me taim
plat ke chute me tai'in hai.
"fifteen-minutes till" can also b
expressed
as "paune".
e.g.
une dui
a Otartet till two
paune bara.
a quatter'tql twelve-
,Nouns can also be substituted in place of
the verbs.
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4
a 3-".
e.g.
There is time Or his,'
us ke/sidi hve
6
1
her marriage.
me taim hai
4
There is still time for
sinema me deri
the movie.
hai
Drills:
1.
Rezetition
des baSe me Ric minat
baki hai
ten'o'cloCk.-
'
s minat-
ath bale ?la
It is ten 34nutes till
eight o'clock.
baki
-
gyara baje me bis minet
I
It is twerity-miriUtes
I
2-%.4ubstitution
Instructor:
1
eleven' o'clock.
baki hai
4
It is ,five,minutes till
6
t
-Class:
car
S.
abhi'paune car.
ba3a hai
ath
d as
'sat
nao
0
tin
3.
Stibstituti.on
Instructor: r-Rhana
).
.abhi khay.e mg
deri-hai,
sons
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eit
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LESSON 24
Goals:
1.
Another way of asking "what is the time?"*.
2. 4
Verb conjucts:,
kitna aim hai?
Dialogue:
principal verb +-Jana.
_What-is "th-e time?
It is ten minutes past nin,e
nap hal ke des minat
pas hoy gay
o'clock.
Some people may also ask "ka.taim hei?" in-
Notes:
stead of "kitna baja
or "koM taim
.
Another way of expressing "ffteen minutes
pist" is "sevva".
e.g:
a quarter after two '
,savva dui
The infinitive 'Tana" combines with certain
,principal 've-rbs,t6 form conjuncts that convey an
idea offinality.
The secondary verb "Jana" can be used in
its past tense or,the future tense in these
,
.constructions,, except 1.n imperative sentences,
e.g. cadh lao,'10a
e.g.
I went to sleep
ham soy gava
)rm kha9 jayega
'I will eat -up.
,
.
a
.
'The form--0 the s.eccindary verb depei&ds on-
A.
,
.
.
'
a
,
tie'
.
-,,
'gender of the subject, but here are some.rul.es for
58
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24-2
\
the principal verbs.
Verbs ending in consonants retain their orig4n 1
forms, which is the root-of-the verb.
e.g.
Hem dekh gay
uga baith gai
./
Verbs ending in the vowel sound of -e remain
the same.
e.g.
u i kitab de gaya
Sometimes the terminal. -e is omitted arid'-aye
substituted in its place,
e.g.
bans pensil laye gay.
Verbs ending ia -a ii4d -o have -y added to
them.
1
VO
ham _ay gay
sita soy gai
Verbs ending in -i retain their original form.
-
1..
Substitution
d.
Instructor:
a
Class:
ham ay gay
IP
Pi
J
dekh
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4
alk
24-3
bol
de
le
ho
391
tut
2.
Substitution
Idstructor:
Vac'
Class:- pac minat pas
1.161' gay
401141k
p an d're---
a
bis
paccis
t
3.
Substitution
Instructor:
sM
nao
Class:
saVva nao bola hal
At.
eth
gyara
VAC
sat
0
.
O
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114
b.
'
R
LESSON 25
-4
The day's of the week.
Goals:\
1.
Dialogue
al kon din ,hai?
What day is .today?
'raj kon roj hai?
Today is Monday.
al sommar had.
Drills:*
1.
.
Substitution
Instructor:
sommar
Class:
al-sommar hai
.
.
mangal
budh
suk
S
.sanicar
I.
tt
-0,,
atvar
lw
2.
Substitution'
Instructor:'
ofe
(Class:
kal
kal sommar raha
par so
-us din
.
7.
61.
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LESSON 26
Goals:
Dialogue:
1.
Dates of the mopth.
2.
Ordinal numbers.
aI
What is the date today? '
Icon tarikh hal.?
aj setra tarikh hai.
Notes:
Today is seventeen.
The ordinal numbers are irregular for the first
ten numbers then "va" or "vi "-'should be 'added to/
the cardinal number dependi'ng'on the gender.
Drills:
1.
Substitution
Instructor:
.
tera
.
Class:
a3 tera .tarikh hai
cauda
pandra
7
sola
satra
athara
unnis
bir
2.
'Repetition
pehla ladki
First boy
dusri iadki
Second girl
tisri ladki
Third di-r1
cautha(idmi
Fourth man
pacva admi
Fifth man
chevi auraC
sixth woman
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r.
26-2
chetv-1
Sixth woman
:,u,: at
sarvalecika
Seventh boy.
at1.,ve ledk;)
Eighth.bor
n oovi
4
1 z\,:i k
d os., i aui
;
Ninth girl
Tenth woman
The first five ordinal numbers are used often,
.
,
'
..
,,.
but thc: rest arc: not used
i much.
4,
.
1
.
rV
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LESSON 27
Gba .§:
1.
Dialogue:
i kon mabina haii
What month is this?
i 3envari hail
This is January.
Drills:
The months of the year.
SUbstitution'
1.
Instructor:
Classy i 3enveri hoi
3enveri
ferveri
mac
-
apreel
.
7,6
mei
Sun
3u1si
°gest
I
septemba
oktuba
nevemba.
disemba
Repetition
2.
u 3enveri ke ikkis
That was the twenty;-first
¶arikh raha
day of January.,
That was the twenty-second,
u Mei ke b-Ais tarikh
raha
diy of May.
40'
u °gest ke tei.s tarikh
raha
'That was the twenty-third
day of August,.
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64
,
I
O
27-7.
l
u'inac ie czuhis taiikn
-.
That was the tw.pty-foUrth
...
ay of March.',
raha-1
That was the twenty-fifth
11 oliuba ice paccis
...
tarikh ra.h4
2.
'
day of October.
Substi!tution
Instructor:
chabbiso
Class:
parso CheibbiS\
tari -k
hai
attain
untis
tis
I
ekt.is
to
65
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.11
LESSON 28-
Air
Goals:
1.
Adverbs "ever" and "never"-.
2.
Words like "next year",-etc.
41
Dialogue:
tum kabhi reva gay raha? Haveyou ever lieereto Rewa?
ha, pichle sal ek dafe.
Yes, one time last year.
When negative -"nahi" is added to adverb "kabhi"
Notys:
the meaning changes to "never".
e.g.
kabhi suva gay
Have you ever been] to Suva?
raha?
r
Never.
kabhi nahi.
St
Drills:
1. ',Repetition
Have you (masculine) ever
tum kabhi gas. khay
eaten meat?
raha?
Have youf(masculine) ever
tum kabhi i filam
/7,
Have you everYheard this
tum "kabhi i gana
-
4
seen .this- movie?
dekhe r
suneraha?
song?
'
,
-------
tum-kbhi
hiyA ay.
.,,
,
HaVe you ever been here?
raha?
2,
.t,
Transformation
A.
Transfbri the sentEnces in,Dri11,1 by
substituting "tum" (feminine) in place of "tum"
(masculine).
(3 6
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O
,
do
B.
Transform the sentences in'Drill 1 by
substitetting "sita" in place of "tum".
3.
Substi,turion
Instructor:
Class: .,`ham ek dafe bOle
ek
raha
dui
des
bis
0
p
pacas
sau
I
RepAtition
4.
go. to college next
ham Cagle sal kole3
year.
3ayega
ram pickle sal pas hoy
/Ram passed-last year..
gaya
ina ay
serla pickl
Sarla came last month.
rahi,
.
tum eg)c sal ka kerega?
What.are'you going to
do next Year?
i)-
saw a good movi.e last
ham,pichle.hafta ek;'
0
week.
ac in filem dekhe
rahe
5.
-,
0
Substitution,
Chas's :
Instructor:-, kha
hem i cij, kabhi
-
0
tibia Maya
bat
,
06.
/
sun
0
67
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LI
p
p
S.
ker.
dekh
tod
la
de
le
Pi
I
7,
0
--c
A
S.
ot
68
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r.
LESSON 29
q)
1
,...,
Gdala,:
,
:)
1.
Adverbs "previously" and ".always ".
r
0
4
Pasrhabitugl.
-2.
7.
(
t
3-:
,
Conjunction, "but" (par).
\,.'
Dfalogue:
turn -abhi kaha rehta?
'
°
Where do you live how?
-
,
hazel pehle sva meit
I used to live in Suva
,\....
rahet rah .par
abhi
pr/
evidusiv, but I live
'A
4'
nausuti :a rehta hai.
in Nausori now.
o
Notes:
41
The past habitual tense is formed by combining
/
the root, of the pfincipal verb + t or -at and tge
past auxiliary.
.
Verbs ending in -1-and. -e,shsguld have -at
added to them to _form this tgnie.
.
SPY
,
°
khat..
det
SO9t,
V
plat,
44
et dhould be added to the verbs ending' in
jrconsonants.
e.g.
.
I
bolt'
suizat
The past auxfllary should agree wfth the'
orthe.subject.
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69
ender
7--
cot
I
For verbal roots ending in"-e and -a, t
o
should be added.
e.g.
dec
khat
Drills:
3
I
Repetition
1.
ham pehle gos khat
I used to eat meat'previolisly..
r
raha
ham pehledaru plat
I used to dridit
iously.
raha
slut pehla
ut root
rahi
Sita u= d to cry a lot
reviously.
<-
u-aurat pehle bahut
Magda karat re.ram ,p'ehle re:
khelat
That woman use4d to' quarrel
1) a lot previoUsly.
Rani used to.plhy Rugby pre-,
viously.
,
ham
ehle bahut soot
I used to sleep a lot pre.
viously:
raha
tum pehle hamy ghare
rol at raha
2.
"You used to come to my
h&U.se
everyrday previously:
Repetition
ham hame;a car ba3e
uthat raha
I always used'to get up;
at four o'clock.,
ham'hame;a padhat raha-
I ,always Usel to study..
tum hemeria r-e,t raha
You always used to sleep.
-(()
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'os
4
t
site heiega imli khat
rehi.
Sita alw ys used to eater
'tamari d..
ram hemega'daru piet
reha
Ram always used to drink
liquor!
Substitution
Instructor:
so'
Class:
hem behut sot reha
per ebhi tiehi sota
khet
bol
khel
bedmasi ker
din mar
pit
filem dekh
It
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=LESSON 30
Goals:
1.
Dialogue:
hiyaN se maket kitna
Ablative "se"..
dur hai?
How far is the market from
here?
lagbhag. adha mil.
ft
)
Notes:
.
The postposition "sb" has the value of the'
English "from".
*Drills:
1,.
Substitution
Instructor':
maket
Class:
maket hiyaN se
bahu
dur hai
ghar
erodrom
put
theta
post bopis..
aspatal
2.
RepetiNion
1
lagbhag car ba3e ana
lagbhagdul sal pehle_.
Come at about ,four
rly two years ago.'
,
lagibhag'sab'rog ay raha
Near
(almost) all the people
came.
lag;bhag paNC siring'.
About five shillings.,
O
7?.
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.1
.
00,
In
1
ghenta melt
Within about 'three .hours.
tition
3.
hi yaN 'se ghar adha mil
hai
suwa
t,
1.
The house is ha1
a mile
from here:
Lautoka is far fiom Suva.
lautoka
hai
Al
se gher dur hai
s.,
house is far from the ,
skul.
t
glier se theta nagiccee
.
The theater is close to the
.4..
house.
hai
,
a
,
73
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tr,
A
o
ti
I.gSSON 31
Goals:
1.
Dialogue:
maket kahaN hai?
Prepoiftions, like "in front ", ".behind", etc.
"WWere is the market?
u bade benk'ke age.
.Notes:
In. front of that big bank.
The,postposition "ke" should,always proceed
'prepositions like "age", "piche", etc.
Drills:
1..
Repetition(
maket benk ke ag-e hai
Market is in front4of the
bank.
maket benk ke bagel
7
Mdrkdt ig next to the bank.
me hai
maket benk ke piche
Markel is behind the !lank.
hai
,
maket benk. ke nagicce.
Market is near the bknk.
hai
maket benk ke pados meN
Market is near the bank.
hei
.
2.
.
Substitution
Instructor:
t'ada benk
Class:
u bade benk meN ka
hai?
,
bade maket
chota khar
accha ghee,
chota beg ,74
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LESSON 32
Conjunctive carticiples.
Goals:
1.
