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Human Biology and Health Name: Class: 1-1 Levels of Organization -The levels of organization in the body range from the smallest to the largest LEVELS: 1. CELLS 2. TISSUES 3. ORGANS 4. ORGAN SYSTEMS CELLS Cells: the basic unit of a living thing -- cells make up all body tissues Cytoplasm: jelly like substance inside cell Cell Membrane: outside boundary of cell Parts: Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Nucleus: The control center of the cell * Cells carry on processes that keep organisms alive * Cells are the smallest unit of organization. All cells have 3 Basic parts Cell membrane, cytoplasm, and the nucleus Tissue TISSUE: a group of similar cells that perform the same Function. 4 Types of Tissue 1. Muscle 2. Nerve 3. Connective 4. Epithelial Muscle MUSCLE: a tissue that contracts to make body parts move. Nerve NERVE: a tissue that carries messages between the brain And every other part of the body CONNECTIVE: a tissue that provides support and connects All parts of the body. Ex. FAT and BLOOD Connective Epithelial EPITHELIAL: a tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, Inside and out. --Outer layer of skin, lining of digestive tract • o The 4 types of tissue group together to form organs 1-1 Levels of Organization (adj) CELLS Parts: Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus -The levels of organization in the body range from the smallest to the largest LEVELS: 1. _______ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. ________ _________ _________: the basic unit of a living thing -- cells make up all body tissues _________: jelly like substance inside cell Cell Membrane: outside boundary of cell Nucleus: The ______ ______ of the cell * Cells carry on processes that keep organisms alive * Cells are the _________ unit of organization. All cells have 3 Basic parts Cell membrane, ______________, and the nucleus Tissue A group of similar __________ that perform the same Function. 4 Types of Tissue 1. Muscle 2. Nerve 3. Connective 4. Epithelial Muscle Nerve A tissue that ___________ to make body parts move. A tissue that carries messages between the __________ and every other part of the ____________ A tissue that provides support & __________ all parts of the body. Ex. ______ and ______ Connective Epithelial A tissue that covers the _______________ of the body -Outer layer of skin, lining of digestive tract Levels of Organization (cont) Organ: a structure that is made up of different Types of tissue ORGAN ex. heart stomach lungs brain * Organs perform complex jobs ORGAN SYSTEM Organ System: a group of organs that work together to perform a major function Ex. Skeletal System Muscular System Organs are made up of different types of tissue and Organ systems are made up of different organs. Levels of Organization (cont) adj ORGAN A structure that is made up of different types of ex. heart stomach lungs * Organs perform complex _______ ORGAN SYSTEM A group of that work together to perform a major function Ex. Skeletal System Muscular System brain 1-2 Keeping the Body in Balance HOMEOSTASIS Homeostasis: an organism’s internal environment is kept Stable despite changes in the external environment. INTERNAL BALANCE Ex. Sweating to keep constant body temp. Body returns To normal after scare. STRESS: the reaction of body and mind to threatening, challenging, or disturbing events. STRESS * stress upsets HOMEOSTASIS STRESSOR: an event that causes STRESS STRESSOR Ex. A snarling dog, an argument, an upcoming test ADRENALINE: a chemical released into the bloodstream That gives a quick burst of energy to prepare for quick action ADRENALINE EFFECTS = heart rate speeds up, sweat more, hearing improves, Eyes widen, etc. FIGHT or FLIGHT Response -- adrenaline prepares you to FIGHT or take FLIGHT and escape Adrenaline is released into the o Bloodstream when a stressor o o Causes stress and upsets homeostasis 2-1 The Skeletal System HOMEOSTASIS Homeostasis: an organism’s internal environment is kept stable despite changes in the external environment. _________ BALANCE Ex. Sweating to keep constant body temp. Body returns To normal after scare. STRESS The reaction of body and mind to ________________, ________________, or disturbing events. * stress upsets STRESSOR An event that causes Ex. A snarling _____ , an argument, an upcoming test ADRENALINE A _____________ released into the bloodstream that gives a quick burst of energy to prepare for quick action EFFECTS = heart rate speeds up, sweat more, hearing improves, Eyes widen, etc. or FLIGHT -- adrenaline prepares you to ________ or take ___________ and escape Response SKELETON Skeleton: a framework of bones *A newborn has 275 bones * An adult has 206 bones Where did 69 bones go? FUNCTIONS They fuse together 5 functions of a Skelton 1. Provide shape and support 2. Allow movement 3. Protect Internal Organs 4. Produce Blood Cells 5. Store CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS needed. VERTEBRAL COLUMN VERTEBRAE until Vertebral Column: the center of the skeleton that is made up of 26 small bones AKA: BACKBONE * all bones in the body connect to VERTEBRAL COLUMN in some way. Vertebrae: the 26 small bones that make up the back bone Allowing movement is 1 function of the skeleton Blood cells are also produced Calcium and Phosphorus are stored in bones until needed. 