Download Human Biology and Health

Human Biology and Health Name: Class: 1-1 Levels of Organization
-The levels of organization in the body range from the
smallest to the largest
LEVELS:
1. CELLS
2. TISSUES
3. ORGANS
4. ORGAN SYSTEMS
CELLS
Cells: the basic unit of a living thing
-- cells make up all body tissues
Cytoplasm: jelly like
substance inside cell
Cell Membrane:
outside boundary of cell
Parts:
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Nucleus: The control center of the
cell
* Cells carry on processes that keep organisms alive
* Cells are the smallest unit of organization.
All cells have 3
Basic parts
Cell membrane, cytoplasm, and the nucleus
Tissue
TISSUE: a group of similar cells that perform the same
Function.
4 Types of Tissue
1. Muscle
2. Nerve
3. Connective
4. Epithelial
Muscle
MUSCLE: a tissue that contracts to make body parts move.
Nerve
NERVE: a tissue that carries messages between the brain
And every other part of the body
CONNECTIVE: a tissue that provides support and connects
All parts of the body. Ex. FAT and BLOOD
Connective
Epithelial
EPITHELIAL: a tissue that covers the surfaces of the body,
Inside and out.
--Outer layer of skin, lining of digestive tract
•
o
The 4 types of tissue group together to form organs
1-1 Levels of Organization (adj)
CELLS
Parts:
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
-The levels of organization in the body range from the
smallest to the largest
LEVELS:
1. _______
2. ________
3. ________
4. ________ _________
_________: the basic unit of a living thing
-- cells make up all body tissues
_________: jelly like
substance inside cell
Cell Membrane:
outside boundary of cell
Nucleus: The ______ ______ of the
cell
* Cells carry on processes that keep organisms alive
* Cells are the _________ unit of organization.
All cells have 3
Basic parts
Cell membrane, ______________, and the nucleus
Tissue
A group of similar __________ that perform the same
Function.
4 Types of Tissue
1. Muscle 2. Nerve 3. Connective 4. Epithelial
Muscle
Nerve
A tissue that ___________ to make body parts move.
A tissue that carries messages between the __________
and every other part of the ____________
A tissue that provides support & __________ all parts of
the body. Ex. ______ and ______
Connective
Epithelial
A tissue that covers the _______________ of the body
-Outer layer of skin, lining of digestive tract
Levels of Organization (cont)
Organ: a structure that is made up of different
Types of tissue
ORGAN
ex.
heart
stomach
lungs
brain
* Organs perform complex jobs
ORGAN
SYSTEM
Organ System: a group of organs that work
together to perform a major function
Ex.
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Organs are made up of different types of tissue and
Organ systems are made up of different organs.
Levels of Organization (cont) adj
ORGAN
A structure that is made up of different
types of
ex.
heart
stomach
lungs
* Organs perform complex _______
ORGAN
SYSTEM
A group of
that work together
to perform a major function
Ex.
Skeletal System
Muscular System
brain
1-2 Keeping the Body in Balance
HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostasis: an organism’s internal environment is kept
Stable despite changes in the external environment.
INTERNAL BALANCE
Ex. Sweating to keep constant body temp. Body returns
To normal after scare.
STRESS: the reaction of body and mind to threatening,
challenging, or disturbing events.
STRESS
* stress upsets
HOMEOSTASIS
STRESSOR: an event that causes STRESS
STRESSOR
Ex. A snarling dog, an argument, an upcoming test
ADRENALINE: a chemical released into the bloodstream
That gives a quick burst of energy to prepare for quick action
ADRENALINE
EFFECTS = heart rate speeds up, sweat more, hearing improves,
Eyes widen, etc.
FIGHT or FLIGHT
Response
-- adrenaline prepares you to FIGHT or
take FLIGHT and escape
Adrenaline is released into the
o Bloodstream when a stressor
o
o Causes stress and upsets homeostasis
2-1 The Skeletal System
HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostasis: an organism’s internal environment is kept
stable despite changes in the external environment.
_________
BALANCE
Ex. Sweating to keep constant body temp. Body returns
To normal after scare.
STRESS
The reaction of body and mind to ________________,
________________, or disturbing events.
* stress upsets
STRESSOR
An event that causes
Ex. A snarling _____ , an argument, an upcoming test
ADRENALINE
A _____________ released into the bloodstream
that gives a quick burst of energy to prepare for quick action
EFFECTS = heart rate speeds up, sweat more, hearing
improves, Eyes widen, etc.
or FLIGHT
-- adrenaline prepares you to ________ or
take ___________ and escape
Response
SKELETON
Skeleton: a framework of bones
*A newborn has 275 bones
* An adult has 206 bones
Where did 69 bones go?
FUNCTIONS
They fuse together
5 functions of a Skelton
1. Provide shape and support
2. Allow movement
3. Protect Internal Organs
4. Produce Blood Cells
5. Store CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS
needed.
VERTEBRAL
COLUMN
VERTEBRAE
until
Vertebral Column: the center of the skeleton
that is made up of 26 small bones
AKA: BACKBONE
* all bones in the body connect to VERTEBRAL COLUMN
in some way.
Vertebrae:
the 26 small bones that make up the back bone
Allowing movement is 1 function of the skeleton
Blood cells are also produced
Calcium and Phosphorus are stored in bones until needed.