Ddalogne:
raaket ke rests hon hei2
...,
i
,
Rhicb is tbe.road to the
0
uta ket ?
Go straight and turn at
sidha layke u hone
fi
thht corner-
whim jao.
,
sde3
1,:on bagel?
Whic
dahina.begal.
Itig4 side.
(
Hindi. tends to redUce the nailer-of finite;
Notes:
verbs by including orm.or nor)e oE the
in sebor-
,
N,
This,done.lni4e clause hy.meafts
dinate clauses.
of the 1:ponjunCtive
7o form
ag
coiqunctive ,partiiple-the parti7.
I.
.
c.iple "ke" Should 1)4 added to
the baresot-of.tht
Verbs ending in eonSonanto atird the..,Vowel somid of
.
-i
,
For7the verbs end, .ng it
-a,.-
..
.'
.A.,..:.5y"should
l sounds,of,-
the Ac
A
,
'h'e
added before adding the
reici0e empresses
Here, the conjun4ti.vb-
the prierity,531 time, i.e. dhe action of its verb
.-is:pkior to thht of the fin
.
;
Drills: :
e verb.
1.
Repetition
khayke acy
erAen, come.
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3
o
- -2-
4
dekhke ao
Raving seen, come.
deke ao
Having gie6, cone.
piichke ao
Raving.asked, cone.
1.\\
Substitution
;).
:Instructor:
sun
Class:
sonlie ghre leo
le
.dekb
4414
kha
4
bata
ga
.
4-
4
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-
LESSON 33
Goals:
1.
Indefinite pronoun "keel" used as "anylt--- pro-
nominal adjective.
Dialogue.
nahet ke naglcce koT
Is there any shoe shop neer
lUta ke dukan hat?
bohut hei, lekin tun
the market?,
,
'Mere are a Rot
ambhu ke dukin
Notes:
,
bme'yOu
gS to Sambhu' s shop.
"ikoi" when used as,a pronominal adjective
should be followed by a singular noun.
be used to mean "about" or 0"mearly.
It can also
While "natal"
added to it changes the meaning to "$c. body "'.
"lekin" has the same value as "perr".
0
.r.
Drlils:
1.
Repetition
ghare koi
ai?
Is anybody at hofte?
' yallaV ko.).41100
Is
anybody here?
pr
kal koi ay raha?
'koi ek sal
koi car p
About a year.
fling
koi dul tin mil hai
2.
anyboAy cane yesterday?
Some joux, five shillings
1;!ary two, tlitee' miles.
Substitution
instructor:
khela
ham buraya lekiu
koi rjahr
Q
4
aya
khelf
'
z
r.
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I
14.
LES'S.iiN 34
Goals:
-"hi" used t <T give an idea of exclusiveness.
A
2.
.Instrumental "se".
3.
Locative "parr.
ka yohi sambhu ke dukan
D1ialogue:
Is this Sambhu's shop?
hai?
haN, u sidhi par 4,e
'
'Yes, come here by the stairs.
.
e-',
hiyaN ago.
-,..,
:.
-'
"hi" added after a word gives it an idea'of
Notes:
exclusiveness.
e.g.
lagga hi ka.ra
Jagga, did it.
hiyaN, hi hai buk
The book is right here.
kal hi)em i sadl
I bought tilts. sari just.
A
kharida
yeste-rday.
,t,
postposiiion ifar'f-is used to indicate
location on,.upon or at something or some place.
1
'4!
Drills:
-
I.
.Repetftion.
^
yahl tumvx ghar'heif
Is this your houae?
yahl is ke skqi: haii
Is this thls person's
schooll
yehi tumor bhai hail
-yehl sits ke motar
Is this y,,or brothLtr?
this sica's car?
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yell! tum log ke master
Is this'y,our teacher?
31 hei?
2.
Transformation
Transform the sentences in Drill 1 by sub-
stituting "wahT"'in place of "yehi".
3,
Repetition
a
Tyr
sidhi par se ao
Come by the stairs.
churl. se phal kato,
Cut the fruit with a knife.
cimmac se ca ghoro
Stir the tea with a spoon.
pen se citthl likho
Write the letter with a pen.
sabun se kapda dhoo
bas se ao
' Wash the clothes with soap.
Come by a bus.
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LESSON 35
Goals:
1.
Bargaining.
2.
Adjective + kerns combination
.
3.
1
.
Indefinite ptdnoun "kuch".
Adjective' "only ".
Dialogue:
ek behdel delo_ke
What is the price of
4ki4a dam?
C
a
bundle. of Dalo?
sirf .paNc siling.
Only five Shillings.
paNc siling behut
Five shillings is" very
mahange hai kuch
expensive, 'reduce it
kemt kayo.
little.
Notes:
The verb 4skarna" also combines with tertain
adjectives to form one verb.
e.g,
0
kaitikarna
To'reduce.
saf karna,
"kuch" when used as an indefinite pTonlpun
should be followed by a singular verb,
stit
kuch hai
There is some.
It canAlso be used as a pronominal adjective.
e.g.
kuch lama hai
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0
Drills1
1.
Repetition
dokter kuch dewal
,14tr-
0
&The `doctor gave Some
diya
medicines
kuch_peisa lad
Bring some money.
kuch kam kere
Do some work.
2.
Substitution
Instructor:
likh
r.
Class:
kuch nehi likhO
kha
la.
de
dikha
3.
Repetition
ek 3uttl kabi3
,Two heads (pair) of,cabbage.
ek der3en enda
A dozen eggs.
ek paunlhinga
A poundOf prawns.
ek kiida bhindl
kshare of okra.
ek 30di atE;
A pair of shoes.
4.
?
4
.
Repetition
i611-tita hei
It is a little 'hot.
O
kuch mehenga hei
It is 'a 1ittle expensive.
kbch kedua hei
It
5.
is a little bitter.
Substitution
Instructet:
kabi3
Clads:
sirf kabi3
lao,
0
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4.°
pye3
C
Caul'
ata
cft; d h
0
S3
r.
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LESSON'3,6
Gpals:
12..finsipal verb +'den a conjuncts.
2 .
Additions and subtractions-.
3.
Past.particililefof auxiliary Ihota".
rl
Dialogue:
i apul ta3a hai?
-
ek4m.tela hai.
Are these apples fresh?
They are 'absolutely fresh.
7
,
dui paun daye deo.
our car'ath ana
Give twos pound's.
That was- four and four.-
hay.
a
eight annas.
O
'Notes:
Some, verbi combine with verb "dena" (toAg Tve/.
to form a conjunct,verb that contributes an, idea
of action iiirected outwards in another 's directioS.
e.g.
.
i citthivadh deo
-
40
Read this letter out to
me.
Formation:
For verbs..--ending in consonants there is no
°
.
-2
,change._; y should be added to the Verbs ending in
A,
he terminal -e removed from verbs ending in
and 7-ay added to them`.
"bhay" is the past pdxticiple df the auxillary
t
.
"hone and has the value of "'Was" or, has happened"
e.g.
,
-kal us ke ghare
There was Ramayana at,that Pp
r
.
ramaan bhay
person's filace.yesterday.
e
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..,...
.:
,
.
-.
...
'..
Q-,4
Drills:
1.
Repetition
Absolutely
am ekdam Oka hai
Mangoes a
,nariyal ekdam
Coconuts are absolutely
,>
cheap.
sesta hai
°
gosekdam ta3a Lai
l'he meat isiabsolutely
set ekdaM-nawa hai
The shirt 14 absolutely
4Repetition
tarkatl.daye deo
GOye the vegetables -.
kaPd.a.n*p deo
Meastre the cloth..
learn kar deo,
Do tqhe work.
s'
c
:
Write the letter.,:
citthi likh deo
<.,Stitch the, shir't:.
sat si deo.
_
.
to
?aye deo
3.
aepetition
,r(rIng the oil.
2
dd.{ our dui car
Two and two four.
tin aur.ek car
Three and one four.
.
tIn airr car sat
paNc a ur
t
cauda
Three and four sever.
4
Five and nine lour.teen,
4.. Repetition
paNc meN se tin
Miqus three front five.
sat meN se dui nikalo
Minus two from segen.
bare meN se ath
Minus' eight from twelve,.
nikalo
dos neN se paNc
Minus fire from ten.
nikalo
it
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/
4.
-
LESSON 37
Goals:
whei kind.
1.
Adjective "kei,san"
2.
Ac4ective'itna" -- so- much, this much, so many.
A
Dialogue: .tuekaisan gos becta
What kind-of meats do you
hai?
hamar pas khall bheda
I have only this much lamb,
*
mutton, and goat meat.
ke gos
our
itna hi hai.
v
eccha dui'paun,kheda
Okay,. give two pounds of
lamb.
ke gos dena.
The terminal a in itna should be changed to
-i when it qualifies a feminincnoun.
be used as an adverb.
It can also
0
Repetition
1.
sari is this?
i kaisan sadi hai?
What .kind of a
i kaisen phi-11 hai?
What kind of-a flower- is
this?
kaisan kapdahai?
:14444
u
i kaisan mitts het?
:
4
What kind of soil is this?
t
kaisan caur hai?.
(7
,What kind of .cloth 'is that?,
Whate.kind oftce
Repetition
2.
.2'
honolulu meN itna motar
Honolulu.
'hai
8
r.
There are so many cars --in
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fiji meN itna. neriyal
There are so many coconuts
in Fiji.
hai
sidni itna hada sehar
Sidney is such
4
1
kai
us ke pas itna paisa
That person'has so much
money.
hai
u itna motahei
He is so fat.
slta Atni eceii hai
Sita is .So nice.
ladki itnr 1e3i hai
oniat girl is _so
Laz'y.
1
t.
4-
1
4
S\
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LESSON 38
Goals:
Priricipal verb + lena eojuncts%
1.
/. 4Vrtice "to".
4
Dialogue: ,i kanda kitna beret
How much "a " baret" (two
hai? ,
yards) is this material?
siling.
Five Shillings,
dui beret nap deo.
Then measure two barets.
V
.
tin beret leye leo.
Take three berets.
nah
No, no two barets are_ -enough.
nahi dui beret'
,
bas bei.)
-
Notes:
-
Verb "lena" combines with certain verbs
form- conjuncts that convey an idea of .action *directed 'towards the subject, Ars of finality.
.The rules for the principal verbs are the same.
mtk.
'"
as for the verb,'+ dena-conjuncts.ei
.1
Sometimes itisfused a.-e- an adier_b as. in this;14sson
with' the valire
,
(
.
of'"4en".
L
It ,may .also be-used to
R
give emphasis, or to
,
+7
protpst.
i
0
-
e
a
.
=
h
="1 Y 4
ham ga.y-td xeha
t
.
I (kid- not: go.
.gon,e .
'
.
t
.
a
ft.
, free on livelingua.com
Hosted for
'SE -
Drills;
?.,(1-,t 1 cion
I,
...
tu.'0,
to
.1
I,
to us ladka ke nahi
/
! (1: :i
0Ii
0. t.
/
.
Then do not invite that
a
_Boy.
:13011asi
to ham bola
Thin I said
to u rois
Then she cried.
Repetition
2.
,
ham'thanda-pani se
r bathed with cold watei.
nehay liya
u khana khay-liii
He or she ate.
u bakdi peiad leo-
Catch that nanny goat.
um
bukpadh liya?
ham u gana sIkh liya
,hamlu nava fil'am dekh
. Di
.you *read this book?
.
I learnt that song.
Iasaw that new movie.
liya
4,
-.,
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*. .
Lessor: 39
_
,10
Goals:
to be able; or can, also may'.
1.
Verb "sekna"
Z.
Locative "par".
3.
Optative sentences.
A
How cantI, gp to Viriya
ham hiyeN se wiriYa kaisa jay
Dialogue:,
sekta?
froi here?
,
.
paidar, basPar, ya to patpat
On !foot,, by bus, or
par.
by laltnch.
Verb "sekna" added to other verbs forms conjUnct
Notes:
verbs which are intrdnsitive and follow thk rQot of
...the'attached verb.
"sakne means to be able.
is no diStinction in, Hindi fia "can" and "may ".
There
Sb
"sakna" is also:used to express permission.
e.g.
horn hindi bol sa k to hai
-
I can speak Hindi.
1
turn ebhi jay sekte hei
p
You can go'now,
a
The. rules f6r the principal verbs are the sade
,other conjunct.s-.