2-1 The Skeletal System (adj) SKELETON A framework of *A newborn has ___________ bones * An adult has ____________ bones Where did 69 bones go? FUNCTIONS ________________ 5 functions of a Skelton 1. Provide __________ and _________________ 2. Allow ___________________ 3. Protect Internal _______________ 4. Produce ______________ Cells 5. Store CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS until needed. VERTEBRAL COLUMN The _________________ of the skeleton that is made up of 26 small bones AKA: _________________ * all bones in the body connect to VERTEBRAL COLUMN in some way. VERTEBRAE The _____small bones that make up the back bone 2-1 Bone Characteristics Skeleton means BONE STRENGTH *Bones are strong and lightweight * 20% of bodyweight is bone * Bones are hard because of 2 minerals, PHOSPHORUS BONE GROWTH “dried body” and CALCIUM * Bones contain cells and tissues….. they are alive! * Bone tissue forms as you grow and new tissue fills gaps after an accident * The healed region is often stronger than the original bone! Phosphorus and Calcium allows bones to be Strong. However, when a break occurs, bone Tissue heals the break because bones are ALIVE! 2-1 Bone Characteristics ___________ means BONE STRENGTH “dried body” *Bones are strong and lightweight * _______ of bodyweight is bone * Bones are hard because of 2 minerals, and BONE GROWTH * Bones contain ______ and________….. they are ALIVE! * Bone tissue forms as you grow and new tissue fills gaps after an accident * The healed region is often __________ than the original bone! 2-1 The Structure of Bones Outer Membrane Outer Membrane: a thin and tough layer that Covers all of the bone except the ends * blood vessels and nerves go in and out of the membranes Compact Bone Compact Bone: hard and dense layer beneath * contains Spongy Bone Outer membrane that carry blood vessels & nerves to living cells CANALS Spongy Bone: lightweight and strong layer with many Small spaces that is found inside compact bone & on the ends of bone THE SPACES IN BONE CONTAIN A SOFT CONNECTIVE TISSUE CALLED MARROW Red Marrow RED MARROW: soft tissue inside bones that produces BLOOD CELLS YELLOW MARROW: soft tissue inside bones that Stores Cartilage FAT & serves as an energy reserve CARTILAGE: A connective tissue that is more flexible Than bone. * Infants have more cartilage than adults * Cartilage is replaced as you grow, but it still covers the ends of bones 3 parts of a bone 2 types of Marrow 1 tissue more flexible than bone 2-1 The Structure of Bones (adj) Outer Membrane A thin and tough layer that ____________ all of the bone except the ends * blood vessels and nerves go in and out of the membranes Compact Bone Spongy Bone Hard and dense layer beneath __________ membrane * contains that carry blood vessels & nerves _______weight and strong layer with many small spaces that is found inside compact bone & on the ____________ of bone THE SPACES IN BONE CONTAIN A SOFT CONNECTIVE TISSUE CALLED _________________ Red Marrow MARROW: soft tissue inside bones that Produces ______________ CELLS Yellow Marrow MARROW: soft tissue inside bones that stores ___________& serves as an energy reserve Cartilage A connective tissue that is more than bone. * Infants have more ________________ than adults * Cartilage is replaced as you grow, but it still covers the ______________of bones 3 parts of a bone 2 types of Marrow 1 tissue more flexible than bone 2-1 Joints Joint JOINT: a place in the body where 2 bones come together * joints allow bones to move in different ways Immovable IMMOVABLE JOINT: a joint that allows little or no movement Joint Ex. Bones in Skull, Ribs in Sternum movable MOVABLE JOINT: a joint that allows a wide range of movements joint Ligament LIGAMENT: a strong connective tissue that holds together The bones in a joint Ball & Socket BALL & SOCKET: a movable joint that allows the Greatest range of motion Ex. Shoulders & hips Pivot PIVOT: a movable joint that allows one bone to Rotate around another Ex. Top of neck turning head Hinge HINGE: a movable joint that moves forward & backward Ex. Knee & elbow Gliding GLIDING: a movable joint that allows one bone to Slide over another Ex. Wrist & ankle A joint is a place where 2 bones come together Ball and socket allows for the greatest range of motion Connective tissue that holds joints together are ligaments 2-1 Joints Joint JOINT: a place in the body where 2 bones come together * joints allow bones to move in different ways Immovable Joint A joint that allows little or _______ ___________________ Ex. Bones in ______________, Ribs in Sternum movable joint A joint that allows a wide range of ___________________ Ligament A strong