2-1 The Skeletal System (adj)
SKELETON
A framework of
*A newborn has ___________ bones
* An adult has ____________ bones
Where did 69 bones go?
FUNCTIONS
________________
5 functions of a Skelton
1. Provide __________ and _________________
2. Allow ___________________
3. Protect Internal _______________
4. Produce ______________ Cells
5. Store
CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS until
needed.
VERTEBRAL
COLUMN
The _________________ of the skeleton
that is made up of 26 small bones
AKA: _________________
* all bones in the body connect to VERTEBRAL COLUMN
in some way.
VERTEBRAE
The _____small bones that make up the back bone
2-1 Bone Characteristics
Skeleton means
BONE
STRENGTH
*Bones are strong and lightweight
* 20% of bodyweight is bone
* Bones are hard because of 2 minerals,
PHOSPHORUS
BONE
GROWTH
“dried body”
and
CALCIUM
* Bones contain cells and tissues….. they are alive!
* Bone tissue forms as you grow and new tissue
fills gaps after an accident
* The healed region is often stronger than the
original bone!
Phosphorus and Calcium allows bones to be
Strong. However, when a break occurs, bone
Tissue heals the break because bones are ALIVE!
2-1 Bone Characteristics
___________ means
BONE
STRENGTH
“dried body”
*Bones are strong and lightweight
* _______ of bodyweight is bone
* Bones are hard because of 2 minerals,
and
BONE
GROWTH
* Bones contain ______ and________….. they are
ALIVE!
* Bone tissue forms as you grow and new tissue
fills gaps after an accident
* The healed region is often __________ than the
original bone!
2-1 The Structure of Bones
Outer Membrane
Outer Membrane: a thin and tough layer that
Covers all of the bone except the ends
* blood vessels and nerves go in and out of the membranes
Compact Bone
Compact Bone: hard and dense layer beneath
* contains
Spongy Bone
Outer membrane
that carry blood vessels & nerves to
living cells
CANALS
Spongy Bone: lightweight and strong layer with many
Small spaces that is found inside
compact bone & on the ends of bone
THE SPACES IN BONE CONTAIN A SOFT CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CALLED MARROW
Red Marrow
RED MARROW: soft tissue inside bones that produces
BLOOD CELLS
YELLOW MARROW: soft tissue inside bones that
Stores
Cartilage
FAT & serves as an energy reserve
CARTILAGE: A connective tissue that is more flexible
Than bone.
* Infants have more cartilage than adults
* Cartilage is replaced as you grow, but it still covers
the ends of bones
3 parts of a bone
2 types of Marrow
1 tissue more flexible than bone
2-1 The Structure of Bones (adj)
Outer Membrane
A thin and tough layer that ____________ all of the bone
except the ends
* blood vessels and nerves go in and out of the membranes
Compact Bone
Spongy Bone
Hard and dense layer beneath __________ membrane
* contains
that carry blood vessels & nerves
_______weight and strong layer with many small
spaces that is found inside compact bone & on
the ____________ of bone
THE SPACES IN BONE CONTAIN A SOFT CONNECTIVE
TISSUE CALLED _________________
Red Marrow
MARROW: soft tissue inside bones that
Produces ______________ CELLS
Yellow Marrow
MARROW: soft tissue inside bones that
stores ___________& serves as an energy reserve
Cartilage
A connective tissue that is more
than bone.
* Infants have more ________________ than adults
* Cartilage is replaced as you grow, but it still covers
the ______________of bones
3 parts of a bone
2 types of Marrow
1 tissue more flexible than bone
2-1 Joints
Joint
JOINT: a place in the body where 2 bones come together
* joints allow bones to move in different ways
Immovable
IMMOVABLE JOINT: a joint that allows little or no movement
Joint
Ex. Bones in Skull, Ribs in Sternum
movable
MOVABLE JOINT: a joint that allows a wide range
of movements
joint
Ligament
LIGAMENT: a strong connective tissue that holds together
The bones in a joint
Ball & Socket
BALL & SOCKET: a movable joint that allows the
Greatest range of motion
Ex. Shoulders & hips
Pivot
PIVOT: a movable joint that allows one bone to
Rotate around another
Ex. Top of neck turning head
Hinge
HINGE: a movable joint that moves forward & backward
Ex. Knee & elbow
Gliding
GLIDING: a movable joint that allows one bone to
Slide over another
Ex. Wrist & ankle
A joint is a place where 2 bones come together
Ball and socket allows for the greatest range of motion
Connective tissue that holds joints together are ligaments
2-1 Joints
Joint
JOINT: a place in the body where 2 bones come together
* joints allow bones to move in different ways
Immovable
Joint
A joint that allows little or _______ ___________________
Ex. Bones in ______________, Ribs in Sternum
movable
joint
A joint that allows a wide range of ___________________
Ligament
A strong connective tissue that ____________ ________
the bones in a joint
Ball & Socket A movable joint that allows the ___________range of motion
Ex. _______________ & hips
Pivot
A movable joint that allows one bone to ____________
around another
Ex. Top of ___________ turning head
Hinge
A movable joint that moves forward & __________________
Ex. __________ & ___________
Gliding
A movable joint that allows one bone to _______over another
Ex. Wrist & ___________________
A
B
C
2-1 Taking care of your bones
A COMBINATION OF A BALANCED DIET AND REGULAR
EXERCISE WILL KEEP YOUR BONES HEALTHY.