.
A,
Drills:
1.
Repetition
f.
ham ,likhe saktach4i
AI can-write:
I can sing.
hem' gay sekta hai
'ham pakay sekta hai
bat qraiw kare saktg hai
90
4
r c'an cook.
I can drive.
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3
I
2.
SubstitutiO
to,
Instructor:
Class: 'Kamla nace
nag,
padh
sakti haf.
ga
a
,
sikha
.
si
ac
Repetition
Come tomorrow or the
'kelya pa.rso SG
day after.
,
pen ya pensil,lao
Bring.a pen or a pencil.
kabij ya bhfridi lao'
Bring cabbage or okra.
,
sham ya ram A° balao
.
Call Sham or Rai.
"-
Re -petition
i sadl leo ya to i leo
Take either this sari.
I
this.
i gana sikhao.
a to u
.
sikhao
Teach either this song
or that one.',\
buk.padho ya to i
pedho
Read' either that: book: or
this one.
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r
LESSON 40
,,
Goals:. `
Terminal -o in verbs instead (5
1.
.A.
.
.
-ta in'interraga-
,
.
9
tive sentences dn secon.d. person.
.
.
se
Dialogue:
turn khana pakay seko
Can you cook?
hA, ham sakta hai.
Yeg4,
I can.
The vowel 'sound of. -o is substituted ih
Notes:
plhe
of -tin most interrogative sentences.
.4;
'e.g..
A.
What are you doing?
tqm ka karo hai?
A
r
.
What, are you writing?,
likholtai?
turn ka
_
0,
The use of "it" on the verb root 4its not res-
tricted to the feminine gender,' some-den'ill use
.at
this form,
.
.
Driller :
..,,
Repetition
J.
.
,
.
turn ka likho'hai?-
What are you writing?
1
tum.ki sikho hat?
What are you earning?
.
.
.
-
What are yoll saying ?'
bolo hai?
_tunr
-
What 1Qf you selling?
turn ka beco hai?
i
.
What are you eating?
,
4
What are you coo-
:turn ka pica() hai? ,
2..
I
.
turn ka kfiao hai? "
-
7
Repetition
f
-z
turn khad.apakay sako?
Can you cook?
tUm, ta tar calay salcO?
Can'' you drive a car?
.,
..,
4
I/
.
--...--
9?
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;
A
40 12
tiindl bble seko4
.
Can you speak Hindi?
ab
tttm....ned3:::paure
Can you swim a river?,
t.um ghoda dauday seko?
,Can you ride a horse?
,
A
74,
o
.
r
4
C
fy;
Y
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.
'
LESSON. 41
-ea
Goals:
1.
Theiht;errogative future; form also used in
Simple pOsitive sentences in third person.
2.
Use of special Verb "lagna°r-
3.
Terminal -e instead of -ta-in sentences in third
4
person.
Dialogue:
<
i,bas kehaN jayi?
Where does this bus go?
suwa jayi.
It will go to Suva.
hiyaN kitna bhafa lege
What is the fare from here?
.
-1
hai?
Four shillings.
car, siling.
.
The interrogative future- fortis jayi, kari,
Notes:
.
,
'1khayi are also 1.te;:d.,in simple,posi ive sentences,
,
especially in those without a sub j ect, o^ when the
subject is in third person.
.g,
O
sIta kKa-na khaiyi!
Will Sita eat?
heN, khaYi.
Yes, she will eat.
The vertb "lagna" is special in the sense that
t
it has, two meaniA0,
s::lf to".
"To begin" and "to attach
We are usirc the second interpretation
here..
P
it-
C . 4,
.
Site is thirsty.
sj.ta)te pyas. _l,ga hai.
,
ram ke bhak la
hai.
Ram is hungry'.
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111
4
.
-
r
4-1-9-
,.
Instead of using the terminal' -ta in sentences
with subjects zin the thii-d person,- --.-very often
used.
4
e:g
u ka iare hai?
What' is that persert-iroing?
111a k likhe hai?
What is Lila writing?
sambhu ka khaye heiTc\*hat.is ambhU eating?
I
The verb roots-ending in consonants should have -e
added to theM, while the verb roots ending in the
vowel soundi of -e, -e, -i and -o should 11940 -ye
,added to the.
1.
Substitution
Instructor:
paisa
Class:
bahut 'peiea' lege hai.
ex
isv
panl
buk
bhara
kiraya
petrol,
pyas
bhilk
thenda
garem
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d
1
If hem bas,to belksedfts.a subject in ani'of
(Note:
4
.t
these sentences; then the inflected oblique, form of
-
ham which is home 'should be used.
Tha same,holds
for tum,- the inflected oblique form.,of Which'is
tru
tumme.
If the subjec t is in tile third person then
it 'should be followed by the-Rostposition "ke" [ob.
jective) Ise and use are the inflected'oblique forms
df j and u re spectively) .
-t
2.
A
ti
Substitution
Instructor:
kha
L.
Rem khay
Class:
dekh
so
bol'
it
sun
dpi
.
.
dho
k
le
la
.
itepetitIon,
.,
-
5
...
liaa MAI ayr
.
Lila will comei1pow.
.,,
,
.
,i ladki khans khayi .TiTs girl willlaE mow._
plen des. baje ayE.
coMerat ten
The.1)11
!1
o'clbck.
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sambhn kabj'
When isSaMbh
going?
A
'
LESSON 42
Goals:
Duplication of ady,erbs
.
.
Dialogue:
,
,
40-
suwa,jaye me 10.tna deril How long does it rake to go'
4,
..
e
lege hai?
to Suva?
-S.
.
\,.-
,
.
1
car sadhe car g anta.
-
Four and foiir half hours.
bas kahaN kahaN
h
rui
k?
.
What various places the bus
.
.
.
.
,
%
stop/a t?
.
nandi, sipgatok,1 koro
Nandi, Singatokg, Koro Levu
lewu eur nawua ru
and Navua.
;
Notes:
she. duplication of, wprds is frequentvisHin ustani.
Dliplicdtion gives an.'idea.of.extension or
ime or spar.
distribution over
(
-
Adver bs are
.
....
.g'
peated toconvey intensity.
Ifstead%01 saying' "jaldi kam karo") people
might say, "laidl j 1di kam karo".
.similar examples:
dhire dhire cal°.
A
,
thik tfiik
bolo
,
.
.
.
,
.r
1
Drills:,
1.
Repttitio%
.
tum kahaN kahaN gay
t
?
'What varfous places did yo'u
gd to?
_
Aanna ke Piet kaha
kabiN he l?
.
m
-various planes are the
cane fields at?'
%4
I
I
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.
hai
am ke per kahaN kahaN
.
.
various places ar e manv,,
t*
hei?
trees at?
jaldllaldi bolo
Spek fast.
dhZre dhire motar ca- lao 'Drive the
4
car slowly.
4'
4.
A-
4
4
cs,
O
98,
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V
LESSON 43
Conditional sentences.
1.
Use of the special verb "cahna".
-.2.
eg,er fiem.accha bojen
khana
If I want to eat good. food,
e,
to hem kahaN
c'ahta
. Where a.hould I go?
jays?
Om bombe loj )ao babu,
You go t.o the Bombay Lodge
sir,t
huaN ke khana a ccha hai. the food therar is goOd.
.t13,
4
The verb "cahna" (to wish, 'to desire) may take
Notes:
ft
an uninflected singular infinitive as a direct object.
e
hem jSna cahte he i.
I wish to go.
tum ka ka rna cahta -Ha il
.
yoU 'like
,
--to 'do?
.
Repetition
Drills. :
,,,
.
, ,
,
agar sembhu ayi to hem
We will go if Sambhu .camps.
0
lqg jayega
t
.-
.
.
.agar 11a ayi'iolus ke
r.okna
.
Detain Lila if she.comes.
A
eier turn Cehta hei to
tum:bha,air seko
ei.
You, :oo. can come if you
want td.
;
99
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4
1
eger pari iyi to ham
We will stay hoT4e if At'
log. ghare rehe5a.4
rains.
).
.
Substitution
.
:
.
a
maket Jana
Instrugtor:
.
filam dekhna
Class:- ham maket Jana
cahte 1144:
.
tlotel'-janft
regbi khelna
kerilchana
.
kam kerns
"buk pedhna
_-
rf
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A.
N
i p.ed meN b.hut phel
This tree has a lot of fruit
laga hai.
on it.
i ,ped meN thodG fhtil
This tree has few floweTs.''
lege 11.81..
Without a postposition:
i sadi hemme etcha,lege
I like this sari-1
.
hei.
1
aisen bat khGrab lege
This kind of a thing looks
.
'4,
hGi,
bad.
4.
.4
L
*.r
r.
(
-
'101
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LESSON 44i;$
Goals:
.
'2.
Duplic'ation of interrogative pronouh ,ukan".
:Iransforx...tai 'intransive verbs into transitive
, ,
verbs.
.
.
/
,
,;
Dialogue:
.
aj kon kon bhojan Ana
,
,
Whatall foods haveb'een
,t,
.
i
.
hai?
cooked today?
-4'
>1
..
hamme behlt bhtk laga
.
I am T.reKy" hungry.
.
.
hai.
tt
'aj durgI.ke'gos*, eli ke
l'
Ch ic ke n,
p t at oeP, le ntils
,
tarkari,,dal, ro,t1
,
our
bhat..paka hai.
,
roti an
have been
cooked today.
.
sy,....
--,
`
.
..,'.
:
Notes:
rice
The interrogative
"ko"'is repe.atedlto,
V,.
--,
,convey an idei.af extension and
distribution'.4.-
e.g.
.
,
,
kon kon ayega ?.
What varj.ous people W14 come?
-
kon' kon bola?
.
.
What variousPersons,spoke?
Some verbs have an ihtfans tivd-for m 'whtch may
I'
be a passive or a kind-of
'iddle form-,indi4;atini
I
that something4dccurs
form.
The usual dh
such verbd ip
o
elf
a-transitive
acteistic of -she transitive of
0
i -al -a.
4-
-
.
/0'" eeg
Intransitive
,.;
4.
bbilna
Trats
tiVe -*
'bona a'
VA
to
he
I
102
.
Cr
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.
5,
1
t51
,
A
4.4 -
.rukna,
'rokna
pakna
Rakana
nikb lna
nikana
,
-
X
Some xerbs.hSve an irzegAlar, formation.
.
---te.g.m
1
,
1/4
chug )a.
,,, chodna
Ahulna
4
.4.
:.
dhOna
.
Aetna
--,
-1
phadna
'
.
tutna
--a..
.
..
t
todna
Or
N
phIlit
I-
phodna
-
.,
,
,:.
.
...
.
.
Drills:
1.
.
.
\
Repetition
`,
.
0,j ka 'bona-- ha l?
What has ,been iadd today?
:
kereccha bhojan''peka
...
.
Good food had been 'cooked,
-
.
rehii.
yesterday:
4
'
sosa- phiit gaya
.
sidf.phat gayA
Saucer,b,roke.
4'
.
....
"Sari tore%.
:
,
2.
.
RepetitiOn.
:
s
kon kon bhoja4n
What various' foods
P
.
.
.
.,
:
.
-0
kon kon' to
.
. a,
What different, peofil
.#.,3
v...
korilc,on ,kapda
What different kinds of cloth'r
.
,
kon kon janwar'
3.
What different animals.
. .
Repetltion
, .
,-
, e
..
.
..
The special verb,"lagnemaY be preceeded by
.......
a postpoaition:
A..
,
hamar ihar meN *rang
,
My house is. being painted.
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',
.
loge 'lei.;
.
.
3,
°
t
LESSON 4Y
1
,
.
.
Goa la: -,
Dialogue:
1.
Dative "ke.khatin".
2.
Interrogative "why".
.
,
hemar khatin murgi,ke
Bring some chicken, vegetal:'.
goS
tarkari our rbti lao
and,roti for me, and don't
our
b ing
y.meat for my friend:
hPmar dost-ke khatin
gos nehi
kaNheNt
Why?
-
Ala
Because he is a yeget.grian.
kahis ki i sadhu hei.
.0
The postpOsition "ke khatin" deans "for".
Notes:
'ke
liye", and "ke viste" have the sage meaning.
Drills:
Repetition
hema
khatin
buk
"'Bring.a..hook for me.
lana
'us,ke khatin hamcsadi
I bronght a sari for her.
laya
hamar frend ke khatin '
Bring-some food for my
khana lao
friend.