connective tissue that ____________ ________ the bones in a joint Ball & Socket A movable joint that allows the ___________range of motion Ex. _______________ & hips Pivot A movable joint that allows one bone to ____________ around another Ex. Top of ___________ turning head Hinge A movable joint that moves forward & __________________ Ex. __________ & ___________ Gliding A movable joint that allows one bone to _______over another Ex. Wrist & ___________________ A B C 2-1 Taking care of your bones A COMBINATION OF A BALANCED DIET AND REGULAR EXERCISE WILL KEEP YOUR BONES HEALTHY. DIET DIET: to have strong bones your diet must have CALCIUM EXERCISE & PHOSPHORUS EXERCISE: To have strong bones you must get PLENTY OF EXERCISE OSTEOPOROSIS OSTEOPOROSIS: a disease caused by mineral loss that makes bones weak & allows them to break easily *osteoporosis is more common in women * PREVENTION: to prevent osteoporosis you must EXERCISE & get plenty of CALCIUM at a young age 3 things needed for strong bones 2 ways to prevent osteoporosis 1 disease that weakens bones 2-1 Taking care of your bones (adj) A COMBINATION OF A WILL KEEP YOUR BONES HEALTHY. DIET & DIET: to have strong bones your diet must have _________ & ___________ EXERCISE OSTEOPOROSIS EXERCISE: To have strong bones you must get PLENTY OF EXERCISE A disease caused by _______________ ______________ that makes bones weak and allows them to break easily *osteoporosis is more common in __________ * PREVENTION: to prevent osteoporosis you must & get plenty of at a young age 3 things needed for strong bones 2 ways to prevent osteoporosis 1 disease that weakens bones 2-3 Muscular System INVOLUNTARY Involuntary Muscles: a muscle that is not under conscious control MUSCLES Ex. heart, stomach VOLUNTARY MUSCLES Voluntary Muscles: a muscle that is under your control Ex. smiling, raising your hand THE 3 TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE ARE SKELETAL, SMOOTH, & CARDIAC SKELETAL SKELETAL MUSCLE: voluntary muscle MUSCLE attached to bones, that allow movement *skeletal muscles are banded= STRIATED *reacts quickly & tires easily TENDON TENDON: a connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone SMOOTH SMOOTH MUSCLE: involuntary muscle MUSCLE found inside internal organs that control movements inside the body * reacts slowly and tires slowly CARDIAC CARDIAC MUSCLE: involuntary muscle found only MUSCLE in the HEART *has similarities of skeletal and smooth muscles * cardiac muscle is STRIATED * Does NOT GET TIRED Always remember skeletal muscles is on Bones, smooth muscle is inside organs & Cardiac muscle is in the 2-3 Muscular System (adj) INVOLUNTARY A muscle that is not under _________________ control MUSCLES Ex. heart, _______________ VOLUNTARY A muscle that is under your control MUSCLES Ex. smiling, _______________________ THE 3 TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE ARE __________, __________, & _____________ SKELETAL MUSCLE muscle attached to bones and allows movement *skeletal muscles are banded= *reacts quickly & tires easily TENDON A _________________ tissue that attaches muscle to bone SMOOTH MUSCLE muscle found inside ____________ _____________ that control movements inside the body * reacts slowly and tires slowly CARDIAC MUSCLE muscle found only in the *has similarities of skeletal and smooth muscles * cardiac muscle is _______________ * Does NOT GET TIRED 2-3 Muscles at Work 1/8/13 11:10 PM MUSCLE CELLS CAN ONLY CONTRACT NOT EXTEND SO SKELETAL MUSCLES MUST WORK IN PAIRS When one muscle contracts, its pair extends MUSCLE HEALTH STRAIN CRAMP *Exercise is important for muscular strength & flexibility * Muscle cells widen & thicken when exercised. STRAIN: an injury that occurs when a muscle is overworked CRAMP: a temporary strong contraction in a muscle. Muscle cells can only CONTRACT Exercise is important for muscle health 2-3 Muscles at Work (adj) MUSCLE CELLS CAN ONLY ________ NOT EXTEND SO SKELETAL MUSCLES MUST WORK IN _________ When one muscle contracts, its pair ____________ • MUSCLE HEALTH *____________ is important for muscular strength & flexibility * Muscle cells widen & thicken when exercised. STRAIN An injury that occurs when a muscle is CRAMP CRAMP: ____________________________________ 2-4 The Skin THE LARGEST ORGAN IN THE BODY IS YOUR SKIN! FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN FUNCTIONS 1. Covers body and prevents water loss 2. Protects the body from injury and infection 3.Regulates body temperature(perspire to remove heat & waste) 4. Eliminates waste 5. Gather info about the environment. 6. Produces VITAMIN D 2 MAIN LAYERS OF SKIN 1. epidermis EPIDERMIS 2. Dermis epidermis: the outermost layer of the skin. * NO nerves or bloodvessels * new cells form deep in epidermis & move upward as new cells form beneath MELANIN MELANIN: a pigment that gives skin its color * more melanin = more color DERMIS PORES dermis: the lower layer of skin that contains nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands, hair, & oil glands PORES: an opening in the surface of skin that allows sweat to escape. FOLLICLES FOLLICES: structures in the dermis that hair grows in. A function of the skin is to protect Body from injury, infection, and regulate temperature Cells form in epidermis and move upward. 