DIET
DIET: to have strong bones your diet must have
CALCIUM
EXERCISE
& PHOSPHORUS
EXERCISE: To have strong bones you must get
PLENTY OF EXERCISE
OSTEOPOROSIS
OSTEOPOROSIS: a disease caused by mineral loss that
makes bones weak & allows them to break easily
*osteoporosis is more common in women
* PREVENTION: to prevent osteoporosis you must
EXERCISE & get plenty of CALCIUM at a young age
3 things needed for strong bones
2 ways to prevent osteoporosis
1 disease that weakens bones
2-1 Taking care of your bones (adj)
A COMBINATION OF A
WILL KEEP YOUR BONES HEALTHY.
DIET
&
DIET: to have strong bones your diet must have
_________ & ___________
EXERCISE
OSTEOPOROSIS
EXERCISE: To have strong bones you must get
PLENTY OF EXERCISE
A disease caused by _______________ ______________
that makes bones weak and allows them to break easily
*osteoporosis is more common in __________
* PREVENTION: to prevent osteoporosis you must
& get plenty of
at a young age
3 things needed for strong bones
2 ways to prevent osteoporosis
1 disease that weakens bones
2-3 Muscular System
INVOLUNTARY
Involuntary Muscles: a muscle that is not under
conscious control
MUSCLES
Ex. heart, stomach
VOLUNTARY
MUSCLES
Voluntary Muscles: a muscle that is under
your control
Ex. smiling, raising your hand
THE 3 TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE ARE SKELETAL,
SMOOTH, & CARDIAC
SKELETAL
SKELETAL MUSCLE: voluntary muscle
MUSCLE
attached to bones, that allow movement
*skeletal muscles are banded= STRIATED
*reacts quickly & tires easily
TENDON
TENDON: a connective tissue that attaches
muscle to bone
SMOOTH
SMOOTH MUSCLE: involuntary muscle
MUSCLE
found inside internal organs that control
movements inside the body
* reacts slowly and tires slowly
CARDIAC
CARDIAC MUSCLE: involuntary muscle found only
MUSCLE
in the HEART
*has similarities of skeletal and smooth muscles
* cardiac muscle is STRIATED
* Does NOT GET TIRED
Always remember skeletal muscles is on
Bones, smooth muscle is inside organs &
Cardiac muscle is in the
2-3 Muscular System (adj)
INVOLUNTARY
A muscle that is not under _________________ control
MUSCLES
Ex. heart, _______________
VOLUNTARY
A muscle that is under your control
MUSCLES
Ex. smiling, _______________________
THE 3 TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE ARE __________,
__________, & _____________
SKELETAL
MUSCLE
muscle
attached to bones and allows movement
*skeletal muscles are banded=
*reacts quickly & tires easily
TENDON
A _________________ tissue that attaches muscle to bone
SMOOTH
MUSCLE
muscle
found inside ____________ _____________ that control
movements inside the body
* reacts slowly and tires slowly
CARDIAC
MUSCLE
muscle
found only in the
*has similarities of skeletal and smooth muscles
* cardiac muscle is _______________
* Does NOT GET TIRED
2-3 Muscles at Work
1/8/13 11:10 PM
MUSCLE CELLS CAN ONLY CONTRACT
NOT EXTEND
SO SKELETAL MUSCLES MUST WORK
IN PAIRS
When one muscle contracts, its pair extends
MUSCLE
HEALTH
STRAIN
CRAMP
*Exercise
is important for muscular strength & flexibility
* Muscle cells widen & thicken when exercised.
STRAIN: an injury that occurs when a muscle is overworked
CRAMP: a temporary strong contraction in a muscle.
Muscle cells can only CONTRACT
Exercise is important for muscle health
2-3 Muscles at Work (adj)
MUSCLE CELLS CAN ONLY ________
NOT EXTEND
SO SKELETAL MUSCLES MUST WORK
IN _________
When one muscle contracts, its pair ____________
•
MUSCLE
HEALTH
*____________ is important for muscular strength &
flexibility
* Muscle cells widen & thicken when exercised.
STRAIN
An injury that occurs when a muscle is
CRAMP
CRAMP: ____________________________________
2-4 The Skin
THE LARGEST ORGAN IN THE BODY IS YOUR SKIN!
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
FUNCTIONS
1. Covers body and prevents water loss
2. Protects the body from injury and infection
3.Regulates body temperature(perspire to remove heat & waste)
4. Eliminates waste
5. Gather info about the environment.
6. Produces VITAMIN D
2
MAIN LAYERS OF SKIN
1. epidermis
EPIDERMIS
2. Dermis
epidermis: the outermost layer of the skin.
* NO nerves or bloodvessels
* new cells form deep in epidermis & move upward as
new cells form beneath
MELANIN
MELANIN: a pigment that gives skin its color
* more melanin = more color
DERMIS
PORES
dermis: the
lower layer of skin that contains nerves,
blood vessels, sweat glands, hair, & oil glands
PORES: an opening in the surface of skin that allows
sweat to escape.
FOLLICLES
FOLLICES: structures in the dermis that hair grows in.
A function of the skin is to protect
Body from injury, infection, and regulate temperature
Cells form in epidermis and move upward.