.
hem tumakkhatin rukegi
2.
I will wait for yoU.
'Substitution
Instructor:
,
*."
7C1-ass:
bol
104,
tum iaNhell bole?
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2
46 '2-
a
a
-,
ga,
.
ruk
dekh
a
la
Repetition
3.
tumj. kaNheN vaste
'
What did_you,buy this for?
Acharida
.
site kaNheN vests nahi
Why did= not Sita come?
AYis?-
Ns
,)
kaNheN vaste bas hiyaN
Why did' ,the bus stop here?
rukis?
4.
Repetition
kahis kl kal chuttI
lb
I
Be ause tomorrow is- a' holiday.
a
hai
kahis
.hem log gos
Becaude we'do not'eat meat.
nahI khati
kahisi tum abhi chota :BeCause you are young yet.
hei.'
a.
O
kahis ki bas ke'xayer
pankcer hoy 4/Rya.
Because the tire on the. bus.
--has a ifuncture.
s-.41
105
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Lesson 46
Goalso:
1.
Use of special' verb 'pasand ana" -7- ""to be
140liked ".
.
-
2.
/
Adverb "p'hir"
"again":
.
Dialogue:
tudme khans pesend aya habil?
Did yOu like, the food
.
sir?
-
a
.
haN, par khAna-thoda tita
.
raha..
Yes, but the food was
a little hot.
,
litna paisa bhay?
nao
maN
_How much was it?
haear hotel
k
Nine shillings, coma,
ana.
again. to my hotel:
a
'
Notes:
.
"!pasand ana" s a special intransitive verb
tha,t agrees with the gender of ha object.
o
hamme ti ladk i pasdad.ayis.
I like4,..,that"rgirl.
7
The subject should be' in inflected oblicide form.
If a proper noun is used as supject.it should he
foll(c)i.red by the paitposition
e.g.
sar a ke esedi pasand aya
Sarla liked that
sari.'
66
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N.
1
Drills:
Substitution
1.
hemme mith'sT.
*Class:
mithai
Instructor:
pesend 4aya
huk.
kepda'
.
gana
gher
bag
Repetition
2.
.
hem tumme phir bal.ta hel --N,L am telling you again 7-
i
...
,
.
.
M
0
ham ,u
4
.
heM phir emrika jayega
.
0
.
I saw that movie again.
them phii dekhaw.
.
I will go: to America
F
-,'
tum kel phi2 ana
Come again tomorrow.
.
f.
.
s
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N
II
Lesson 47
1.
Principal verb
cukna'
uncts.
w
2.
Expressing-purpose.
um khana khay cuki tabu?
Have you eaten sir?
ha/44A:riheN?
Yes, why'?
celo hamar khet dekhe
Come to see my field.
.11
Verb + cukna is another conjunct that Is used
frequently
.It conveys an idea of finality.'
o
Repetition
turn lam kat- cuka?
Have you finished working?
turn khana khay cuka?
Hive ym finished eating?
turn form bhat Cuka?
HAve you finished_filling,-'
^
the form?
turn pepar padh duk
Have' you finished' reading
the.paper?
_turn i sakis
dekhelUka?*
°P.
Have you seen this movie?
.
turn alilagayeuka;
2.
Repetition
.
'Have you Apflied?
"
kal hamar ghere khana khaye.
-
ana.
.
Come to eat (and sat)
ft*
loL
at mX place tOmorArow.
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4 "r"..)-a'
4'
4
him ,sekis dekhe jata
I ,am going to see,a
'1
. movie :
.
,
.
.
=
.
u briket khele jata hal
. '''
t
He is, going to play
.
N,,,,,::
t
cricket-V
kel hem log" jhInga pakde
We 'are, going to catch
Jayega.,
rea-wris tomofrow.-M.
=",
4
..*
I
o
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..
-;
#
Lesson 48
'.
-
r
_Goals:
Suffix mwala" -.
Dialogue: -
.
tumarkhet.hei? ,
ka -i se
.
%
on nouns only.
A
.
.
'
.
nahl, khali gennawhlakhgt
hamar hal.
'
No, only the one with,'
/
,
tnga'K'cane in it is mine;.-
v- ),
,
V
.
°
llotemy
.
Are these all your fields?
.
SuffiX "wala" is added' to verbs to form adjectves.t is added to nouns to form desc, iptive'adjectives.
1.
ham sahlrend 'ke belaja
I invited,aif they fr4end.
At
sob 19g ghareleya
All 'the people (every.tidY)
--Yr- *1..
weht.home.
.
.,
,
.
'
sab.buk lao
Bring 411 the boolc4.
sob phel kherab hoy gaya,
.
2.
,
All' the fiuits.spOiled.
Repetition
,
u 4 dhlw la ader hemar,
.
.
That man with a beard is
k4.
my brother.
b'hei -yya h
u katwOo. admi (adken ke
lomasta,407 hal.
That man with a coat is
the childrens.' tehcher,
jutawala dukan .kehoNthei'?
Where is the shoe, shop?
aayammli lerki hamar bahimT
s
,
That girlw!tth the dress,
is my sister.
.5
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e
/'
V
3.
Substitution
4
Instructor: /juta
Class:
.
a.
jutawala duk:an
,A
/ :sadi
r
gos
,kepda
-
buIC
(
I
cl
eir
S.
ti
I
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Lessod 49
40"
Goals:
s`...%
4.
l.: Reflexive pronoun "epe, e.
'
2.
Dialogue:
AcOective "every".
-,
N,
tum apen khet meN kon kon
clj bot'a hat?
What, different things
r
hem her sal (ark
doyou soy in your.fieid?
onna
-
-
Voia'hei
,
1 sow (platpt) only
.
can#Rotes:
If the possessive-:adjective'is
identical with the
main subject of"the sentence, then the reflexive
pronoun is used
e.g.
hem apen bbeiyya ke.leyega
hem epen buk staht dega
*
teLn beg khole.
Drills:
1.,
Repetition
41.
.
Item apen pitaji se puchega.
I wily ask ,my father,;
-
apen ghereiap
-Go to yOur. home.
apen moter layis
,
He broUght his car..,
T apen khet meN kam kere'hei
'Re is working in his'
field%;
hem apen kepda dhota hat
112
I am washing my clothes.
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YA
a/
3.
I
A
,
-_
4-1-
,1
kepetition
hem har sal suwa jata hat
.
,r go to Suva ever3tiyear:
.
.;-
,.
%
,
,,,
.
i-master ji hei hefta ekjem
This teacher gives,
v
to
.-
.
.
deta hei
-eXiaminatfon (test) every
.
hamar meN roj ghat sal karti
week.
,
:he;
.
My matheecleans the house
; every day:,
...
1-
.
4
tl
1
V%00.
t.
1
i
113
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,
Lesson 50
.
'441141s:
'
ive sentences using "ki",
Opt
Suffix
lialegue!
.4,
madad kare hal. ki
tumme ko
Does any body 'help you
,
i
or net?
lite hi'?
haN,. lie
43atbe hamar
,.
,
d.in bher kare Hai
gherw
Yes
m.,
Y.
1,)
.
(1-.
my wife'rks
mg ail
Wit h
1--.:
,I.,
1
e
.75,,
.
The guff ix ."bhar."\added to a
....,
'f-d'
itinvil
N\
---
.-
of fullness..
,*,.-,",.,
,.......7
..
'4
..-
'It :-..
1
an idea
-..,...'.
,. .
....
l' \
u
..-
.
..,._-'
tum.,ayega ki.
neliit":-1-A--\-----'1-
_,.
\!1
a.
-
\
Poled.' 0 r
-PP
-41,...,
_....,
,
ms;k04124
,
boo.k. or
,
tum 'abhT libayega ki der me?
'-tum e
geNv .pcsard aya ki
ou eat\nowil
Did
114e ltfiis
?
own or
not? 4
epetition
2.
ham
t -.bhar padha
pet
heir qthana khao
studieci, all night.
Eat a bellyfilli
belly is full)
I ler a din bher rota hei
gilas. bher panT. 'deo*
.
This boy sieeps all ,ntght.
of
Is
114
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/
_..- +
re
' 3.
Substitution
Instruction:
hamar
.Q1ass:
hamar sathe ao
is ke
'.master'jT ),te'
.
7
us ke
A
ram ke
apan lahe,y4 ke
apan)frend
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,
C
t
S
f.
G ads:
-Me' Passive voice.'
'
Dialogue:
2.
illupkication :(4 interrogative pronoun "ka".
fiji meN ka ka bAa jata hei? 'What-various things are
'\.
sown inFiji?
genna, dhan, dalo,-kela,
_
.
neriyel vegaira
rotes:
sugar cane; rice,'dalo,
bananas, coconut etc.
1.
The passive -voice is not so extensively. used as
,in' English.
It is formed by adding "Jena": to the past
participle of a verb, and both verbs are subject to
the%Kules of gendpx.'
xY
hiyeWeccha kam p:ara jata hei
Drills:
1.
Good work
done here.
Repetition
tum her khatin'ka ka Jaya?
What all did you bring,
qr. me?
tern thehe,r meN ka ka kherrda? ,What all did.you'buy at the.
city?
master ji aj ka ka kam diya.?
-Whit work has the
e cher
given' today?
.\
tum chutt* meN ki ka-16Cra?,
1"
4
What all .did you", do during'
the holiddys?
f
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O
r-
411
Repetition
2.
Tood.iS cooked in this
kamra -meN khapa pakaya
room.
jata hei.
cij amrikvmeN nahr khaya
This thing is not "eaten
jate hai.
in America.
hiyaN accha gos-becs jata
Good' meat is sold here.
b'ei
$
hiyaN sob ctj bahut mehpnga
cfs
,
-
bec-it jata hai
..
.
Everything is sold very
high here.
.C.
-
-et
)
ol
i.
117'
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Lesson 52
,
Goals:
IdiOmatic -use of "ekko"
"i-s liye",
2.
Dialogue:
"for thig reason", ",so",- "bpcause".
liyeN kon kon cij barleys- jets What diffeeat
hei?
.
are made here?
-
1
hiyeN ekko karkhank_nehi,
There is not eirereoode
is '1iye seb cij baher se
factory, here,'. scr.every7-
1ayata hai.G
thing, ties tabe brought
in from outsi
.
-
Vt
Notes:
"ekko-" is equivalent to "even one",.
e.g.
.
.tumar lee ekkp pencil
Do you have even `one
Ilea?
pencil?
,t)
3,3
Drills:
1.
Repetition
..'
tum ekko dafa Buys. Oya?
Nave you been to Suv-a
even o
hiett ekko sakAs gher
-
c
?
There is ire.'(4 evew one
neb4
movie house here ?
i per meN ekko phel nehi
There is not'eyen- ode-
fruit
hemar lege ekko buk nehi
t
is tree:
tree:
0
w.
I do- not have even.--one.
C
"
s'
118
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-t
ro
s.
a,
I
O
2.
Repetition
41
,
ham biMar raha is lige ka
I did not come-yesterday,
,
naht.aya
because I was Mick.
is liyei/tumokal met ana
So you don't-cqme
. r.
.
tomorrow.
hem:tumme is ive
I palled you,for this
bulaga
'raison
ham 1' citthi is liye likba
I. Wrote 'for this reason
4
.this,letter
'
S
'`,
a
.--
...
4
.4
O
,,,p,
119
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0
'4;,.
4
. LESSON -453
4,
GoalS:
1.' Intentional future.*
q).
Dialogue:
,/
tumar"'lele koI janwar
Do you have any animaloT
het?
ebhi.nehl par ham kuch
Not new, but I am going
to'
,t'
,
bail koharidevala hei.
buy some bulls.
.6'
p
Notes:
Suffix "wale on the oblique ford of aAverb
root Indicates-intention.
4
Drills:
.
J. 'kepptitiom
hem kel sheher jayelgaia
I am g,4ng toogo to town
tomorrow.
egle,hefta hamar'
bhaiyya emrika se.
My
rotheris going to come
from America next week.
ayewale heI.
ham apan frend.ke
citthi liktfAmis hag..
'120
I am going to write alelet
to my friend..
/
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'
A
'LESSON 54
(
\
A
Goali:
ProbSbility.
1.
,
2.- "aur koi"
"ar)y.other".
^
Dialogue:, tum afar koi'ianwer nsha
Aren't you going to keep
r
c
palsga?
any .othei animals?
