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NOTES •GO TO MY WEEBLY •CLICK ON “PERSIAN WARS NOTES” •FILE, MAKE A COPY •BE READY TO TYPE SOME NOTES! MAP OF PERSIA THE PERSIAN EMPIRE • Early Persians were warriors and nomads • They herded cattle • Cyrus the Great • United the Persians into a powerful kingdom • In 539 B.C., they captured Mesopotamia and Babylon • Later…Asia Minor, Syria, Canaan and Phoenician Cities THE PERSIAN EMPIRE • Cyrus’s followers also conquered… • Egypt, western India, Thrace • Size of the United States!!! • Royal Road • Built to connect their lands • Stations supplied food, shelter and horses to the king’s messengers THE PERSIAN EMPIRE • Darius • Reorganized Persia’s government • Divided empire into 20 provinces, or satrapies • Ruled by a satrap • Name meant “protector of the kingdom” • Acted as tax collector, judge, police and recruiter • Paid soldiers to guard the king • Nicknamed “Immortals” PERSIAN WARS THE FIGHT BETWEEN GREECE AND PERSIA WHY FIGHT? • Greeks had been settling on the west coast of Asia Minor (Persia) • Persia conquered these colonies • In 499 B.C. Greeks in these colonies revolted against Persian rule • Why? They were used to ruling themselves—democracy! • Athens, a city-state of Greece, sent troops to support the revolt CRUSHING THE REVOLT • Emperor Darius of Persia crushed the revolt rather quickly • He decided to punish Athens for helping the colonies • After training for a few years Darius sent troops to invade Greece • Sailed on to the Bay of Marathon THE BATTLE OF MARATHON • Athens asked Sparta to help, but Spartan troops would not arrive for 9 days (they were in the middle of religious festivals) • Other jealous city-states decided not to help Athens against the Persian Empire • Because Athens acted better than everyone else, other citystates did not like them • So Athens took on the mighty Persian Empire by themselves A SERIOUS MISMATCH • Persian troops—100,000…WHOA DANG! • Athenian troops—20,000 • Did Athens really have any hope against these odds? • Even with only 20,000 men, Athens won. How in the world?! VICTORY • The Athenian army was well-trained and did not break formation as they charged the Persian lines • The organized charge surprised the large but scattered (and poorly organized) Persian army • The Persian soldiers turned and ran from the oncoming Athenians • How did they actually win? They fought smarter, not harder. They used strategy to win. ROLE PLAY A SLAUGHTER • The Athenian army almost drove the Persians back to the sea • Final tally • Persians—6, 400 dead • Athens—192 dead • Darius returned to Persia never to return • Greece = 1 Persians = 0 • VIDEO CONNECTION TO THE PAST • The modern marathon has its roots in the Battle of Marathon • A Greek soldier, Phidippides, ran from Marathon to Athens (26 miles) to tell the Athenians of the Greek victory and to warn them that the Persians may try to attack • Phidippides died from exhaustion after delivering his message • Today’s 26 mile marathon races remember his heroic act of martyrdom BACK FOR REVENGE • The Persian Emperor Darius never returned, but his son Emperor Xerxes did • In 480 B.C. the Persians returned to Greece • They brought even more men this time around THE BATTLE OF THERMOPYLAE • Persians met a force of Greeks at Thermopylae • This was a small mountain pass that controlled access to Greece • For two days 7,000 Greeks held the Persians back, but… THE DOWNFALL • A Greek traitor showed the Persians a secret passageway • We don’t know his name…so let’s just call him Voldemort! • This allowed the Persians to sneak up from behind and attack the Greeks • Most of the Greek defenders ran away A HEROIC ACT • About 300 Spartans stayed behind and fought to their deaths • This allowed the other Greeks to escape capture or certain death • The Spartans sacrificed themselves to save others—this even inspired the movie 300! • VIDEO-What is inaccurate in this video? ROLE PLAY! HERE COME THE PERSIANS • The Persians poured into Greece • They got their revenge by wreaking havoc • They even burned Athens to the ground • So, what were the Greeks to do? • Nada. They were almost powerless. The Greeks, led by the group of Spartans, fell to the Persian army. • Greece = 1 Persians = 1 THE BATTLE OF SALAMIS • As their city-state burned the Athenian people and the army escaped to the island of Salamis • The Persians were quick to follow the retreating Greeks to Salamis THOSE CLEVER ATHENIANS • The Greeks ships first sailed from shore like they were fleeing the island • They then turned quickly around and began ramming the Persian ships • Before the Persians knew what had happened half of their fleet was on the ocean floor. • The Persians once again retreated back to Persia • So, the Greek fleet defeated the Persian navy • Greece = 2 Persians = 1 THE FINAL BATTLE-PLATAEA • The Greeks and Persians at equal strength • Athens and Sparta fought side by side • Greek military superiority won out and Persia retreated for good HOW DID THE GREEKS DO IT? • Here are some reasons the Greeks prevailed • Advantage of the defender • Didn’t want to lose their land. DEFEND IT! • After all, offense wins games (battles) and defense wins championships (wars) • They were better soldiers • The used the element of surprise HOW DID THE GREEKS DO IT? • The MAIN reason, though… They put aside their differences and worked together for their homeland. Go Greece!