2-4 Caring for Skin
THERE ARE
EAT
PROPERLY
4 HEALTHY HABITS FOR CARING
FOR YOUR SKIN
Eat Properly: a well balanced diet provides energy needed
to replace cells, grow hair & nails
DRINK WATER
Drink Water: replace H2O lost from perspiration
LIMIT SUN
Limit Sun Exposure: protect yourself from the sun by
EXPOSURE
wearing sunscreen, a hat, & glasses
* Repeated exposure may cause cancer
KEEP SKIN
Keep Skin Clean: cleaning skin keeps oil glands active to
CLEAN
prevent clogging by bacteria
* a bacterial infection called ACNE could occur if skin is
not cleaned properly.
Remember to eat properly, drink water, stay out of sun, & clean
skin to maintain healthy skin.
2-4 The Skin(adj)
THE LARGEST ORGAN IN THE BODY IS YOUR _____
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
FUNCTIONS
1. ____________ body and prevents water loss
2. Protects the body from injury and infection
3.Regulates ____ temperature(perspire to remove heat & waste)
4. Eliminates ________
5. Gather info about the _________________________
6. Produces ____________ ____
2
MAIN LAYERS OF SKIN
1.
2.
layer of the skin.
EPIDERMIS
* NO nerves or _____________ vessels
* new cells form deep in ____________ & move upward as
new cells form beneath
MELANIN
A ___________ that gives skin its color
* more melanin = more ___________________
DERMIS
PORES
The
layer of skin that contains
nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands, _________, & oil glands
An ___________________ in the surface of skin that allows
sweat to escape.
FOLLICLES
Structures in the dermis that ________ grows in.
2-4 Caring for Skin (adj)
THERE ARE
4 HEALTHY HABITS FOR CARING
FOR YOUR SKIN
EAT
PROPERLY
DRINK WATER
LIMIT SUN
EXPOSURE
KEEP SKIN
CLEAN
_____ Properly:a well balanced diet provides energy needed
to replace cells, grow hair & nails
________ Water: replace H2O lost from _______________
Limit ______ Exposure: protect yourself from the sun by
wearing sunscreen, a hat, & glasses
* Repeated exposure may cause _______________
Keep Skin Clean: cleaning skin keeps oil glands active to
prevent clogging by ___________________
* a bacterial infection called ________ could occur if skin is
not cleaned properly.
3-3 Digestive System
FUNCTIONS
3
Functions of the Digestive System
1. Break down food
2. Carry food to cells through the
3. Eliminate Wastes
DIGESTION
Bloodstream
Digestion: the process of breaking down food into
small nutrient molecules
MECHANICAL
DIGESTION
CHEMICAL
Mechanical Digestion:the physical
breakdown of food
ex. Bite into food, chewing, & mashing in stomach.
Chemical Digestion:the break down of food by chemicals
in the body.
Ex. acid breaks down food in stomach
DIGESTION
ABSORPTION
ABSORPTION: the process that occurs when nutrients
pass through the walls of the digestive system
& into the blood
*The materials not absorbed are eliminated as WASTE
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM’S ORGANS STRETCH 9 METERS LONG
THE PROCESSES OF DIGESTION, ABSORPTION, &
ELIMINATION
OCCUR CONSTANTLY
3
Functions of the Digestive System
2
types of Digestion
1
process that occurs when nutrients pass into blood
3-3 The Mouth
SALIVA
SALIVA: the fluid released when your mouth waters.
*Prepares to MECHANICALLY & CHEMICALLLY digesting food
MECHANICAL
DIGESTION
INCISORS
MECHANICAL DIGESTION IN THE MOUTH
*Teeth carry out the 1st stage of digestion.
Incisors: the center teeth that cut
food into bite size
pieces.
CANINES
Canines: the pointy teeth that tear food into smaller
pieces.
PREMOLARS &
MOLARS
Premolars & Molars: the teeth at the back of the mouth
that
crush & grind
the food.
CHEMICAL
DIGESTION
CHEMICAL DIGESTION IN THE MOUTH
The chemical in saliva digests chemically in the mouth
ENZYMES
Enzymes: a protein that SPEEDS UP chemical reactions
in the body.
* enzymes make chemical digestion possible.
A chemical in saliva digests or
Breaks down food through
Chemical digestion
3-3 Digestive System (adj)
3
FUNCTIONS
Functions of the Digestive System
1. _________ __________ food
2. Carry food to cells through the
3. _________________ Wastes
DIGESTION
The process of
small nutrient molecules
MECHANICAL
The
DIGESTION
CHEMICAL
food into
breakdown of food
ex. Bite into food, chewing, & mashing in stomach.
The break down of food by
in the body
DIGESTION
Ex. acid breaks down food in stomach
ABSORPTION
The process that occurs when nutrients pass through the walls
of the digestive system & into the
*The materials not absorbed are eliminated as _____
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM’S ORGANS STRETCH _____m LONG
THE PROCESSES OF
&
OCCUR CONSTANTLY
3 Functions of the Digestive System
2 types of Digestion
1 process that occurs when nutrients pass into blood
3-3 The Mouth (adj)
SALIVA
The fluid released when your mouth waters.
*Digests food ______________ & ________________
MECHANICAL
MECHANICAL DIGESTION IN THE MOUTH
DIGESTION
*____________ carry out the 1st stage of digestion.