,131tit. kich 'sure layAga-
I might bring some chickens
sada ke liye.
fo r eggs.
0'
.
.Notest
I
"salt" indicates probability.
'might", "probably", etc.
.
,.
other" or Panybody else" or "!any more".
4.,
(-- :7:
Dilils:
1.
,
...
Repetiticin
-aur koi nob! aya?
Didnt anybody else come?
;
tum aur-koi Mem
r
L
koi" means "any
"ali
.
l mein "may",,,
Did you see any more moviesI
.
dekha?
_
.
tum aur koi, desh. %
Did
see any
countries?
.
.
dekha?
.%
4'
.
*.
,
1
-
.
,,
tum aur koi log' ke
:Dfd you invite
.
4
,
my
more people?
.
.,-;-/
belay-07
'
.
.
Z.
.
Repetition
.
'.
.
ej hem gait filem aekhi
3aiegaN
I might go6r a.movie
today.
-
salt keltrifan ayi
There might be a storm
tomorrow*
121
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p.
,
sait bimar hsi
ram sait Aj asejha ke
That person is probably sick.
Ram will probabiy come
this evening.
A
4".
5,
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.2;
tp
LESSON 5.5
Goals:
1.
Drplication of adverb'kebhI"..
i
Dialoguef
hiyaN panl keb biresta
When does it.rain here?
.
:
400
.
barish ke MOSOM meN to
It rains ''a lot during .the
behutberesta hei, per
rainy season, but - sometimes
kabhi kabhi thend
it also rains during winter
aur germ' ke-mcisem
and..s6mmer.
meN bhl beresta
)
Notes;
When .the adverb ,'-'kabhi" is duplicated, the
.
,
0
aeating change: from "ever" to "soiTmes".
'.....
Drill*:
Repetition;
1.
z
__A/yaN
kabhi k abhi behut. Sometimes, it rains a lot
'pant beresta hei,
help kabhi kabht ihoda
I go horse riding somP.
daudaye jets hei
,
hiyaN kabhi kabhi behut 'Really good-movies come
ece114-sakis ata hai
i'admi.kebh1 kabhi
hereA-soie
This man giVei4a4
'meat.
.4
kherA:gos deta hei"
sometimes.
1
o
1 2 .3
4
.
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LESSON 56
-1.. Comparative and superlative.degrees.
-bialogue:
fiji ma sab. se jad
:Where does it rain the most
pani KahiN barasta
in Fiji?
4
hai?
a
rewa jilha meN..,
Notes:
Ip Rewa districts--
There is no special form of superlative
or
comparative.
When two objects are compared, that
-one:tiiith which the comparison is "drawn has
postposition "se an it.
T
the
adjective confirms,
7
to the rule of the ad
e.g.
.
i 'erica se i larka
ThisiP y
lemba hai.
o
,,,taller than
this boy:,
itlarkI
'se u larki
a
This girl is fatter than
moti hai.
that girle*,'
To ApresT the superlative degfee s-universal
comparison is'made by using
with,
the postposition "se".
e.g.
,
i'larka sab se
This boy IS the'smartest
ilusyer hai.
of all.
. hindustanl khana
India
'
food is the hottest
'soli se tItahail.''
.
11777
;114 I
.
3.81)199Wa
.
lea
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r
L
shcA
6
6
'Sometimes, wheh the thing refered to is not.
known to the speaker, the superlative is expressid
by, repeating the adjective and'inserting the
postposition "se" In between.
e.g.
Bring the beat mat'erial..,
accha se accha,
kapda Jana.
-a
Drills:
Repetition
1.
That pene'il is,ldnger'than
pensil se u pensil
this ,pencil.
laba hai
That, house is; taller than
i ghar se u ghar uNca
this house.,
hai,
-Your book is better than
hamar,buk se tumar, buk
ecchI hai
SuVa is bigger than Lath,pka4Y
suwa lataoka se hada
-hai
,.
Repetition
2.
.
to
-
,
.
--
.;.
.
.,
Sab sp uNea
,4k pahar kahaN
,
,
Where is the highest moun-
, ..
,---
,
tain of all?-
hai?
.
u admi sab se motajlei
i
.
.
That man i 'the fattest
of
i am sab se m1tha hai
This-mangg is the sweetest,
.
&
4
of, a11.
3
huaN ka. ngtii7e'sak se
hada hai
'125'
hd coconuts
from
place"
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free onthat
livelingua.com
.
+
.<
,-
.
.f 4:
41,_,,
.
are aweetest'of'alL,
, 4,...
,, ,,,,
' ,:.%
V
3.
Repetition
,
.
,
--
bd'gica meN sundar se
.
There are the most beautiful
sundai phul hai
tumar lege 1SStI se
flowers in the, garden.
:Y.ou hay_e' the mosi- clothes
kapda hai
i-per meN bade se
of all.
This tree bears the biggest
bada phal lege hai
4.
.'
fruit of all.
Substitution
Instructor,:
sundar
Class:
moti
i 'arid sob se
suilder'hei
acchl
hus3iar
leji.
II
,
12&.
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r
410.
LESSON 57
z
Adverb "bar bar"
1.
repeatedly, again arid, again,/
Oft;,n.
Noun -4- hona conjunc,ts.
2.
hij/aN bar.bar tufan
;1.1 )gue:
Do you have storms/eften?
ata hei?.
nebi, par"pichle sal
bade, tufa,
log
No, but last year a big
aya aur
storm came and caused-
e bahut
`a lot of dam4e.
aiksau0hay,
Notes:
Some nouns co'm'bine with auxiliary "hona"
farm' intransitive verbs that have a sort of
to
a
passive or .a middle form tha.r._.indicates that the
act-ion takes place'of itself,
The object of
.-.
these verbs should be followed by the-postposition
"ke".
e.g:,
us ke. ghay bhay
-Drills:
1.
He'ha..e. sore.
Repetition
N
4
turns bar bar kaNheN
tthy.do you come. ag;,in*.
hal?
and. agai,r-,
ham bar bar shehar
Igo to Suva'often.
Yi
jata haj
/
p.
12'
Hosted for free on livelingua.com
4
u 1prka'bdF-bar fail.
hota
u bar bar hotel jata
hai
TAt boy fails again and
again.
That.persom goes to a
-?
hotel often.
Repetition
uske behgt fayda
He made a lot,ofprofi't.'
bhay
.
hamar khet'aeN iLsa1
bahut dhanbhey
My- 'field pioduced a lot
--4-00of
'rice this year .'4'
i larka ke ghv bbaY
This boy has a sore.,
agi se us ke ghar
Hds bouse.was damaged a
r
bahut niksan bhey
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LESSON 58
Goals:
1.
-DiEdogue:
Duplication of ink defi ite pronoun
"koi".
ka amrika meN
poes'it snow in AmeriCa?
girehaiq
-haN,A1Aoi koi jegha
,Yes, it shOws in some
gire'hai.
Notes:
places.
4
When duplicated "koi" means "some".
e.g.
koi koi
Some
angrApi nab/
_
-
e
pople
note speak
English.
L.
bole hai
.Drills:
1.
_
Repetition
koi koi log gos nahl
Some people do.not eat
,
khata hat
"koi, koi kisan sirf
meat.
Solie farmers .plant only
,
ganna bota'hai
sugarcane.
koi koi paltu janwar
Some animal's are tame.
ha$.
koi koi larka padhe
:
ke liye as treliya
Some boys-go,to Australia
1
.
- to learn (to go, to school).
m?
jata hal
C
129
O
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LF.:SON 59
Goals:,
Adverb "tek"%-
1.
V
Dialogue:
emrikd meN keb beref
When does it snow in
gire hei?
America?
t,--
dise^mber se mac epreil
Piom December till
March-401.
talc.
4
Notes:
.11
7)
"tek" really means "till"
"Until".
It
is used like a postposition.'
e.g.
.
4
,
hiyaN 'se huaN tek-
from here till there
neci..2.1366 tek\
till nne'olclock
4
.
9
.,
Drills:
1.,
Repetitio ..
-
,
hiyaNise,hUAN
44,titaT, HOWymsny miles fibmhere
,
,
mT1HheiV---
Man
,
47
" .:
tp.th6ie?,
,ii;
2
1
41
I.
Se7iPntOW-relt
,' 71,
.._.,,_
t
There Is good foid from
.
aOcha-erek 11!1.--:
thenki ke mosem
7
Nandi to LEiutuka..
I
ill stay here till'
.
t k hiyaN rehega
hem sebere se senjha
tek-.kam Aorta 'hei
te r .
I woi
from morning till
nig4.
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,
4./
71)
M
.
Goal:
...LESSON 60
Relative pronoun "Jo".
1,
.
,
4
Dialogue:
Jo admI abh1 gana
na gay
a
.
raha u kon hal.?
Who is the
ow?
an e'(tat san
\
or
I:
Who is-he that sang now?
pieta nail!, ram se
1 do not' know, ask Ram.
4
pucho.
Notes:
A clause introduced by a relative particle
and followed byanother introduced by a corelative
1
.
is a frequent mode-,,f construction.
The corelative
"so" has been,almost entirely replaced by the
jo
demonstratiVe "u".
Verb "pith" is one of the spcial verbs that '
require the postposltion "se" on-their object.
Drills:
1.
Repetition
joadmlJuy raha'
u kon hei?
Who is that man that
"tame yesterday?
hiyaNJo4larki beithi
rehi u behut ecchl
,
The girl that was sitting
here is very nice.
hei.
JD.
tum kel Jo gos'khay,
reharudeMb,rahV
131
The meat yoli ate yesterday
was lamb.
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a
Ar
ham jo j1en se emrika
The plane by which Y went
to America was very big.
geya u\behut beds
ratio
turn jo clj order-kera
When are the things you,
,u keb sy14?
2.
ordered coming?
a
Repetition.
sob log se betay dena-
Tell everybody, (all the
people),
=
Come after you have askid:
pitaji se ptchke ana
.1
.,....
your father.
u hem'se nahi bolta
p4 -
He does not talk to .tee.
.
hei
us se pilch leo
Ask that person..
is admi se 01;1
Buy: fruits from th is tan.
'
'kherldo
4
4:t
,
re
4'
1
4
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D
Yt
'
2.
2----A,
--.---->...__
'.--Goals:
i
SuffiX "wala" on verbs.
1.
..
,
.
I
.
LESSON 61
2.4 Suffii "wale" on adverbs.'
0,
.
Dialogue: ',11iyaN koi angreji
..-
Is'thare a speaker of
bolewala
._
Engllsh here?
huaN bege141a.dUkan
There is a man next
meNek-admi hai, u
--(loot.
He speaks it..
bolts hal.
zn
Notes:
r
Suffix "wale is used ;to form a
tives.
.
Added to oblique Ptim of the verbal root it
indicates the doer of the
e.g.
-
'khet! karewala
Feisple who do4arming /
log
It is added.to adverbs to form adjectives:
nagiccewala gaoN
Drills:
Repetition
1.
,
,
'
..
.
u nacewala kon harp
i
the town near bye,
Who is that dancer?
a
.
.1: hindus,tani bolewala
4.4
.
O
kon kei?
Hindustani?
hiyan,koi gos becewala.
heir
.
.
Is there anybody who
dells meat here?..
hlyaff-gOs khayewali
A
Who id this speaker of
Isn't-there anybody who
,
kbi nahi?
eats,meat hiPt?'
133
.0
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la V
I
2.
Substitution
Instructor:
Class:
nice
nicewalk dukan
Occha hei
p
/
upar
Agicce
bagel
padaus
piche
r
V
1
I.
134
ti
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St
LESSON62
Goals:
1.
"se" indicating mariner.
2.
Adverb "upar" -- "on", "on the' top of",
"over",,"above".
Dialogue:
jor se kaNheN,
Why Is Serla shouting
cillaye
loudly?
us ke buk.ke upar
Theie is a lizard on
bistuiya hai.
Notes:.
her book.
Suffix "se" on adverbs, and certain nouns
'
'indicate manner.
e.g.
ti
acchi se
Y
"uper" is really a postpoisition.
Sometimes
the. locative "par" id syrionymons with- it.
"pet"
is often distorted so it sounds like,"pe".
Drills:,-
Repetition
1.
.
hemarchet ke upar
There is a monkey on my-
ek bander had
roof.
tebil ke uper'dher
There ar e a lot of kooks'
auk hai
.
