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Beethoven’s ‘Piano Sonata No. 8 in C minor, Pathetique, Mvt I’ Name _____________________________________ The Classical Period (1750 – 1820) Living from 1770 to 1827, Beethoven lived through what is known as the Classical period and the Romantic Period. The Classical period roughly lasted from 1750 to 1820 and it is one of the shortest musical periods in history. Like Baroque music (Bach – Brandenburg Concerto), Classical music has certain characteristics. Compare and contrast these features with the features of Baroque music. Music was developing rapidly during these years – enough that we would normally be able to identify which period of music a piece comes from. Features of Classical music Simple, diatonic harmonies. There was a move away from the flamboyance of the Baroque period. A clear, balanced structure. Clear cut cadence points. Use of Sonata Form and clear key relationships. The string section dominates the orchestra. The symphony becomes a very important musical form. Often homophonic/melody-dominated homophony in texture. Melodies are balanced and repetitive and form question and answer style phrases. Melodic lines are graceful – shorter than Baroque melodies. There is an establishment of a standard orchestra. Harmony is functional – the chords are used in a particular way to outline the structure of the piece (see Sonata form) Expression markings in scores include crescendos and diminuendos. The basso continuo is replaced with a common accompaniment style, known as the alberti bass. The harpsichord is replaced by the piano and is no longer used in the orchestra. There is an increased use of wind instruments, although the melody is still mainly in the strings. The wind instruments tend to fill out the harmonies. The clarinet is invented and used for the first time. The important composers of the Classical period are: Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven (the big 3!). What’s a Piano Sonata? A piano sonata is a sonata written for a solo piano. Piano sonatas are usually written in three or four movements, although some piano sonatas have been written with a single movement (Scarlatti, Scriabin, Medtner), two movements (Haydn), five (Brahms' Third Piano Sonata) or even more movements.) Each movement will go at a different speed. Sonata No. 8 – Romantic Vs Classical Beethoven life spanned two periods- both Classical and Romanic, he is often called a classical-romantic composer. His use of adventurous harmony and extended structures are some of the features of the Romantic era. He inspired all of the Romantic composers who followed him- from Schubert in his own time to Mahler, a century later. What makes this set work fit into the Romantic period? Music in the romantic period expressed powerful emotions The title Pathetique refers to suffering- expressed though minor keys, accented notes, strong melodies. Adventurous harmony included chords such as Diminished 7th- chromatic elements Extended structure Sudden and varied range of dynamics What makes this set work fit into the Classical period? Dialogue between hands Use of sonata form- classical structure- use of repetition and contrast. Use of regular perfect/ imperfect cadences Rounded phrases Melody Dominated Homophonic texture Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) Ludwig van Beethoven was born in 1770 in the western German city of Bonn. As a young man he moved to Vienna in Austria, where he became known as a virtuoso pianist. ‘Virtuoso’ means displaying considerable skill and agility in difficult ‘showy’ music. Beethoven performed his own improvisations and compositions, as well as music by other composers. He played mainly in the salons (large social rooms) of wealthy aristocrats, but he also gave grander-scale concerts. At this early stage of his career at the end of the 18th century, he performed his first two piano concertos (pieces for piano and orchestra). He also wrote piano trios (pieces for piano, violin and cello). Much of his greatest music at this time and later was contained in his piano sonatas. At this stage Beethoven was beginning to go deaf, though the problem wasn’t severe enough yet for him to give up performing. The situation worsened rapidly in the next few years and he even contemplated suicide. In later years he was able to continue composing despite being totally deaf. The ‘Pathétique’ Sonata This piece was Beethoven’s eighth published sonata and was written between 1796 and 1799. The French term pathétique means ‘moving’ or ‘emotional’. It was used by the publisher in the first edition. It certainly demonstrated a new passionate musical style. Beethoven is regarded as one of the great composers of the Classical period together with Mozart and Haydn, both of whom he knew. To a certain extent, though, this piece shows early signs of the Romantic style to come. Beethoven knew Mozart’s sonata in C minor, K 457, which had been written around 15 years earlier, and he would have been influenced by that composition. Beethoven’s piece is more revolutionary still in its extreme use of dynamics and unusual structure. Instrumentation When Beethoven wrote this piece at the end of the 18th century, the piano had almost completely replaced the harpsichord as the keyboard instrument of choice for the home and concert hall. Even so, it was still seen as a recent invention and had only started to be used widely around 20 years earlier. There were frequent new developments in the instrument’s power, tone quality and sustaining ability. At the time the instrument was often known as the fortepiano. Whether you call