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Download PLANT REPRODUCTION Chapter 10 - St. Thomas the Apostle School
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PLANT REPRODUCTION Chapter 10 Plant Reproduction • Plants can reproduce both sexually and asexually In asexual reproduction a new plant can be grown from a leaf, stem or root. In sexual reproduction A SPERM CELL FERTILIZES AN EGG CELL TO FORM A ZYGOTE. • Some plants have both male and female reproductive organs: these plants can reproduce by themselves or with sex cells from other plants of the same type. • Some plant species have male and female organs on separate plants. Plants have a two stage life cycle 1. The gametophyte stage begins when sex cells produce haploid cells called spores. 2. The sporophyte stage begins with fertilization. SEEDLESS REPRODUCTION • Seedless plants do not produce seeds. - The spores of seedless plants grow into plants that produce sex cells. -All nonvascular and some vascular plants are seedless. Moss plants have a life cycle that illustrates typical sexual reproduction in non vascular seedless plants. • The gametophyte stage produce sex cells. • The sporophyte stage produce spores. • When spores are released and land in an appropriate environment, they can grow into new gametophyte stage plants. • Nonvascular plants can also reproduce asexually if a piece of gametophyte stage plant breaks off and settles in an appropriate environment. Life cycle of moss Most vascular seedless plants are ferns. • Fern sporophyte plants have leaves called fronds, which grow from an underground stem called a rhizome. • Fern spores are produced in sori, which are usually on the underside of fronds. • A fern spore that lands in a favorable environment grows into a gametophyte plant called a prothallus. • Sex cells form in the prothallus. • When fertilization occurs, the zygote starts the sporophyte stage. • Ferns may reproduce asexually when rhizomes form new branches and are separated from the main plant. Life cycle of ferns SEED REPRODUCTION -Pollen and seeds help mant plants reproduce. -A pollen grain has a covering and contains gametophyte parts that can produce sperm. -Pollination occurs when pollen grains are transferred to the female parts of the plant. - Following fertilization, the female part produces a seed which contains an embryo, stored food and a protective coat. - Plants can develop more quickly from a seed than from a spore because a seed contains an embryo and stored food. Gymnosperms develop seeds in cones. • A pine tree or shrub is a sporophyte plant that produces male and female cones. • A female cone has two ovules which produce eggs. • Male cones produce and release pollen. • When pollen blows into a female cone, fertilization and seed formation can occur. • Seed release by a female cone can take two or three years. Angiosperms produce flowers which are used for sexual reproduction. • The stamen is the male reproductive organ. • The pistil is the female reproductive organ, contains the ovary at its base. • The appearance of a plats flowers can give clues about how the plant is pollinated. • After pollination and fertilization, a zygote forms and grows into the plant embryo. • Parts of the ovule develop into the seed coat and store food for the embryo. • Some store food in the cotyledons. • Other seeds store food in endosperm tissue. Seeds are dispersed by wind, gravity, animals and water. • Germination occurs when the seed coat swells and breaks open and a plant grows from the seed. • Environmental conditions affect germination.