2-4 Caring for Skin THERE ARE EAT PROPERLY 4 HEALTHY HABITS FOR CARING FOR YOUR SKIN Eat Properly: a well balanced diet provides energy needed to replace cells, grow hair & nails DRINK WATER Drink Water: replace H2O lost from perspiration LIMIT SUN Limit Sun Exposure: protect yourself from the sun by EXPOSURE wearing sunscreen, a hat, & glasses * Repeated exposure may cause cancer KEEP SKIN Keep Skin Clean: cleaning skin keeps oil glands active to CLEAN prevent clogging by bacteria * a bacterial infection called ACNE could occur if skin is not cleaned properly. Remember to eat properly, drink water, stay out of sun, & clean skin to maintain healthy skin. 2-4 The Skin(adj) THE LARGEST ORGAN IN THE BODY IS YOUR _____ FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN FUNCTIONS 1. ____________ body and prevents water loss 2. Protects the body from injury and infection 3.Regulates ____ temperature(perspire to remove heat & waste) 4. Eliminates ________ 5. Gather info about the _________________________ 6. Produces ____________ ____ 2 MAIN LAYERS OF SKIN 1. 2. layer of the skin. EPIDERMIS * NO nerves or _____________ vessels * new cells form deep in ____________ & move upward as new cells form beneath MELANIN A ___________ that gives skin its color * more melanin = more ___________________ DERMIS PORES The layer of skin that contains nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands, _________, & oil glands An ___________________ in the surface of skin that allows sweat to escape. FOLLICLES Structures in the dermis that ________ grows in. 2-4 Caring for Skin (adj) THERE ARE 4 HEALTHY HABITS FOR CARING FOR YOUR SKIN EAT PROPERLY DRINK WATER LIMIT SUN EXPOSURE KEEP SKIN CLEAN _____ Properly:a well balanced diet provides energy needed to replace cells, grow hair & nails ________ Water: replace H2O lost from _______________ Limit ______ Exposure: protect yourself from the sun by wearing sunscreen, a hat, & glasses * Repeated exposure may cause _______________ Keep Skin Clean: cleaning skin keeps oil glands active to prevent clogging by ___________________ * a bacterial infection called ________ could occur if skin is not cleaned properly. 3-3 Digestive System FUNCTIONS 3 Functions of the Digestive System 1. Break down food 2. Carry food to cells through the 3. Eliminate Wastes DIGESTION Bloodstream Digestion: the process of breaking down food into small nutrient molecules MECHANICAL DIGESTION CHEMICAL Mechanical Digestion:the physical breakdown of food ex. Bite into food, chewing, & mashing in stomach. Chemical Digestion:the break down of food by chemicals in the body. Ex. acid breaks down food in stomach DIGESTION ABSORPTION ABSORPTION: the process that occurs when nutrients pass through the walls of the digestive system & into the blood *The materials not absorbed are eliminated as WASTE THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM’S ORGANS STRETCH 9 METERS LONG THE PROCESSES OF DIGESTION, ABSORPTION, & ELIMINATION OCCUR CONSTANTLY 3 Functions of the Digestive System 2 types of Digestion 1 process that occurs when nutrients pass into blood 3-3 The Mouth SALIVA SALIVA: the fluid released when your mouth waters. *Prepares to MECHANICALLY & CHEMICALLLY digesting food MECHANICAL DIGESTION INCISORS MECHANICAL DIGESTION IN THE MOUTH *Teeth carry out the 1st stage of digestion. Incisors: the center teeth that cut food into bite size pieces. CANINES Canines: the pointy teeth that tear food into smaller pieces. PREMOLARS & MOLARS Premolars & Molars: the teeth at the back of the mouth that crush & grind the food. CHEMICAL DIGESTION CHEMICAL DIGESTION IN THE MOUTH The chemical in saliva digests chemically in the mouth ENZYMES Enzymes: a protein that SPEEDS UP chemical reactions in the body. * enzymes make chemical digestion possible. A chemical in saliva digests or Breaks down food through Chemical digestion 3-3 Digestive System (adj) 3 FUNCTIONS Functions of the Digestive System 1. _________ __________ food 2. Carry food to cells through the 3. _________________ Wastes DIGESTION The process of small nutrient molecules MECHANICAL The DIGESTION CHEMICAL food into breakdown of food ex. Bite into food, chewing, & mashing in stomach. The break down of food by in the body DIGESTION Ex. acid breaks down food in stomach ABSORPTION The process that occurs when nutrients pass through the walls of the digestive system & into the *The materials not absorbed are eliminated as _____ THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM’S ORGANS STRETCH _____m LONG THE PROCESSES OF & OCCUR CONSTANTLY 3 Functions of the Digestive System 2 types of Digestion 1 process that occurs when nutrients pass into blood 3-3 The Mouth (adj) SALIVA The fluid released when your mouth waters. *Digests food ______________ & ________________ MECHANICAL MECHANICAL DIGESTION IN THE MOUTH DIGESTION *____________ carry out the 1st stage of digestion. INCISORS The center teeth that CANINES The pointy teeth that pieces. food into bite size pieces. food into smaller PREMOLARS & MOLARS The teeth at the back of the mouth that crush and the food. CHEMICAL DIGESTION CHEMICAL DIGESTION IN THE MOUTH The chemical in saliva digests chemically in the mouth ENZYMES A protein that ____________ _______ chemical reactions in the body * enzymes make ___________ digestion possible. A B C 3-3 The Esophagus THERE ARE 2 OPENINGS AT THE BACK OF YOUR MOUTH 1. LEADS TO WINDPIPE & THEN CARRIES AIR TO THE LUNGS 2. LEADS TO ESOPHAGUS & THEN CARRIES THE FOOD TO THE STOMACH. EPIGLOTTIS EPIGLOTTIS: a flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the windpipe ESOPHAGUS ESOPHAGUS: a muscular tube that connects the to the mouth stomach. * lined with mucus MUCUS MUCUS: a thick, slippery substance produced by the body * makes food easier to swallow & to move along. PERISTALSIS PERISTALSIS: involuntary muscle contractions that push food to the stomach. The esophagus carries food from the mouth to the stomach through peristalsis & the help of mucus 3-3 The Esophagus (adj) THERE ARE 2 OPENINGS AT THE BACK OF YOUR MOUTH 1. LEADS TO WINDPIPE & THEN CARRIES AIR TO THE ______________ 2. LEADS TO ESOPHAGUS & THEN CARRIES THE FOOD TO THE ______________. EPIGLOTTIS ESOPHAGUS A flap of tissue that prevents entering the windpipe from A muscular tube that connects the to the * lined with mucus MUCUS A thick, slippery substance produced by the body * makes food easier to PERISTALSIS muscle contractions that push food to the stomach. 3-3 The Stomach WHEN FOOD LEAVES THE ESOPHAGUS, IT GOES TO THE STOMACH. STOMACH STOMACH: a J- shaped muscular pouch that expands to hold the food swallowed. * Holds about 2 Liters of food! * most MECHANICAL digestion occurs in the stomach….the muscle layers CHURN and SQUEEZE the food. * CHEMICAL digestion also occurs in the stomach… digestive juice produced in the stomach mix with food. PEPSIN Pepsin: an enzyme in digestive juice that breaks down protein HYDROCHLORIC ACID Hydrochloric Acid: a strong acid in digestive juice that kills bacteria FOOD STAYS IN THE STOMACH UNTIL IT IS DIGESTED INTO LIQUID FORM After leaving the esophagus, food travels into the stomach Because pepsin & hydrochloric acid are in the stomach Chemical digestion occurs but so does Mechanical 3-3 The Stomach (adj) WHEN FOOD LEAVES THE ESOPHAGUS, IT GOES TO THE ____________. STOMACH A J- shaped muscular pouch that expands to hold that is swallowed. * Holds about ______ Liters of food! * most digestion occurs in the stomach….the muscle layers CHURN and SQUEEZE the food. * digestion also occurs in the stomach… digestive juice produced in the stomach mix with food. PEPSIN An enzyme in digestive juice that breaks down HYDROCHLORIC A strong acid in digestive juice that kills ACID FOOD STAYS IN THE STOMACH UNTIL IT IS DIGESTED INTO FORM 3-4 Small Intestine AFTER THE LIQUID LEAVES THE STOMACH IT ENTERS THE SMALL INTESTINE! SMALL INTESTINE SMALL INTESTINE: the part of the digestive system where the most CHEMICAL digestion takes place. * almost ALL chemical digestion & absorption in the small intestine. take place THE LIVER & PANCREAS DELIVER ENZYMES & SECRETIONS TO THE SMALL INTESTINE LIVER LIVER: the largest & heaviest organ inside the body that breaks down substances & gets rid of nitrogen. * The liver produces BILE BILE BILE: a substance that breaks up FAT * Bile flows from the liver to the gallbladder GALLBLADDER GALLBLADDER: the organ that stores BILE *Bile flows from the gallbladder into small intestine PANCREAS PANCREAS: triangle-shaped organ that produces ENZYMES for the small intestine. VILLI VILLI: tiny structures that cover small intestine to increase area for absorption of nutrients. Almost all chemical digestion & absorption occurs in the small intestine Bile is produced in liver & stored in gall bladder. Villi Cover the small intestine 3-4 Small Intestine (adj) AFTER THE LIQUID LEAVES THE STOMACH IT ENTERS THE _______ ____________! SMALL INTESTINE The part of the digestive system where the most digestion takes place. * almost ALL in the small intestine. & take place THE LIVER & PANCREAS DELIVER ENZYMES & SECRETIONS TO THE SMALL INTESTINE LIVER The largest & heaviest organ inside the body that breaks down substances & gets rid of * The liver produces _____________ BILE A substance that breaks up * Bile flows from the liver to the gallbladder GALLBLADDER The organ that stores __________ *Bile flows from the into small intestine PANCREAS Triangle-shaped organ that produces for the small intestine. VILLI Tiny finger-like structures that cover small intestine to increase area for of nutrients. 