INCISORS
The center teeth that
CANINES
The pointy teeth that
pieces.
food into bite size pieces.
food into smaller
PREMOLARS &
MOLARS
The teeth at the back of the mouth that crush and
the food.
CHEMICAL
DIGESTION
CHEMICAL DIGESTION IN THE MOUTH
The chemical in saliva digests chemically in the mouth
ENZYMES
A protein that ____________ _______ chemical
reactions in the body
* enzymes make ___________ digestion possible.
A
B
C
3-3 The Esophagus
THERE ARE 2 OPENINGS AT THE BACK OF
YOUR MOUTH
1. LEADS TO WINDPIPE & THEN CARRIES AIR
TO THE LUNGS
2. LEADS TO ESOPHAGUS & THEN CARRIES THE
FOOD TO THE STOMACH.
EPIGLOTTIS
EPIGLOTTIS: a flap of tissue that prevents food from
entering the windpipe
ESOPHAGUS
ESOPHAGUS: a muscular tube that connects the
to the
mouth
stomach.
* lined with mucus
MUCUS
MUCUS: a thick, slippery substance produced by the body
* makes food easier to swallow & to move along.
PERISTALSIS
PERISTALSIS: involuntary
muscle contractions that
push food to the stomach.
The esophagus carries food from the mouth to the
stomach through peristalsis & the help of mucus
3-3 The Esophagus (adj)
THERE ARE 2 OPENINGS AT THE BACK OF
YOUR MOUTH
1. LEADS TO WINDPIPE & THEN CARRIES AIR
TO THE ______________
2. LEADS TO ESOPHAGUS & THEN CARRIES THE
FOOD TO THE ______________.
EPIGLOTTIS
ESOPHAGUS
A flap of tissue that prevents
entering the windpipe
from
A muscular tube that connects the
to the
* lined with mucus
MUCUS
A thick, slippery substance produced by the body
* makes food easier to
PERISTALSIS
muscle contractions that
push food to the stomach.
3-3 The Stomach
WHEN FOOD LEAVES THE ESOPHAGUS, IT
GOES TO THE STOMACH.
STOMACH
STOMACH: a J- shaped muscular pouch that expands to
hold the food swallowed.
* Holds about 2 Liters of food!
* most
MECHANICAL digestion occurs in the
stomach….the muscle layers CHURN and SQUEEZE
the food.
* CHEMICAL digestion also occurs in the stomach…
digestive juice produced in the stomach mix with food.
PEPSIN
Pepsin: an enzyme in digestive juice that
breaks down protein
HYDROCHLORIC
ACID
Hydrochloric Acid: a strong acid in digestive juice that
kills bacteria
FOOD STAYS IN THE STOMACH UNTIL IT IS DIGESTED
INTO LIQUID FORM
After leaving the esophagus, food travels into the
stomach
Because pepsin & hydrochloric acid are in the
stomach
Chemical digestion occurs but so does Mechanical
3-3 The Stomach (adj)
WHEN FOOD LEAVES THE ESOPHAGUS, IT
GOES TO THE ____________.
STOMACH
A J- shaped muscular pouch that expands to hold
that is swallowed.
* Holds about ______ Liters of food!
* most
digestion occurs in the
stomach….the muscle layers CHURN and SQUEEZE
the food.
*
digestion also occurs in the stomach…
digestive juice produced in the stomach mix with food.
PEPSIN
An enzyme in digestive juice that breaks down
HYDROCHLORIC
A strong acid in digestive juice that kills
ACID
FOOD STAYS IN THE STOMACH UNTIL IT IS
DIGESTED INTO
FORM
3-4 Small Intestine
AFTER THE LIQUID LEAVES THE STOMACH IT
ENTERS THE SMALL INTESTINE!
SMALL
INTESTINE
SMALL INTESTINE: the part of the digestive system where
the most
CHEMICAL
digestion
takes place.
* almost ALL chemical digestion & absorption
in the small intestine.
take place
THE LIVER & PANCREAS DELIVER ENZYMES & SECRETIONS
TO THE SMALL INTESTINE
LIVER
LIVER: the largest & heaviest organ inside the body that
breaks down substances & gets rid of nitrogen.
* The liver produces BILE
BILE
BILE: a substance that breaks up
FAT
* Bile flows from the liver to the gallbladder
GALLBLADDER
GALLBLADDER: the organ that stores BILE
*Bile flows from the gallbladder into small intestine
PANCREAS
PANCREAS: triangle-shaped organ that produces
ENZYMES for the small intestine.
VILLI
VILLI: tiny structures that cover small intestine to increase
area for absorption of nutrients.
Almost all chemical digestion & absorption occurs in the
small intestine
Bile is produced in liver & stored in gall bladder. Villi
Cover the small intestine
3-4 Small Intestine (adj)
AFTER THE LIQUID LEAVES THE STOMACH IT
ENTERS THE _______ ____________!
SMALL
INTESTINE
The part of the digestive system where the most
digestion takes place.
* almost ALL
in the small intestine.
&
take place
THE LIVER & PANCREAS DELIVER ENZYMES & SECRETIONS
TO THE SMALL INTESTINE
LIVER
The largest & heaviest organ inside the body that
breaks down substances & gets rid of
* The liver produces _____________
BILE
A substance that breaks up
* Bile flows from the liver to the gallbladder
GALLBLADDER
The organ that stores __________
*Bile flows from the
into small intestine
PANCREAS
Triangle-shaped organ that produces
for the small intestine.