!)
.
.
-on the table.
.
.
.
-
.
pei) ke uper'n hi'cadho
.
Do not. climb
the tree.
.
,
..
.
.
sofa ke upex god met
,
rakho
,'
...
,
Do not put your feet on
.
.
,...
the "sofa:
.
-*
:135
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..,
I
O
bUk'tebilkeuier hal
The book is on the table.
t
Repetition
2.
r
Sit ontthe chair,
kiirsi .par beitho,
g jemin'per ssota
ham
We sleep on the floor.
4
hai
.,...°/'
hemai khana tebil per
rekho
.*
Do not write on the board.
'bord per mat likho
3.
Keep my food on the table.
Repetiti.on.
Do not talk loUdly.
jorwsi mei.bolo,
*`.7
A
u behur dhlre IRA bole
That perilonspeaks very
Softly.
hal
i kam eccha se keo
Do this work, id a nice Way.
th3k se likho
Write properly.
u.lerka behutior se
That boy runs very fast.
dauaehei
ti
Ir
7
11'
,..
-43 6
t.
J
V
;
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set
O
..r
LESSON 63
Goals:
1. .Duplication of adjectives.
Dialogue:
u myuziyam kg bh1tar
What ,i,s inside that museum?
ka hai?
behut purana puran:a
There are very old things
clj hai.
Notts:
in it.
Duplication of adjectives convert; intensity,
f
4
Sometimes the duplication may be 'done by usinva
,J,
synonym of the ,adjectiie.
Drills:
Repetition
I.
fah
r
*,1164,.
neva nava -kapla
Very nice clitthes.
.
41k
o
fat
Gotha Gotha c11
Very nice things.
bala bade biiding
Really big building's.
mitha mitha phal
Very sweet fruit.
khaiab kharab kam
Veiy,bad deeds.-
sunder sunder
Very be.aUtiful flowers.
2.
RapetitiFin
saf suthrakhar
Very clean house.
mails kuceli kapda
Very dirty clothes.
.
hers bhara khet
yary:Imeen
-sera gala phal
Really rotten fruit.
.437
0
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t
0.0
LES3ON 6
Goals:
1.
Optative "nehi to" -- or, else, otherwise,
lest.
,
Dialogue:
alai j alai
j
celo nahi
walk last otherwisi- we
to der/ hoy jab;
-AP
will*e late.
tum jap ham bad moN
ay'ga.
Notes:
You go',
I will come
later.
.
Postposition "bad" iS equivalent to "steer".
440
When "meN" is,added to it, it is used as "later".
Drills:
1.
Substitution
Instructor:
deAri
Class:
jeldi kercnehI
to derl hoy jai
sakis shuru'
m.
.
T..
dukan bend
ramain beltha
V
khana .kletem2.
Repetition
apen buk pedho nehi
_ted your book otherwiie
to master jI daNtega
stedi keno nphI to turn
the teacher will scold.
Study or you will fail!
fell ho. jayega
io nehi to tum
-mota ho jayega
.
Play a lot or you will get
fat.
.
.
1
.1
1' 8
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4
bat mot kero Aphi_to
master jI gussa Joy
-Do 'not talk or tle teacher
will get angry.
jal
3.
RePetition
ebhl neht badmeN ana
em khana kkay ke bad
meN ayega
ram bad meN ayewala
Not now, come later.
I will come after I
eaten.
,Ram is going to come later.
hei
hem aj bad meN khans-
r_will'eat later today.
kh&yega
C
.139
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.
LESSON 65
-1*
Dialogue:
1.
"Relatitt "jab" and corelative u.tab"-
2.
Verb + padna conSuqcts.*
jab mastar ji gussa
What did Sita do when
'bbay tab Alta ka
the,teacher got angry.
karist
u roy pad!.
She burst out crying.
. V
Notes:.
Verb + p dna conjuncts are not'ascdten used
as some'of,the other conjuncts.
"padna" gives an
-idea of suddenness.
Drills:
1.
Repetition
jab ham aya tab hiyaN
-
When I came there was
/
koi nahi -c4f:P
A
.
:
jab u amrika gaga tab
.'
When that person went to
erodrom per hahut
America, a lot of"people
log araha
came to the airpo
jab ham maket jayega,
4
nobody here at that time.
tab tumme sathe laye
When_I 'go to the market,
I will take'you with me.
.
jayega
jab badal ghirtA hai
1 tab pan/ ati hai
It rains when the clouds
gather.
s°
140
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2.
Ropetition
mejak Bunker ram haNs
Ram laughed when he'heard
the joke.
pe.Aa
.
r)
hom kel sir pada
I fell down yesterday!
bas chut pada
The bus started.
phir u aurat cillay
Then the woman burst out
pedia,
ham huaN se cal peda
shoiting.
walked out of that place.
.
VD-
141
yt
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ws
.4
LESSON
Goals:
1.
Verb + pant: conjuncts.
Dialogue: tum ka1 apen,frend
id you see your friend
se miia?
yesterd
nehi mil paya
a
I could not se
him because
kahis ki u bimar
he was sick.4 (I didn't
reha.,
get to see him.)
Al...4)
Notes:
"pana" added to a verb convey,s.ability.
means "to get".
Drills:
1.
Repetition
"pane
.4
'
hem u sakis.nOli
I could not see. that
dekh pays
movie.
hem kel rat nehi soy
I did not get to sleep
pays
'las't night.
hem per per nehi cedh
I did..nqt get to climb on
i
'paya
A
the tree.
'..
,
ram i kam nehi ker
Ram will not be able,to
4
..payega
do.this job.
hem rin4mehIna se
have not been able to,
0;khar nehi
"
ead the Fiji newspaper
-
ped ll paya
since three months.
4)
A42
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LESSON 67
7
Goals:
1.
Another way of using infinitt.res.
Dialimuetum JhUtkaNheN'bola?
Why did yqu tell a lie?
L
kebf
When?
.
.
.
,
kel, jh-dt bolna kherab
Yesterday, lying is a
bat hei.
Notes:
bad thing.
The itifinitive may take. a direct object as
above.
The infinitive is uninflected in these
constructions.
t
Drills:
1.
Repetition
cor1kerna p'ap-hei
Stealing is a.pin.'
behut sakis dekhna
It is a bad, thing to see
kherab bat hei
a lot of movies.
I
apan pita J1 ke meded
.4
It is good to help o'ne's
kerns accha bit hei
j but .bolna pap hei
buddha
fathei.
i
-ke ,ijjet
kerne ecchs bat hei
.
,
Lying is a- sin.,
It is good to respect old
peOple.
40'
143
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LESSON. 68
O
)4s:
t
Still another use of infinitive:
1.
.0'1
Dialoguec:
hem eftwa jai?
Can I go ,to Suva?
tumm'e'lana hei to jao.
Go if you want-to4
I
a.
Notes:
.
/
Infinitive can also be used to express
intention or.iecessity.
It should be preceded
by the oblique form of the pronoun, or if a
noun is used as sublect it should be followed by
the liostposition "ke".
,Drills:
.1.
Repetition
#
will not crime tomorrow
hem kel nehi ayega
kehis
hemme stieher
as I, have to go to town.
Jana hei
hemme ebhl kern kerns
hei 'turn der! meN
.
I have to do some work"now,
coati' later.
ana
hem log ke'
ekj4
ke
liye pedhna'hei
-
use khans khaye'ke
liye Jana hei
2.
4..
'We have to study for the
lexamination.
That person has to go to
eat.
,
Substitut.ion
74
Instructor:
likh
Class:
tumme likhna hei
, to
14 4
likho
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to
LESSON 69
1.Idiomatic use of, "paked,lena".
Goals:*
4
Dialogue:
Where were you all thape
tum itna din kahaN
raha?
days?
s r have caught a cold.
hemme jukam pelted
Ills.
o
"paked. lane lea transitive,verb meaning
Notei-t.
'"to catch".
In Hindustani the person doesnot
catch ajdisease, it is the disease that catches
c't
a person.
A
Another
o
way oF sayinv4I have influenza" 'is:0
/
Q
"hamme,influenja hay gay:, Litez.ally translated:
) r
Fr.
'"Influenza- has160pinad
II
°
6,
Drills:
1.
Substitution.
Instrudtor:
jukam
,
o
4
.41
a
9
Class:
4
lamiltoluk
#ekedl,.
1.1re
bimarl
tifoid
"Ne
maler_iya
influenjA
2.. Substitution
Instructor:
Class:
us ke inflilenja
hoy gay,
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A
4$
Siam
krisna
usha
ashy
()hanker
turn'
6i;
flo
4
a.
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'
4
IL
4
.LESSON 70
Goals:
Dialogue;
1.
Duplication, of participles.
2.
Velrb + legna conjuncts.
turn kam'kerte kekte
Wily' did you stop while
4
I
kaNheN ruk geya?
working?
hemar pet piray lega.
Notes:
My stomach started aching"
Platiciples are duplicated to convey an idea
'of distribution over time.
Tlt
participles should
be in oblique.
"ligna" is an inin'sitive verb meaning "to
attach itself to" and "to begin".
With the fitter
;!*
there is no difficulty in construction.
I
e.g.
kam kerne legs
: He started to work.
When combined with another verb it forms a
.
-conjunct that giveS an idea of commencement (as
'above).
'
,
Drills:
Repetition
1.
shenker pedhte pedhte
'soy gey
Shenker fell asleep while
.'
u rote rote haNs dais
reading.
That person-faughedout
while crying.
01,
,
148
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O
.
L
hem kam k4te kerte
4'
thek geia
I an'-tired working.,
.
u calte calte Alt gaga
He stopped while walking.
u lerkl gate gate
That girl sings while
pekatI hei
2.
cooking.
Substitution.
InstOttor;
haNs
Class:
jitendre haNse
lega %
kha
nac
.bol
0
c e-1
01,
149
i
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LESSON 71
.
.
Goals:
Dialogue:
1.
Indirect speech.
2.
Adverb IN"kaNhr".
tum dAtar ke ege
.
.
-
Did you go to the
gaga ki'nahn
or not?
At
-gaya raha, u bolls ki
I had gone, he said, not to
kaNhi nahI Jana.
Notes:
o. anywhere.
There is not too. much differpnce
in.direskand
indirect speech in Hiddustani.
When converting
direct speech into the indirect form, the comma and
the inverted commas are removed and article
"ki"
(that) inserted.
e.g.
v.
,244
u
"ham lata hpi"
u bola ki ham Jata.hal..
Drills:
-1.
SubstitutiOn
Ihstructor:
ghere. Jac,.
Class:
u bolls ki ghere
Jao
Harem khans`' ttbao
a
i davai pio
O
-
daktar sui legais
heti
ghare Jayke.soy
.2
o'
goll khao.
at,
150'
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4
4.
.41
11-2-
Repetition
2.
.
.hem*thehut din se keNhl,
.
I have°not-gone anywhere
.
'nehi gays
since a long time.
-
f
,
turn kal keNhi mat Jana
Do not go anywhere tomorrow.
u keNhisnehl jatl hei
She ddes not go anywhere.'
u admi apan ladkan ke
`That man does not send his
keNhi nehI bheje hei.
children anywhere.
4
a
:
%.2..
1
I
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if
4
)
LESSON 72
1
tioal s:
1.
Interrogative pronoun "kis".
4
2." rostpoeiEion "bare meN".
#1,1 II k
,
laLNi
turn kis ke bareimeN bat
e
Dialogue:
Whom are you talking about?
kart'a hai?
rejendra.
kal motan se
Rajendra.
uske dhakka lag gay.
N
Notes :
He'go't hit byfa
.
'car yesterday.
40
The/p?Npoun'"kis" always
has one of the foal .w- ,
Cr
ing postpositions on it.
'
.
4
'
,
.
-....._
'''
When it has "ke" following it, it either
means
"whose" or "whom".t
e . g,. 1
...*
i jiita kis ke pai?
,
tum,
k/s ke bUlaya?
Whose shoes are these?
I
'Whom have You tnvl.ted?'
With the po.stposition "se" on it,'
t\le
I
1
meaning.
changes to "to whom" or "whom".
tuM;kis se pi-mile?
Whom d,id you' ask?
<q.
When it is YolloWed beliye" it is equivalent
to "why", Cr "for what reason".
e.g.
,
tUM-kal kistkiye
nahi aye?