3-4 The Large Intestine LARGE INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE: the last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed & remaining material is eliminated. *contains helpful bacteria AS MATERIAL MOVES THROUGH THE LARGE INTESTINE WATER IS ABSORBED INTO THE BLOODSTREAM THE REMAINING MATERIAL IS READY TO BE ELIMINATED THE LARGE INTESTINE ENDS IN THE RECTUM RECTUM Rectum: waste material is compressed into Solid Form ANUS Anus: the muscular opening at the end of the rectum that wastes are eliminated through. The large intestine is the last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed and wastes eliminated via the rectum and anus. 5-3 The Excretory System LARGE INTESTINE The section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed & remaining material is eliminated. *contains helpful ____________ AS MATERIAL MOVES THROUGH THE LARGE INTESTINE _________ IS ABSORBED INTO THE BLOODSTREAM THE REMAINING MATERIAL IS READY TO BE ________ THE LARGE INTESTINE ENDS IN THE ____________ RECTUM Where waste material is compressed into ANUS The muscular opening at the end of the that wastes are eliminated through. THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM COLLECTS WASTEDS FROM CELLS & REMOVES WASTES FROM THE BODY. EXCRETION EXCRETION: the removal of wastes from the body. * helps maintain homeostasis UREA UREA: a waste product from the breakdown of proteins. KIDNEYS KIDNEYS: the 2 major organs of the excretory system that eliminates UREA, WATER, CARBON DIOXIDE, & HARMFUL MATERIALS URINE URINE: a watery fluid produced by the kidneys that eliminates waste. URETERS URETERS: 2 narrow tubes that carry urine from The kidneys to the urinary bladder. URINARY BLADDER URINARY BLADDER: a sac-like muscular organ that stores Urine URETHRA URETHRA: the small tube that carries urine from the Bladder to the outside of the body. PROCESS OF EXCRETION: * BLOOD flows to kidneys & wastes are removed. * URINE flows from kidneys to ureters. * URETERS carry urine to urinary bladder to store * URINE travels from bladder to the outside of the body by the URETHRA 3 things removed by kidneys 2 major organs of excretion 1 storage area for urine 5-3 The Excretory System (adj) THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM ___________ WASTES FROM CELLS & __________________ WASTES FROM THE BODY. EXCRETION The removal of _________________ from the body. * helps maintain ____________________ UREA A waste product from the breakdown of KIDNEYS The _______ major organs of the excretory system that eliminates ____________, WATER, CARBON DIOXIDE, & HARMFUL MATERIALS URINE A watery fluid produced by the _______________ that eliminates waste. URETERS 2 narrow tubes that carry to the urinary bladder. URINARY BLADDER URETHRA from the A sac-like muscular organ that stores The small tube that carries urine from the to the outside of the body. PROCESS OF EXCRETION: * ______ flows to & wastes are removed. * URINE flows from to ureters. * ______________ carry urine to urinary bladder to store * URINE travels from bladder to the outside of the body by the 3 things removed by kidneys 2 major organs of excretion 1 storage area for urine 5-3 The Filtering Process NEPHRONS NEPHRONS: tiny structures in the kidneys that remove Wastes from BLOOD and produce URINE URINE FORMATION URINE FORMATION Wastes & needed materials are removed from the BLOOD *BLOOD FLOWS INTO THE CAPILLARY CULSTER OF A NEPHRON & UREA, WATER, & GLUCOSE ARE FILTERED OUT *THE FILTERED MATERIALS PASS INTO THE CAPSULE *THE MATERIALS MOVE INTO A LONG TUBE WHERE MOST OF THE WATER & GLUCOSE IS REABSORBED *THE REMAINING MATERIAL IS URINE OTHER ORGANS OF OTHER ORGANS OF EXCRETION EXCRETION 1. LUNGS: remove carbon dioxide 2. SKIN: removes excess H2O and waste (sweat) 3. LIVER: produces bile to break down food A B C 7-1 The Nervous System NEPHRONS: Tiny structures in the kidneys that remove wastes from and produce URINE FORMATION The Process of URINE FORMATION Wastes & needed materials are removed from the _________ *BLOOD FLOWS INTO THE OF A NEPHRON. * , WATER, & CLUSTER ARE FILTERED OUT *THE FILTERED MATERIALS PASS INTO THE *THE MATERIALS MOVE INTO A LONG TUBE WHERE MOST OF THE __________ & __________ IS REABSORBED *THE REMAINING MATERIAL IS OTHER ORGANS OF EXCRETION OTHER ORGANS OF EXCRETION 1. _______________: remove carbon dioxide 2. ___________: removes excess H2O and waste (sweat) 3. _______________: produces bile to break down food A B C THE NERVOUS SYSTEM HELPS WITH YOUR COORDINATION, BALANCE, MEMORY, & ABILITY TO LEARN. COMPONENTS The nervous system is made up of the BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, and NERVES. ** The nervous system directs your body how to respond to maintain homeostasis JOBS JOBS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: 1. Receives Information: your nervous system makes you aware of what is happening outside your body & checks the conditions inside. 2. Responds to Information: STIMULUS REPSONSE - STIMULUS: any change in the environment that can Make you react. - RESPONSE: what your body does in reaction to a stimulus. 3. Maintain Homeostasis – the nervous system directs the body to respond to information to stay BALANCED. The brain, spinal cord, and nerves make up the nervous system. Together they receive information, respond to it & maintain homeostasis. 