VILLI
Tiny finger-like structures that cover small intestine to increase
area for
of nutrients.
3-4 The Large Intestine
LARGE
INTESTINE
LARGE INTESTINE: the last section of the digestive
system, where water is absorbed & remaining material is
eliminated.
*contains helpful bacteria
AS MATERIAL MOVES THROUGH THE LARGE INTESTINE
WATER IS ABSORBED INTO THE BLOODSTREAM
THE REMAINING MATERIAL IS READY TO BE ELIMINATED
THE LARGE INTESTINE ENDS
IN THE RECTUM
RECTUM
Rectum: waste material is compressed into Solid Form
ANUS
Anus: the muscular opening at the end of the rectum
that wastes are eliminated through.
The large intestine is the last section of the digestive system,
where water is absorbed and wastes eliminated via the
rectum and anus.
5-3 The Excretory System
LARGE
INTESTINE
The
section of the digestive
system, where water is absorbed & remaining material
is eliminated.
*contains helpful ____________
AS MATERIAL MOVES THROUGH THE LARGE INTESTINE
_________ IS ABSORBED INTO THE BLOODSTREAM
THE REMAINING MATERIAL IS READY TO BE ________
THE LARGE INTESTINE ENDS
IN THE ____________
RECTUM
Where waste material is compressed into
ANUS
The muscular opening at the end of the
that wastes are eliminated through.
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM COLLECTS WASTEDS FROM
CELLS & REMOVES WASTES FROM THE BODY.
EXCRETION
EXCRETION: the removal of wastes from the body.
* helps maintain homeostasis
UREA
UREA: a waste product from the breakdown of proteins.
KIDNEYS
KIDNEYS: the 2 major organs of the excretory system that
eliminates UREA, WATER, CARBON DIOXIDE, & HARMFUL
MATERIALS
URINE
URINE: a watery fluid produced by the kidneys that
eliminates waste.
URETERS
URETERS: 2 narrow tubes that carry urine from
The
kidneys
to the urinary bladder.
URINARY
BLADDER
URINARY BLADDER: a sac-like muscular organ that stores
Urine
URETHRA
URETHRA: the small tube that carries urine from the
Bladder to the outside of the body.
PROCESS OF EXCRETION:
* BLOOD flows to kidneys & wastes are removed.
* URINE flows from kidneys to ureters.
* URETERS carry urine to urinary bladder to store
* URINE travels from bladder to the outside of the body
by the URETHRA
3 things removed by kidneys
2 major organs of excretion
1 storage area for urine
5-3 The Excretory System (adj)
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM ___________ WASTES FROM
CELLS & __________________ WASTES FROM THE BODY.
EXCRETION
The removal of _________________ from the body.
* helps maintain ____________________
UREA
A waste product from the breakdown of
KIDNEYS
The _______ major organs of the excretory system that
eliminates ____________, WATER, CARBON DIOXIDE, &
HARMFUL MATERIALS
URINE
A watery fluid produced by the _______________ that
eliminates waste.
URETERS
2 narrow tubes that carry
to the urinary bladder.
URINARY
BLADDER
URETHRA
from the
A sac-like muscular organ that stores
The small tube that carries urine from the
to the outside of the body.
PROCESS OF EXCRETION:
* ______ flows to
& wastes are removed.
* URINE flows from
to ureters.
* ______________ carry urine to urinary bladder to store
* URINE travels from bladder to the outside of the body
by the
3 things removed by kidneys
2 major organs of excretion
1 storage area for urine
5-3 The Filtering Process
NEPHRONS
NEPHRONS: tiny structures in the kidneys that remove
Wastes from BLOOD and produce URINE
URINE
FORMATION
URINE FORMATION
Wastes & needed materials are removed from the BLOOD
*BLOOD FLOWS INTO THE
CAPILLARY CULSTER
OF A NEPHRON & UREA, WATER, & GLUCOSE ARE
FILTERED OUT
*THE FILTERED MATERIALS PASS INTO THE
CAPSULE
*THE MATERIALS MOVE INTO A LONG TUBE WHERE
MOST OF THE WATER & GLUCOSE IS REABSORBED
*THE REMAINING MATERIAL IS URINE
OTHER
ORGANS OF
OTHER ORGANS OF EXCRETION
EXCRETION
1. LUNGS: remove carbon dioxide
2. SKIN: removes excess H2O and waste (sweat)
3. LIVER: produces bile to break down food
A
B
C
7-1 The Nervous System
NEPHRONS:
Tiny structures in the kidneys that remove wastes from
and produce
URINE
FORMATION
The Process of URINE FORMATION
Wastes & needed materials are removed from the _________
*BLOOD FLOWS INTO THE
OF A NEPHRON.
*
, WATER, &
CLUSTER
ARE
FILTERED OUT
*THE FILTERED MATERIALS PASS INTO THE
*THE MATERIALS MOVE INTO A LONG TUBE WHERE
MOST OF THE __________ & __________ IS REABSORBED
*THE REMAINING MATERIAL IS
OTHER
ORGANS OF
EXCRETION
OTHER ORGANS OF EXCRETION
1. _______________: remove carbon dioxide
2. ___________: removes excess H2O and waste (sweat)
3. _______________: produces bile to break down food
A
B
C
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM HELPS WITH YOUR COORDINATION,
BALANCE, MEMORY, & ABILITY TO LEARN.