.
Whj,,aid you no't come
yesterday?
bare mei." is equitalkent_tc4Ine04tection
.
owith" o
"about".
..152
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51.
0
...
Drills:
..
.
SubstitU,tion
1.
f
..,
.
s
itna
Instructor:
---
Class:
.hem me germs ke
\-
aiaika
bore meN k-uch, 1
i a4mi
bOttao.
e
r.
t.
.1.
khe t
1,
fiji
'2. ."Repetition
4'
Who dies thatibig
u bare gher kis ke'hei?
belong to?
,
,
,
,tum kel kis ke sikhaya?
houses
'
Wom_did you teach yesterday?
t,
.
;.7
Whose. umbrella is this?
i chant kis ke heft
#
i
.
-Whom' did you bring 'to your
tum kel kis ke apart
I
' hou,se yesterday?
gher6 laya raha?
3. 'Substitution
ppcn
Instructor:
'
,Class:
t,!.1..4 kis se Pildhke.
aya rehe?
bol
b4ti
4.%
keh
Aiephtttion
4.
\
.
--7''
.
,.
'.
.
tum eisen'Itam kis-liye ,'What did you do a thing
like this for?-
kera?
.
41
e
..
Why 'do not wear shdes?
tum jrita kis.11.ye 0111
E
"---
pelvic) hell
''.
.
.
tura kis liye itna udae
ha l.?
414''
What are' you sok Ed for?
,
.
.
...
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:0
.
re.
....,
153
...-_
O
LESSON 73
.,
Goals:
Dupliidt,ion by means of a rhyming word.
1.4
Dialogue:
1,
___
-A*
rajendre ke cot wot to
. Did aajandr. gets hurt?'
'nahI lagaa
i ramesh bole hai ki us
Ramesh here says lhat'he
ke,god tilt gay.
broke a leg.
Notes:
Duplication is also done by adding a';hyming
jingling word without meaning.
TEe word is formed
by substituting 'le for the'init,ial letter of the,
noun.
`This sqrt of duplicatioU is fairly. common with
nouns and is, used in.:aComparatively-lees degree.
with adjectives, verbs, ildvarbs and conjunctive
participles.
Drills:
1.
Repetition
bath with dhoy leo
i adml kuch kam wam
Wash, you r hands...
.
This man 'does' not do any
nahl.:kre-hai
work.
Jae wuta utarke.ghar
Take .ypur shoes off-before^
.
met do."
coming into the house.,
. god wod dhoy ke ander
Wash your feet Wore
4
do.
coming in.
-1-54'
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VA
e'
,t
4,
k-f
ilk,
¢...
.
,_
r
'."-''.
:..0
n
4
2.
Repetition
kherab werab gos met
Do not give bad meat.
dena
thencla tanda pani leye
Bring cold water
ao.
kuch gerem warem ca
Don't you have any!hot tea?
nehl hal.?
3.
Repetition
.tumar kedken 'pedhe
Your children do not study.
wedhe nahi hai'
rat meN behut ghumo
.
Do)1 itlyalk airoun
night.
wumo .nehl
us ke khatin rukna
Don't wait for that person:
wukna nehIk
hueN jayke rona wona
Don't cry after-going there,
nehL
.t1,1
%a,
.
15 5
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.
1
7
AJESSON 74
..414
Goals:
Dialogue:
1..
Verb + kerna conjudCts.,
2.
Adverb "always".
.i admr roj kaNheN dauda
Why does this man run every
kare hai?
day?
u's ke doktar bolts ki
His doctor said that he
/
;
should always run mortal
sanjsbaike
dauda= kato
-
and evening.
.
.
:Notes:
_
-
tum,fiardam sabere'aur.
..4)_...
.
'
A.,-,
This Conjunct of verb and karna indlicates a
&
.
.
habit or an every day happeding.,
.
.
Here are a fiw
,
rules for, formation of the principals verb.
,
Verb roots ending in consonants should have.,
-a 'added to.theM; and verb roots ending
-o
ounds,cif -a,.-e, -i and i
to
e
.
vowel
should have -ya added ,e
.
/i.g.
i ladke- b'ehut
.
81,
This boy, Studies i lot,.
padha kare hai
itna
.Don't eat so muchtanarind,.
kh.dS'a karo
art
admi hamar'ghare -This man,gives (borings,)
hal1
dudh diya kare
i adml babut piya
milk to our place.
This man drinks figpt.
kaTe hal,
156
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,
11r4
din bher met soya
-
Don't sleep all day.
kero.
(
To change_the tense into past tense past habitual
construction should 'be used.
e.g.
admi-pehle behut piya keret reha.
Drifls:
4. --Substitution
led-
Instrtictor:
-
Class:
aure/herdem
lade kare hei.
so
I
i
q, ft,
,t
0
I
peke
heNs
2.
Repetition
Be going to schOol everyday.
-rtij skul jaya kero
t
herdem sec bola 'kero
Be telling the truth always.
'socsemejhke bola kerb,
Be thinking and then speak-
a
-idan g
behut daru nehl piya
Do not drink ti) much.
P
kart,.
157
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°
2%.
LESSON. 7-5.
Goals:
Dialogue:
1.
,Special verb "mangna".
2.
Special verb 'dens".
rameh saliis Jaye mange
Ramesh wants to go for a
movie.
to us) ke Jaye deo.
Noces:
Then let him go.
;
%:ingna" is a special verb like
"cabna", almost
identical in x meaning.
The verb- "mangna" takes a,
verb ad'.its direct object, which may'be
in oblique
infinitive form' or in the following form.
f,
The later
(
form is used more-often.
The verb roots ending A conson#nes have -e
to
added to them and the verb roots ending in
vowels
have -ye added to ,them._ Except for -ei in which
case -iye should be added.
t.
e.g.
ham accha
O
want to'hear a good song.
sune mangit hai.
i apan freed ke
ghor4 Jaye mange
$e wants to bring his friend
home.
hei.
tum daapiye
Do you want to drink?
mango?.
"dena" is also a s ecial, verb t"meaning'"to
or "to-Jet":
When it ta ekas its indirect object.
1.5 8
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1
the infledted infinitive of another verb, or the
form described above,,it signifies "to allow".
e.
hammg soye deo
sambhu ke aye deo
',Let me sleep.
L.et Sambhu come.
The direct object should be in inflected form,
if a pron6'un is used and nouns should have the post -i
position 'eke" qn them.
"us ke" and "
ke" may be
/substituted for "ise" and 'use" respectively.
6
Drills:
1.
Substitution
Instructor:
hem gana.gdne
gana sune
ghere jayel
a
mangit'hei.
khana khaye
ca piye
neva kepda kheride
soye
2.
/
Transformation
Transform the sentences in drill 1 by substi-,
tut-rig "tum", 3 and "u" in place of "hem" and
changing the verb form to suit.3.
4
Substitution
Instructor:
bo'l
Class:
use bole deo.
a
I.
mar
159
So
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kha-.
beitb
kam kei
("Jaye deo': is idiomatically used as "Lgt
or "Don't
other about it ").
ri
r
.
41,
c.
160
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A
a
4
LESSON 76
Goats:,
-Veib + rehna conjuncts.
.
er ,-Dialogue:
,-
tut lel -rang, kg motor
What did your filchdr say
-
,
_
kherida to tumar
When 'yoh bought a red
pitaji ka,boaisi
colored car?
u dui ghenta tek'
He kept scolding me fo'r
bigedta .reha.
-two hours.
' ,
O
`,.;*
.
Notes:
The verb "r hna"-means
4IA
:
co iiiitain" or "to
,-
stay".
4
,.
6
viik2
A sense 'of ,continuity is-expressed by the
combination of perfect tense of "rehna" and the.
/
present, participle of the main verb.
e.g.
ham log kam kerta
We kept working.
reha.
Dxill s:
1.
Substitution
Instructor:
_
%o
. s
Crass:.
kha
kelhem din bher
rota reha.
bat rcei
heNs
"1
1'0
,peka
kam ker
_
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-2,1.
Repetition
samundar n4la rang ke
Ilk ocean is
, co:tore:.
hai
kuch phul lal rang ke
Some flowers, are
1
hai
hamar 14pda ujar hai
My clothes are white.
us ke chata keriya hai
His umbrellg is ;bXack.
r
`sham hariyar rang. ke'
r bought a green sari;
sadi khakida.
Un
...-
ham e baijanira
411
r
I don't like purp.le color.
p1 sandnahl
orenj rang ke ka
a lao
Bring orange colored cloth.
0
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A
,t
LESSON 77
a.
r
Goals:
Re.letive
Dialogue:
---"---and correlative "wise ".
tumme skul kp taste
pata 1191?
Do you know the way
school?
p
nahi.
,No.
td phir hem jaise
Then go.as I tell you to.
batata weise jao.
Notes:
The-pronominal adjectives "jaiia" and "watsa"
are used in their inflected.fokms as adverbs.
They
are very rarely used in their uninflected forms in
Fiji.
4
1.
Repetition
.
jeise,batia weise karo
.-
Do as told.
.
:
.
jaisebsikhaya waise
0
Tell as you were taught.
4,
/----'. \'
.
boa na.
(%
.
jaise dekhi weise batao
Aalse aya waise jao
Tell as you saw.
-Go as you came:
o
.
4
,
0
4
o
0
A
a
/
163
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.1
LESSON 78
Coale:
1., Another way of using spekial verb "cahna'".
Dialogue:
tumA 1.tna sakis
nahr
i
al
L
You should not see 'so many
sr
dekhek cahr.
movie;
s
.
>kaNheN?
Why?
,
.
turner aNkhr kharab hay
YOur eyed will get bs.d..)
.
.
. jai.
,
Notes:
%
,
A-
'cahr", "it is nece'esary", "ond ought to", is
0
--anjmpersonal form derived from "cahna ". It is used'
A*
.
\"'"
with verbs more frequ
tly thanwith nouns,
1
It can-
,
be used as singular or plural and in any tense.
The
iie--
,interpretation
depends on theicontlat.
here is a special-JO6m of verb that go.es i441
1
"cahi ".
-
r
Verb roots ending !in -b, -e, and -o haVd
.
.
-ewek added to thOM; and'vd.rb roots ending in.-10
'4
0
.
9
,-
.
,have'-.-.yek added to them.
i
e.g.
1
tumme i kam karek
0.,
4t
o
You ought to'cio.this work.
a
cahi
/
tumme kallawek
You have to come tomorrow.
4,0
N
°
cahi
hamme rgel, ke i,,buk
-I ought"' to grite'this book
-
-dewek foahi
use abh1 sowek
to Rgae.
He ought to sleep now.
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o
,1
/
'
6
fih
0
The subject, if it`'Is a pronoun should
in-
,
inf1ated form,all& postpOsition "ke" shoulkbe
t
a,
added, to the noun's,
e:
7-/
/
a
Substitution
1.
-4,
Instructor:
Class:
Fool
,
tumme bolek cala"."
-
kha
ga
so
psdh
de
0
.
-
e*-
a
O
-
a
0
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Gbals:
Special verb "patina".
1.
--.
.
.
Dialegue:
1
ham padhe nab' mang:
I don't want 't01 study.
.
.
Hai.
u to.tumar,kam hei,
That is your dur i, you
tumme padhek-pedl.
have to s udy.
?
Notes:
"padna" is another
'11)
like "cah a ".
.
"pads"
is the impersonal formoAdrived from it,,that
presses necessity br compulsion.
The verb foi
direct object
for the ,verb used as the in-
identical With the verb form for
;
.
"cahT":
Drills:
1.
.Repetition
tumute hamar pat
meN,
You have to come 'for my
awek padi.
party.
-tumme hamar bit sunek
You have to Listen to what'
.
pedi
,
,-,
I say.
A
r
I had to sel.), the cat-:
"'/
hemme moter becek pea
_
-
use kel dokter ke lege
He W
have et lio to tW'
,:
jagek pea
doctor tomorrow.
(
7
Illimc
hemme kel dui mil celek
pedi
:
I had to walk two miles,
N
.,/
yesterday;
J
ushe ke bihan jeldl
,
.
,
Usla will have to come
16-
'115
awek pedl
i
-
'early tomorraw.
,
166.
,'"
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,.
LESSON 'BO
A
4
Goals:
1.
Dialogue:
turn kal j is ke ghere
Relative "jis" and'coirelativ
pus".
.