7-1 The Nervous System (adj) THE NERVOUS SYSTEM HELPS WITH YOUR COORDINATION, BALANCE, MEMORY, & ABILITY TO LEARN. COMPONENTS The nervous system is made up of the ____________, _________ ____________, and _________________. ** The nervous system directs your body how to respond to maintain JOBS JOBS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: Information Your nervous system makes you aware of what is happening outside of body & checks the conditions inside. to Information STIMULUS Any change in the environment that can make you __________________ REPSONSE What your body does in reaction to a stimulus. Maintain The nervous system directs the body to respond to information to stay _____________________ 7-1 The Neuron NEURON NEURON: cells that carry information through your Nervous sytem. * also called nerve cells. NERVE IMPULSE Nerve Impulse: the message that a neuron carries DENDRITE DENDRITE: threadlike extensions that carry impulses to The cell body AXON AXON: threadlike extensions that carry impulses away From the cell body. Impulse travels this way! 3 TYPES OF NEURONS 1. Sensory 2. Interneurons 3. Motor A neuron carries a nerve impulse By starting at the dendrites then moving to the Cell body & down the axon 7-1 The Neuron (adj) NEURON Cells that carry information through your nervous system * also called NERVE IMPULSE The ____________________ that a neuron carries DENDRITE Threadlike extensions that carry ______________ TO the _____________ ______________ AXON Threadlike extensions that carry _______________ AWAY FROM the _________________ ________________ Impulse travels this way! 3 TYPES OF NEURONS 1.___________2. ___________3.__________ 7-1 Kinds of Neurons Different neurons perform different functions SENSORY NEURONS SENSORY NEURONS: RECEIVES * pick up stimuli from environment & change it to a nerve impulse. THE IMPULSE MOVES TO AN INTERNEURON INTERNEURON INTERNEURONS: CONNECTS * pass impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons THE IMPULSE PASSES INO THE BRAIN MOTOR NEURONS MOTOR NEURONS: RESPOND * send an impulse to a muscle & muscle contracts in response AN IMPULSE TRAVELS IN ELECTRICAL & CHEMICAL SIGNALS SYNAPSE SYNAPSE: the tiny space between axon tips & the next Neuron’s dendrites * the axon releases chemicals so the impulse can cross the SYNAPSE 3 types of neurons 2 ways an impulse travels 1 gap between neurons 7-1 Kinds of Neurons (adj) Different neurons perform different functions SENSORY NEURONS _____________ NEURONS = RECEIVES * pick up _____________ from environment & change it to a nerve impulse. THE IMPULSE MOVES TO AN INTERNEURON INTERNEURON _________________= CONNECTS * pass impulses from sensory neurons to _________ neurons THE IMPULSE PASSES INO THE BRAIN MOTOR NEURONS ______________ NEURONS = RESPOND * send an impulse to a _______________ & the muscle contracts in response AN IMPULSE TRAVELS IN & SYNAPSE The tiny neuron’s dendrites SIGNALS between axon tips & the next * the_____________ releases chemicals so the impulse can cross the ____________________ 3 types of neurons 2 ways an impulse travels 1 gap between neurons 7-2 The Nervous System NERVOUS SYSTEM THERE ARE 2 DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM * made up of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD 2. THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM * consists of ALL NERVES that connect to the central nervous system CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The Central Nervous System is the control center of the body * The BRAIN controls most functions * The SPINAL CORD is a thick column of tissue that links the brain to most of the peripheral nervous system IMPULSE TRAVEL * an impulse goes through the spinal cord to get to the brain. * then the brain sends a response through the spinal cord to the peripheral nervous system 3 things you can do with the help of the nervous system 2 divisions of the nervous system 1 thick column of nerve tissue 7-2 The Nervous System (adj) NERVOUS SYSTEM THERE ARE DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. THE ____________________ NERVOUS SYSTEM * made up of the_____________ & _______________ 2. THE ___________________ NERVOUS SYSTEM * consists of ALL ___________ that connect to the central nervous system CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The Central Nervous System is the ________ center of the body * The ___________ controls most functions * The ___________ ____________ is a thick column of tissue that links the brain to most of the peripheral nervous system * an impulse goes through the spinal cord to get to the * then the brain sends a response through the spinal cord to the peripheral nervous system 3 things you can do with the help of the nervous system 2 divisions of the nervous system 1 thick column of nerve tissue 7-2 The Central Nervous System THE BRAIN PROTECTION FOR THE BRAIN 1. 