COMPONENTS
The nervous system is made up of the BRAIN,
SPINAL CORD, and NERVES.
** The nervous system directs your body how to respond to
maintain homeostasis
JOBS
JOBS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM:
1. Receives Information: your nervous system makes
you aware of what is happening outside your body &
checks the conditions inside.
2. Responds to Information:
STIMULUS
REPSONSE
- STIMULUS: any change in the environment that can
Make you react.
- RESPONSE: what your body does in reaction to a
stimulus.
3. Maintain Homeostasis – the nervous system directs
the body to respond to information to stay BALANCED.
The brain, spinal cord, and nerves make up the nervous
system. Together they receive information, respond to it &
maintain homeostasis.
7-1 The Nervous System (adj)
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM HELPS WITH YOUR COORDINATION,
BALANCE, MEMORY, & ABILITY TO LEARN.
COMPONENTS
The nervous system is made up of the ____________,
_________ ____________, and _________________.
** The nervous system directs your body how to respond to
maintain
JOBS
JOBS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM:
Information
Your nervous system makes you aware of what is
happening outside of body & checks the conditions inside.
to Information
STIMULUS
Any change in the environment that can
make you __________________
REPSONSE
What your body does in reaction to a stimulus.
Maintain
The nervous system directs the body to respond to
information to stay _____________________
7-1 The Neuron
NEURON
NEURON: cells that carry information through your
Nervous sytem.
* also called nerve cells.
NERVE
IMPULSE
Nerve Impulse: the message that a neuron carries
DENDRITE
DENDRITE: threadlike extensions that carry impulses to
The cell body
AXON
AXON: threadlike extensions that carry impulses away
From the cell body.
Impulse travels this way!
3 TYPES OF NEURONS
1. Sensory
2. Interneurons
3. Motor
A neuron carries a nerve impulse
By starting at the dendrites then moving to the
Cell body & down the axon
7-1 The Neuron (adj)
NEURON
Cells that carry information through your nervous system
* also called
NERVE
IMPULSE
The ____________________ that a neuron carries
DENDRITE
Threadlike extensions that carry ______________ TO
the _____________ ______________
AXON
Threadlike extensions that carry _______________ AWAY
FROM the _________________ ________________
Impulse travels this way!
3 TYPES OF NEURONS
1.___________2. ___________3.__________
7-1 Kinds of Neurons
Different neurons perform different functions
SENSORY
NEURONS
SENSORY NEURONS: RECEIVES
* pick up stimuli from environment & change it to a nerve
impulse.
THE IMPULSE MOVES TO AN INTERNEURON
INTERNEURON
INTERNEURONS: CONNECTS
* pass impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons
THE IMPULSE PASSES INO THE BRAIN
MOTOR
NEURONS
MOTOR NEURONS: RESPOND
* send an impulse to a muscle & muscle contracts in
response
AN IMPULSE TRAVELS IN ELECTRICAL & CHEMICAL
SIGNALS
SYNAPSE
SYNAPSE: the tiny space between axon tips & the next
Neuron’s dendrites
* the axon releases chemicals so the impulse can cross
the SYNAPSE
3 types of neurons
2 ways an impulse travels
1 gap between neurons
7-1 Kinds of Neurons (adj)
Different neurons perform different functions
SENSORY
NEURONS
_____________ NEURONS = RECEIVES
* pick up _____________ from environment & change it to a
nerve impulse.
THE IMPULSE MOVES TO AN INTERNEURON
INTERNEURON
_________________= CONNECTS
* pass impulses from sensory neurons to _________ neurons
THE IMPULSE PASSES INO THE BRAIN
MOTOR
NEURONS
______________ NEURONS = RESPOND
* send an impulse to a _______________ & the muscle
contracts in response
AN IMPULSE TRAVELS IN
&
SYNAPSE
The tiny
neuron’s dendrites
SIGNALS
between axon tips & the next
* the_____________ releases chemicals so the impulse can
cross the ____________________
3 types of neurons
2 ways an impulse travels
1 gap between neurons
7-2 The Nervous System
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
THERE ARE
2 DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
* made up of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD
2. THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
* consists of ALL NERVES that connect to the central
nervous system
CENTRAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
The Central Nervous System is the control center of the body
* The BRAIN controls most functions
* The SPINAL CORD is a thick column of tissue that links
the brain to most of the peripheral nervous system
IMPULSE
TRAVEL
* an impulse goes through the spinal
cord to get to the brain.
* then the brain sends a response
through the spinal cord to the peripheral nervous system
3 things you can do with the help of the nervous system
2 divisions of the nervous system
1 thick column of nerve tissue
7-2 The Nervous System (adj)
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
THERE ARE
DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. THE ____________________ NERVOUS SYSTEM
* made up of the_____________ & _______________
2. THE ___________________ NERVOUS SYSTEM
* consists of ALL ___________ that connect to the central
nervous system
CENTRAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
The Central Nervous System is the ________ center of the body
* The ___________ controls most functions
* The ___________ ____________ is a thick column of
tissue that links the brain to most of the peripheral nervous
system
* an impulse goes through the spinal cord to get to the
* then the brain sends a response through the spinal cord to the
peripheral nervous system
3 things you can do with the help of the nervous system
2 divisions of the nervous system
1 thick column of nerve tissue
7-2 The Central Nervous System
THE BRAIN
PROTECTION FOR THE BRAIN
1. 3 layers of connective tissue
2. Watery fluid between layers of tissue
3. The Skull
3 REGIONS OF THE BRAIN
* cerebrum
* cerebellum
CEREBRUM
* brain stem
CEREBRUM: the largest part of the brain that interprets
Inputs from senses, controls muscle movement,
& controls mental processes.
