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OLD WORLDS, NEW WORLDS, 14001600S (CH. 2) Eurasia and Africa Spain in the Americas Search for North America’s Indian Empires Religious Reform & Division in Europe England’s Entry into America EUROPE IN THE WORLD Chinese had the largest economy and global reach Impressive ocean armada for military, trade, exploration Middle Eastern trade routes tied the east and west together Islamic empires, Ottomans, Mediterranean region Europeans were divided by numerous kingdoms, villages, rural communities CONDITIONS IN EUROPE, 1400’S Black Death, 1340’s -Ec. & pop. growth, 1400’s Renaissance -15th & 16th century Consolidate power -Spanish reconquista RELIGION IN EUROPE Catholic Church Reformation, 1510s-20s Martin Luther -Personal faith -Question doctrine Religious division -Intolerance -Protestants WHY EXPLORE? Material gain Trade -Spices -Silks & furs -Gold/slaves Religious Conversion Block Islam Political power SUGAR AND SLAVERY After Christian European Crusades and conquest in the Middle East, slavery and sugar production became attractive Europeans and Islamic leaders such as Saladin crafted economic agreements to increase sugar production, which required slaves By the 1400s Portugal supplied slaves for sugar plantations off West Africa Expansion of slave trade and plantations led to greater exploration, competition, and invasions into Africa Massive demand for sugar in Europe HOW THEY EXPLORED New technology Stronger ships -Caravels -Sails Navigational tools Astrolabe Magnetic compass Maps Geography Currents WHO WERE THE EXPLORERS? Bartolemeu Diaz southern Africa 1488 Christopher Columbus, Bahamas 1492 Vasco Da Gama, under Africa to India 1499 John Cabot, Newfoundland 1497 Juan Ponce de Leon, Florida 1513 Hernan Cortes, Mexico 1519 Jacques Cartier, St. Lawrence River. 1535 THINGS TO CONSIDER Renaissance & population boom Technology & early science European competition for wealth & territory Rising power of Spain Social, political, economic hierarchies Patriarchy and dominance of women Conversion and Christianity Search for labor: African, Indians No knowledge of Indigenous Peoples THE SPANISH I. Christopher Columbus II. Ferdinand & Isabella III. Route to Asia IV. Caribbean V. Tainos EXPANSION OF THE SPANISH Reconquista Moors Cristoforo Columbus Isabel and Ferdinand Tainos “Indians” THE SPANISH CONQUEST Commonalities Size, expansion, complexity, Farming, tribute, classes Aztec Empire Montezuma “Empire of tribute” Tenochtitlan Cortez & the Mexica (Aztec) 1519-1521 CONQUEST CONTINUES… Different cultures of War Goals/objectives Technology Divide and conquer Tarascans/Tlaxcalans Virgin Soil Epidemics THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE Americas Europe Corn Beans Peppers Potatoes Cocoa Tobacco Disease Horses, pigs, sheep Cattle Guns Weeds Sugar Coffee SEARCH FOR INDIAN EMPIRES Search for wealth Ponce de Leon, 1513 Panfilo de Nevarez, Cabeza de Vaca, and Esteban, 1528-1536 Coronado, 1539 CABEZA DE VACA FRENCH AND ENGLISH: EARLY EFFORTS French Huguenots Ribault (SC) 1562 Jacksonville Pirates Threat to Spanish colony in FL British Henry VIII & Anglican Church Conquer the Irish 1578 Gilbert’s colonial charter to N. America 1584 Raleigh & Roanoke Indians “Virginia” Chesapeake, failed CONCLUSIONS Chinese remained a powerful empire with seafaring abilities Middle East trading routes Reconquista of the Moors and rise of Spain Portuguese and the growing European-African slave trade Spanish conquest of Meso-America Spanish search for gold and wealth Weak French and English attempts Influence of Native People on east coast SIGNIFICANCE OF CONTACT, 1600S I. II. III. IV. V. VI. Massive exchange of populations European power “Biological conquest” Native resistance and adaptation Expansion of Christianity European accumulation of wealth