What is the name of the
geya reha us ke nam
persomg.
ka hell?
visited yeqterday?
shenke'i.-,u nate me
Shenker,.
homer bhal lege hal!.
Notes:
"jis"., and
house you
Re ;is distantly
related to ,me .as brother,
"us4lare the inflected forms of "jo"
and "u" respectively.
Both of them- always have
a
postposition on them.
In the Indian communi
garded as "brother!:.and
lut ifthe.relation
i
boy cousin is re-
giri cousin'as "Oster'.
distant, ''nate,meN" is used
which signifies that the person is. 4 . distant relatict,
Drills:
1.
Repetition
jis ke c1ij hei us ke
lauta deo.
Return the.gting.to the
person it belongs toil
jis ke pichle)lefia
Don't invite,, the person(
bulaya us ke phir
you invited last-weelt.
met bulana.
hate jis dokter ke lege
:A
geya,reha us ke lege
1
Never go to Itlie doctor .1
went .to.
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tbt;°(''
N..
;
.
duke1.4)1s :dm!' ke,
hai u
The man wino owns this shop
ke lege behut
-.
.
has-a lbiOf.money.
`paisa
-Sisbstitiltion
Instructor:
kaka
o.,
Clase:
bahini
1'
u nate meN hamar
kaka lege hei.
mama
phua
to
mausi
^
t
168
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LESSON 81
t
Two postpositions occurring together.
Goals:
1.
Dialogue:
u abhi per pe se gir
Who is the person .that dust
fell off the tree?
.pada u kon hal.?
Of all of
Sambhu's son.
'sambhu-ke larka.
sambhu kf sab larkan
(among. all of) Sambhu's
'children this%oy turned
meN se sirf
out to be very naughty..
bahut badmas nikla.
The postpositions 'par se" -- "off" and "meN "
Notes:
1
4.,
q
se"-- "among" occur very freuently..
These are
almost' the only times when two postpositions occur
together.
Repetition
1.
04
per pe le am gir ppda
A mango fell of
ghat pe se admi gir
A. man fell dff the roof.
tree.
Pada
mijdur sidhi par se gir 4 The laborer fell off-the.
ladder.
1p4da
tebil par me hotel gir
Bottle fell offthe table,,
r.
gel'..
4,
.
2:
RepetitiOn
,
.,
A.
..... .-
i
NOt one coconut is good
db neiryal meN se
ekko accha nahi nikla
169
among all of these.
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X
v
(6. I- :7e
i
sob khet meN se'sirf
Among all these fields
ek khet hara-bhara hai.
i sal)* ped meN se sirf
dui per meN phal hai.
only one is green.'
Among all of thege'trees
only two trees have
fruit on them.
sob hotel meN se bombe
loj oecha hai.
Among all these hotels
Bombay lodge is the best.
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.-t
LESSON82
Goals:
Relative vjahae, and correlative "huaN ".
1.
2. Another way of expressing "lots of ".'
Dialogue:
hawai kaisan des hei?
Whit kind of a, place is
Hawaii
hawai meN jahaN jao
There are lots 'flowers
q.
any plact you go in
huaN
Hawaii.
The vowel "e" is inserted between nouns. to
. Notes:
a
corivey an. idea of abundance.
e.g.
-
4
lots of fruits
phalephall
Relative "jahaN" and correlative ".huaN" Are
:,
1
,
%
"any place! or- "every place":-.
used td, Convey
,
Drills:
4
1.'- repetition
jahaN bahut panl barie
_What grows -best wbere.there
4
:rains a loOt
hai huaN sab se accha
ka uge hei?
jahaN samuncler hei huaN.Wherever'there is An'ocean,
.
.
.
machll behift .seata bike
fish is sold very cheap._
hei.
.
turn jahaN se buk liya
Put the book where you took
4
it from.
huaN rakho
1 71
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r
4.
1
jahai krisna rahat raha
heaN ek newa ghar
!
There is going to be a new
house where Kri
.
..
benewala
used'
-i,
4
to live.
e'
.
)
lepetition
2.
"4
;
karWala pat]: meN
There was lots of liquor
baruedaro
in yesterday's party.
buca,'meN gosegos hai
There is ;lets of mea
in
the butcher shop.
1
maket meN apuleapul fiai
,
There axe lots apples in
.
4-
the market.
1
4
-
.
F
4.
4,
172
F/9
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O
I,EON 8,1
4.
Goals:
1.. Duplication of cardinal numbers.
Dialofue:
tum larkan ke kitna
How much money, did you_
paisa diya?.
, give to the .children?
sob ke'sk ek siting
I gave a shilltng each.
diya.
Notes
The cardinal is repeated tdrexpeesp,.eitl.'
0
the distributives:
)
o
u log ke pas tin. tin siting- ha'i
or to express "at a time".
e.g.
ek 51tk admi ,ke 'a:War bhejo
0,-
.
Drills:
1.
Repetition,
sat ke rage tin tin buk
hai
Everybody has three book::
each.,
1
ham 1pg ...ke pas ek/ ek
Wg haVe got one umbrella
.chafa hai
each
"ow
-sab ke car c47r,ana deo
Give everybody four ann,-14,.
.
each.
4w.!
2.
Sub/stitution
Instructor: '. dahejo.
-
ekek admi-ICe bhejc
bulao
..
,
.,
.
.
:
, .
:
lao
,,batao.
0
/
17 3
m
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,,
4
,t
LE SOIT 84
:0
Goals:
'1.
Dialogue:
Causal verbs.
tum itna° a ;1heN heNso
Why are you laughing so
hei?
much?,
krisna hamile behut
Krisnais making me laugh
heNsaye. hei.
Nptes:
a iot.
Many verbs besides having an intransitive
,)
form'and a transitive form.,also havea_____teausal"
form which is indicated by the medial "wa".
e.g.
Transitive
Intrenaitive
Causal'
banna
banana
benwana
joitna
pitna
p-itwana.
kliulna
Drills:
1.
kholna
khulwina
leepetition
lerkan ke gowayldeo
Put the children to'
bheiyya, ke kfiatIn ca
Send for tea for brother;
mengwao
4)
'44
'. alien behinl ke nehi
_
Don't make your sister.
--.--
rowan
.,..
cry."
4
us ke kahanLkahwao /"
ham .newa kapda
I
,
M ke 111m ten' a story..
---,,,
'1
....-
'; benwayega
11 get. new clothes
m de.
.
174 '
--- .-4,
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le
LESSON 85
oafs
Necessity.
I.
Di." 'rue:
i,emme salt paisa ud'har
Jena paUl.
I might have to borrows
some money.
-kaNteN?
Why .%
hamme paisa ke jarurat
I need, the money very
much.:
.
Notes:
"To need something ". is expressed as "I have
the need of---".
Drills:
Repeti4on
I.
hamme kapda ke' jarurat AI need-clothes.
hai
L
.
ca meN olni key jdrurat
The tea needs sugar.
hai
alsha ke paisa ke
Asha needs money,
-jerurA hal
tum" log, ke Jae ke
You -(pSUral) need shoes.-.-
jartiftt hai.
v.
tt
I
1: :5
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.
r.
a
LESSON' 87
Al
111111010.c.
Goals!
Prepositional "without".
'1.
2.
Dialogue:
Sp.pcial verb "milna".
hamme aj hahut al; mile. -
I SO-Lind
(got) a lot of
mangoes today.
bina nehi khana.
Do, nov eat withoutswashing
them.,t,
Used .with an-Snd.irect object, verb "milna"
Notes:
means "to get'.
aj home log ke bahut m;i01-1 mfla.
With "se" it means "to meet".
e.g.
kel ham ek behut accha larkT se mile gey'reha.
The prepositional "without" -4"bina" follows
the verb.
-ye should be added to -the verbal roots
ending in -a,
and -o.
--:''i
-e should be added to the
verbal roots enriing in .consonants and '.1ye to the
_roots ending in -e.
"*.
Substitutior.
Drills:
.
.
elass
Instructor
......
hamme buk
'bark
176
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o
4
poc
gher
accha mark
jhinga
taja tarkarY
2.
Repetition
ham se bataye bina jiabi
jana.
Don't go without letting
me know.
trim ghare puche bina
aya?
Did you cope without
askIdg at home?,
itna homwok kare
bina nahi ana.
Don't cometomorro0 with-outAning tills much
home-voilk.
fTs liye bina neht ana.
'Don't come without
.
bringing the fee.
-aj khana khaye bina mat
Jana.
-
Don't go-today without
.
),
soca bina mgt bolna.-
eating.
Don't-, speak withoutthinking.
1 '7 7
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a
4
O
LESSON 0
14-
I'
Goals:
1.
Inflection of cardinal numbers.
Prepositional -1.1 stead of" and "together".
,
Dialogue:
tum &Una milke dui dingy
You two hate been working
se 'scam, kao hai, ptlir
I
together since two days;
f
.
be ka khatam noh-fi
haven'
you still
1
i
bhay?
finished it?
.
,,
r
raja kdM,kare k' jeghia
4
,i
.
Raja wanders around in
-,
i
1
sgh-timthai.
'
.
stead of` working.
'1
1
1
Notes:
i
-oshould he added foi- the inflection of
1
cardinal numbers.
,
1
°
1
,
indicit4 tdtality
e.g.
When' inflected, cardinal numbers
a
.
.
Y
i
-
.,..
1
i
i
1
c-at.oN -laraf
.-.."-.
Thle
-
all four sides3
r
conjunctive,paiticiple "milker" also means
i
togethi
4,
.1
.
.
,
brills:
p
J.
4
Repetition
sab logitmilke bolo.
Everybody say togetheZ.
i caroNilarka;milke
Thkese. four bc-,,s together
,
behutibadmail, kdre
create a lot oof mischief.
-----?'
hal,.
0'
--.e,
4
yinp lalptanbO)9:ie.
re4yke).pad;ho:
jeld'all tbreechildryW
_
1
.
to-go and study.
4
178
Anmwoommeirp%oper
t.
.
4 t"
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cet
1/4
We
a
All. four of 148 'daughters
us ke caroN larki log"
are very beautiful.
bahut stindr hai.
J
Repetition
2.
,
Why don't you work in
um soye ke jegha kam
stead of slee?ing?
kaNheri- nahl ''karta?-
Give lamb in stead of
murgl ke legha lemb
.
.
,
chicken.
-:daye deo.
,
_
.
,
tum jiitA ke jegha flip
-Veer_ sandals n stead, of
_
,
7' '
\
s
flop pehno;
t
"
ham log alu ke jegha
bhat khata hoi.
shoes.
-
-
We eat ,rice in stead of
.potat6es.
'
'et
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O
_ .or
9
LESSON -g9
I
C
Goals:
Duplication of afidefinite pronouns with "na"
in between.
Notes:
°"koi na Icoi" is used es."s
007 or other".
na kuch" Die4ns "something or other"..
And "kabhi nekizBhi" means "sometime or other*.
0
1.
Repetition
ri.ko k
i
na koi
*
Wait here somebody. or
to,av-rts
41
othe.r will come.
4
koi- na koi ice ci
mexet
Somrbody or other will.
jayek pad T.
have
have to go to the market
,
toda-y.
ham soci-t bai ki koi
..J-think that sowbodyor
.
2.
na koi al hamar ghare
other,wili cope to my
ayi.
house today.
Re eeitien
hamMe uske khatin kuch
na kuch .to kh...)rldek
path
4
1
will Wave to buy
144
s ome-
thing or- other for that
per. son .,
tumme shehor nee' kuch
na kuch kam mil jay(!ga.
senkar.kuc4 na kuch
.
.
You will find some job
or other in .town.'
,Sank'ar is sure to forlet
-
cij jarut
one thing or 'other-.
180
C
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4
O
Iteetition
3.
)
,
%
.
*everybody has to die one
seb fte kabhi na kabiii , to
..
.
t
-:-
-,
.
time or another.
manna hyli .
\'...
.
Take me 'along with you
1:.:)-ohl na- kebhl. homing
0
'
.
!hi. aeon 'lathe` le j'ao ..
l
r,
.
kal-h'T na kahhi
t,
s'-&aim
some * t:i T e.
..Cov.,
IL
'
of o t 11 .-: 1; .
on tide sore
t
or
-c,.c
,A
....%
por aya k ro &
other :
-
'
tr.
a.
do
"ID
O
q
di
R.
,
c
N
.181
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r
r-