LEFT SIDE: controls right side of the body & skills like
Math, speech, writing, & logical thinking
RIGHT SIDE: controls left side of the body & skills like
Creativity & artistic ability.
CEREBELLUM
CEREBELLUM: 2nd largest part of the brain that
Coordinates muscles & helps keep your balance
BRAINSTEM
BRAINSTEM: part of the brain that lies between the
Cerebellum & spinal cord that controls
INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS (heart beat, breathing)
The Brain is 1 portion of the Central Nervous System. The
Brain has 3 regions & is protected by tissue layer, fluid, & the
Skull.
7-2 The Central Nervous System (adj)
THE BRAIN
PROTECTION FOR THE BRAIN
1. 3 layers of ________________ tissue
2. __________ _________ between layers of tissue
3. The
3 REGIONS OF THE BRAIN
* _______________* _______________ * _____________
CEREBRUM
The largest part of the brain that interprets
Inputs from __________, controls __________ movement,
& controls mental processes.
SIDE: controls _______ side of the body
Math, speech, writing, & logical thinking
SIDE: controls left side of the body & skills like
Creativity & artistic ability.
CEREBELLUM
The 2nd largest part of the brain
Coordinates muscles & helps keep your ________
BRAINSTEM
Part of the brain that lies between the ________________ &
the spinal cord that controls
ACTIONS (heart beat, breathing)
7-2 The Central Nervous System (cont)
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THE SPINAL
CORD
SPINAL CORD: thick column of nerve tissue that links the
Brain to the peripheral nervous system.
PROTECTION FOR THE SPINAL CORD
1. VERTEBRAL COLUMN: 26 bones that are also
called the back bone
2. WATERY FLUID
Spinal Cord
Brain
Peripheral Nervous
System
The spinal cord is 1 portion of the central nervous system.
It is protected by the vertebral column & links the brain to
the peripheral nervous system.
7-2 The Central Nervous System (cont, adj)
THE SPINAL
CORD
The thick column of nerve tissue that _________________
_________________________________________________
PROTECTION FOR THE SPINAL CORD
1.
COLUMN:
26 bones that are
also called the _______________
2. _________________ FLUID
_______ ________
Brain
Peripheral Nervous
System
7-2 The Peripheral Nervous System
PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
The network of nerves that branch out from the central
nervous system& connect it to the rest of your body.
*Impulses travel on a spinal nerve in 2 directions.
* SENSORY NEURONS: carry impulses from body to CNS
* MOTOR NEURONS: carry impulse from CNS to muscles
2 Divisions of Peripheral Nervous System
SOMATIC
1. SOMATIC controls
your shoes
VOLUNTARY
actions like tying
2. AUTONOMIC:controls INVOLUNTARY
heart beating.
actions like
Automatic!
The PNS is made up of all the nerves that connect to the
CNS. The PNS has 2 divisions, somatic, and autonomic.
7-2 The Peripheral Nervous System (adj)
PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
The network of __________ that branch out from the central
nervous system & connect it to the rest of your __________.
*Impulses travel on a spinal nerve in ________ directions.
* __________ NEURONS: carry impulses from body to CNS
* _________ NEURONS: carry impulse from CNS to muscles
2 Divisions of Peripheral Nervous System
SOMATIC
1. SOMATIC controls
your shoes
2. AUTONOMIC: controls
heart beating.
Automatic!
actions like tying
actions like
7-2 Reflexes & Safety
REFLEX
REFLEX: an
automatic response
And without conscious control.
that occurs very rapidly
* some reflexes cause muscles to contract with the help from
the SPINAL CORD ONLY…..not the BRAIN!!!
SAFETY
2 ways to damage the Nervous System
* concussion
CONCUSSION
* spinal cord injuries
CONCUSSION: a bruiselike injury of the brain that occurs
When the cerebrum bumps against the skull
* protect yourself by wearing a HELMET!
SPINAL CORD
INJURIES
SPINAL CORD INJURIES: occurs when the cord is cut or
crushed
* impulses can’t pass to body parts
* results in PARALYSIS (loss of movement)
* protect yourself by wearing a seatbelt in case of accident
Automatic responses are called reflexes
Bruiselike injuries of the brain are called concussions
Crushing or cutting of the spinal cord causes paralysis
7-2 Reflexes & Safety
REFLEX
REFLEX: an
And without conscious control.
that occurs very rapidly
* some reflexes cause muscles to contract with the help from
the __________ ____________ ONLY…..not the BRAIN!!!
SAFETY
ways to damage the Nervous System
* concussion
CONCUSSION
* spinal cord injuries
A bruise-like injury of the brain that occurs when the
______________ bumps against the skull
* protect yourself by wearing a _________________!
SPINAL CORD
INJURIES
Occur when the cord is _________ or __________________
* impulses can’t pass to body parts
* results in
(loss of movement)
* protect yourself by wearing a ________________ in case
of an accident
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