3 layers of connective tissue 2. Watery fluid between layers of tissue 3. The Skull 3 REGIONS OF THE BRAIN * cerebrum * cerebellum CEREBRUM * brain stem CEREBRUM: the largest part of the brain that interprets Inputs from senses, controls muscle movement, & controls mental processes. LEFT SIDE: controls right side of the body & skills like Math, speech, writing, & logical thinking RIGHT SIDE: controls left side of the body & skills like Creativity & artistic ability. CEREBELLUM CEREBELLUM: 2nd largest part of the brain that Coordinates muscles & helps keep your balance BRAINSTEM BRAINSTEM: part of the brain that lies between the Cerebellum & spinal cord that controls INVOLUNTARY ACTIONS (heart beat, breathing) The Brain is 1 portion of the Central Nervous System. The Brain has 3 regions & is protected by tissue layer, fluid, & the Skull. 7-2 The Central Nervous System (adj) THE BRAIN PROTECTION FOR THE BRAIN 1. 3 layers of ________________ tissue 2. __________ _________ between layers of tissue 3. The 3 REGIONS OF THE BRAIN * _______________* _______________ * _____________ CEREBRUM The largest part of the brain that interprets Inputs from __________, controls __________ movement, & controls mental processes. SIDE: controls _______ side of the body Math, speech, writing, & logical thinking SIDE: controls left side of the body & skills like Creativity & artistic ability. CEREBELLUM The 2nd largest part of the brain Coordinates muscles & helps keep your ________ BRAINSTEM Part of the brain that lies between the ________________ & the spinal cord that controls ACTIONS (heart beat, breathing) 7-2 The Central Nervous System (cont) 1/8/13 11:10 PM THE SPINAL CORD SPINAL CORD: thick column of nerve tissue that links the Brain to the peripheral nervous system. PROTECTION FOR THE SPINAL CORD 1. VERTEBRAL COLUMN: 26 bones that are also called the back bone 2. WATERY FLUID Spinal Cord Brain Peripheral Nervous System The spinal cord is 1 portion of the central nervous system. It is protected by the vertebral column & links the brain to the peripheral nervous system. 7-2 The Central Nervous System (cont, adj) THE SPINAL CORD The thick column of nerve tissue that _________________ _________________________________________________ PROTECTION FOR THE SPINAL CORD 1. COLUMN: 26 bones that are also called the _______________ 2. _________________ FLUID _______ ________ Brain Peripheral Nervous System 7-2 The Peripheral Nervous System PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The network of nerves that branch out from the central nervous system& connect it to the rest of your body. *Impulses travel on a spinal nerve in 2 directions. * SENSORY NEURONS: carry impulses from body to CNS * MOTOR NEURONS: carry impulse from CNS to muscles 2 Divisions of Peripheral Nervous System SOMATIC 1. SOMATIC controls your shoes VOLUNTARY actions like tying 2. AUTONOMIC:controls INVOLUNTARY heart beating. actions like Automatic! The PNS is made up of all the nerves that connect to the CNS. The PNS has 2 divisions, somatic, and autonomic. 7-2 The Peripheral Nervous System (adj) PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM The network of __________ that branch out from the central nervous system & connect it to the rest of your __________. *Impulses travel on a spinal nerve in ________ directions. * __________ NEURONS: carry impulses from body to CNS * _________ NEURONS: carry impulse from CNS to muscles 2 Divisions of Peripheral Nervous System SOMATIC 1. SOMATIC controls your shoes 2. AUTONOMIC: controls heart beating. Automatic! actions like tying actions like 7-2 Reflexes & Safety REFLEX REFLEX: an automatic response And without conscious control. that occurs very rapidly * some reflexes cause muscles to contract with the help from the SPINAL CORD ONLY…..not the BRAIN!!! SAFETY 2 ways to damage the Nervous System * concussion CONCUSSION * spinal cord injuries CONCUSSION: a bruiselike injury of the brain that occurs When the cerebrum bumps against the skull * protect yourself by wearing a HELMET! SPINAL CORD INJURIES SPINAL CORD INJURIES: occurs when the cord is cut or crushed * impulses can’t pass to body parts * results in PARALYSIS (loss of movement) * protect yourself by wearing a seatbelt in case of accident Automatic responses are called reflexes Bruiselike injuries of the brain are called concussions Crushing or cutting of the spinal cord causes paralysis 7-2 Reflexes & Safety REFLEX REFLEX: an And without conscious control. that occurs very rapidly * some reflexes cause muscles to contract with the help from the __________ ____________ ONLY…..not the BRAIN!!! SAFETY ways to damage the Nervous System * concussion CONCUSSION * spinal cord injuries A bruise-like injury of the brain that occurs when the ______________ bumps against the skull * protect yourself by wearing a _________________! SPINAL CORD INJURIES Occur when the cord is _________ or __________________ * impulses can’t pass to body parts * results in (loss of movement) * protect yourself by wearing a ________________ in case of an accident 1/8/13 11:10 PM