it that or the more modern pianoforte, the clue to the popularity of the instrument is in its name. Piano is the Italian for ‘soft’. Forte means ‘loud’. It was now possible to play using all kinds of dynamic levels just by altering the pressure of the fingers on the keys. On a harpsichord, the mechanical action meant that on basic instruments there was no way of changing the dynamics. Mozart and Haydn had started to use dynamic markings, but Beethoven was one of the first to make extensive use of all kinds of dynamic possibilities. This sonata has frequent crescendos, diminuendos and numerous other performance markings. The sustaining pedal was also coming into use at the time. It is important to note that in the original edition of the music there were no pedal markings, although Beethoven would almost certainly have used some kind of sustaining system in his own performances. Structure and Analysis Slow introduction Exposition First subject Second subject Development Recapitulation Coda Aural Dictation Exercises 1) Write the correct rhythms into these bars Audio 1 2) Write the mordent sign ( Audio2 ) over the correct notes. 3) Here are the last bars of the Recapitulation and the start of the Coda. Show the correct order by writing 1 – 6 into the boxes. Audio 3 Here is a list of pieces of music which could be linked to this set work and the composer. The Youtube links are also provided (should you wish to access this booklet online). In the boxes provided, make some comments about why you think this piece is included in the wider listening for this set work. Clarinet concerto 2nd Movement by Mozart Your Comments Class Feedback/Notes Haydn Flute Sonata 1st Movement Your Comments Class Feedback/Notes Beethoven Piano concerto No.5 1st Movement Your Comments Class Feedback/Notes Alberti Bass Augmented Cadential 6/4 Coda Codetta Development Diminished 7th Dominant Preparation Enharmonic Exposition First Subject Functional Harmony Functional Tonality Homophony Interrupted Cadence Mordent Murky Bass Pedal Perfect Cadence Recapitulation Second Subject Sforzando Sonata Form Transition Skeleton Score question (7) 1) Mozart Sonata in Bb (with audio) I IV I V7 IV V7 I IV V7 Bar 6 Q2: Relation to bar 5 Q4: Ascending or descending Q7: Melody movement Q6: Key here? Bar 11 Q4: Ascending or descending Part 1 1) Ring the chords used in bars 3 and 4. The chord in bar one has been done as an example. 2) How is bar 7 related to bar 5? ____________________________________________________________ 3) Name two bars between bars 1 and 9 which contain monophonic texture i. ___________________________ ii. ___________________________ 4) Bars 8 and 14 contain Bb major scales. Which bars ascend and which descend? Ascending scale is in bar ___________________________ Descending scale is in bar __________________________ 5) Ring the two words that best describe the bass part in bars 1 to 5 Quavers Semiquavers Atonal Ascending Irregular Dotted 6) What key is the music in at bar 10? __________________________ 7) The melody in bar 6 moves by step by leaps Extension (Advanced) 8) 9) What is the melodic decoration used 121 to 122? ____________ What is the melodic decoration used 123 to 124? ____________ Descending Triadic Walking mixture of steps and leaps Summary Quiz 1) The 1st movement is in Sonata Form. Put the terms into the correct boxes Development Recapitulation Exposition 1st section 2nd section 3rd section 2) Select the correct texture for the Introduction Polyphonic Melody dominated Homophony Homophonic Unison 3) Pathétique means… Sweetly Very fast Emotional Dramatic 4) The texture of the 1st subject is…… A) Monophonic B) Homophonic C) Polyphonic D) Melody Dominated Homophony 5) The introduction has brief modulations to the relative major of ___________. 6) The Piano developed and replaced which instrument?______________________________ 7) The 1st subject is marked Allegro, this means…(ring) Very Slow Slow Fast Very Fast 8) The music was composed between 1796 and 1799.which falls into which era? Renaissance Baroque Classical Romantic Modern (post1900) 9) Beethoven was born in 1770 in.. (ring) England Austria Germany France 10) The music features many chromatic chords, True False Italy Poland 11) Draw arrows to correctly match up the ornaments with their definitions. Trill A “crushed” note – played quickly before the main note Acciaccatura the main note – the note above – back to the main note Mordent two notes next to each other alternating rapidly 12) Draw arrows to correctly match up the textures. Fugal A single line of music sounding Polyphonic Two or more voices, built on a subject introduced at the beginning in imitation (repetition at different pitches) Monophonic Many melodies at the same time Melody Dominated Homophony Melody over chords 13) The piece uses diminished sevenths, these are four notes chords built from the interval of a 2nd major 3rd minor 3rd perfect 4 perfect 5 minor 6th major 6th 14) This piece by Beethoven is late Classical with some hints of the Romantic era to come. It is different from the Baroque era as....tick) ..it uses the piano ..it is in one mood .. it has a a variety of moods ..it is mostly contrapuntal ..uses only tempo ..uses pedal notes .. uses Homophonic texture and much Melody Dominated Homophony ..It uses a wide keyboard range ..has a range of dynamics ..it uses the harpsichord ..it uses chromatic harmony Skills / Knowledge I understand the instrumentation I understand the context of the work I understand the structure I understand the tonality I understand the harmony I understand the melody I understand the texture I understand the rhythm / metre