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ASA 7 Science
From Cells to Organisms
Review 1: Cellular Structure and Function
Review 2: Microorganisms
Review 3: Structure and Function in Humans
Review 4: Responding to the Environment
Unit 2
Heredity
Review 5: Reproduction and Development
Review 6: DNA and RNA
Review 7: Mendel’s Laws of Genetics
Unit 3
Ecosystems
Review 8: Matter and Energy in Ecosystems
Unit 4
Classification and Diversity of Life
Review 9: Classification of Life
Review 10: Explaining Life’s Diversity
Alabama
Alabama ASA
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READING • WRITING • MATHEMATICS • SCIENCE
Student Set AL02096S1
P.O. Box 2180
Iowa City, Iowa 52244-2180
Includes: Student Workbook, Form A
Practice Test, Form B Practice Test
PHONE: 800-776-3454
FAX: 877-365-0111
Individual Products:
www.BuckleDown.com
Student Workbook AL02096W1
Form A Practice Test AL02096A1
Form B Practice Test AL02096B1
ISBN 0-7836-6108-8
51599
9 780783 661087
7
Science
7 SCIENCE
All Shetland ponies have similar
characteristics, such as wide-spaced
eyes and small ears. Shetlands can
look different than other members
of their own species. Each pony’s
genetic makeup is determined by the
interaction between their
parents’ genes.
Unit 1
ASA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction......................................................................................................... 1
General Tips for Taking Science Tests............................................... 1
Unit 1 – From Cells to Organisms................................................................... 3
Review 1: Cellular Structure and Function....................................... 4
Content Standards: 1.c, 1.d, 2, 2.a–f, 5.a, 8.a
Review 2: Microorganisms................................................................ 19
Content Standards: 1
Review 3: Structure and Function in Humans................................ 34
Content Standards: 1, 1.e, 3, 3.a–g, 5.a
Review 4: Responding to the Environment..................................... 53
Content Standards: 1, 1.f, 1.g
Unit 2 – Heredity............................................................................................... 63
Review 5: Reproduction and Development..................................... 64
Content Standards: 1.a, 1.b, 5.a, 8, 8.a, 9.a, 9.b
Review 6: DNA and RNA.................................................................. 78
Content Standards: 10, 10.a–d
Review 7: Mendel’s Laws of Genetics............................................... 90
Content Standards: 11, 11.a–d
Unit 3 – Ecosystems........................................................................................ 105
Review 8: Matter and Energy in Ecosystems................................. 106
Content Standards: 1.d, 1.e, 5, 5.b, 7, 7.a, 7.b
Unit 4 – Classification and Diversity of Life............................................. 121
Review 9: Classification of Life....................................................... 122
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Content Standards: 4, 4.a
Review 10: Explaining Life’s Diversity........................................... 136
Content Standards: 6, 6.a–d
Appendix........................................................................................................... 159
Glossary.............................................................................................. 160
Word Links........................................................................................ 167
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Table of Contents
“Content Standard and Eligible Content”
codes1 are listed for each review in the table of
contents and for each page in the shaded gray
bars that run across the tops of the pages in the
workbook (see example to the right). These
codes indicate which Content Standards and
Eligible Content are covered in a given review
or on a given page.
1
Sample code:
2.b
Content
Standard
Unit 3
Standards: A1, B2, C3
100
Eligible
Content
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To the Teacher:
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Unit 1 – From Cells to Organisms
Content Standards and Eligible Content: 2.c
Review 1
Cellular Structure and Function
Words
Words
to Know
to
Know
anaphase
cell
cell cycle
cell membrane
cell theory
cell wall
chloroplast
chromosome
cytokinesis
cytoplasm
daughter cell
diploid cell
endoplasmic
reticulum
eukaryotic cell
haploid cell
interphase
meiosis
metaphase
mitochondrion
mitosis
nuclear
membrane
nucleus
organelle
parent cell
prokaryotic cell
prophase
ribosome
telophase
vacuole
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In the mid-seventeenth century, Robert Hooke peered through his microscope at a very
thin slice of bark from a cork tree. He saw tiny chambers arranged next to each other. These
reminded him of the small cells in which monks lived, so he called them cells. The image
below is the first drawing showing the cells in a biological specimen, drawn by Hooke. The
discovery of the cell changed the way scientists approached the study of life. Previously, it was
thought that four fluids, called humors, ran throughout the world and combined to make all
matter, including organisms. After Hooke’s discovery, however, scientists eventually learned
that all organisms are composed of cells. This review looks at how these little machines of life
organize themselves to form the complex systems of living things.
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Review 1: Cellular Structure and Function
Content Standards and Eligible Content: 1.c, 2
Word Links
Look at the “Words to Know” list on the previous page. Circle three words that you
don’t know or that you want to learn more about. Then write each word and what
you think each word means on the lines below.
Word 1: Word 2: Word 3: Cell Theory
Today we take for granted that our bodies are made almost entirely of cells, but it wasn’t
always so. What follows are the major historical developments in cell theory.
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• In 1665, the natural philosopher Robert Hooke used a microscope to view samples of
cork wood. He saw tiny, repeating structures that he thought looked like the monks’
chambers (called cells) in a monastery.
• In 1838, the botanist Matthew Schleiden published the results of years of his research.
In his book, he claimed that plants are made almost entirely of cells.
• In 1839, the zoologist Theodor Schwann published his own research, arguing that
animals, too, are made almost entirely of cells.
• And in 1855, the pathologist Rudolf Virchow asserted a basic claim of cell theory: omnis
cellula a cellula (all cells arise from other cells).
So, modern cell theory has three main features: (1) the cell is the basic unit of structure and function for life;
(2) all organisms are made up of one or more cells; and
(3) only cells can produce other cells.
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Unit 1 – From Cells to Organisms
Content Standards and Eligible Content: 2, 2.a, 2.b, 2.c, 2.d, 2.e, 2.f, 5.a, 8.a
When Theodor Schwann published his work on cells in 1839, he argued that cells could
appear out of disorganized raw materials. In other words, he claimed that cells formed
by spontaneous generation. Explain why this claim is at odds with modern cell theory.
Cells
Even though cells are very small, they are incredibly complex. Scientists classify cells on the
basis of their complexity. Every cell is classified as either a eukaryote or a prokaryote.
• Eukaryotic cells, such as plant and animal cells, contain tiny structures called
organelles. Each organelle has a purpose in the function, maintenance, repair, and
reproduction of the cell.
• Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, are different from eukaryotes because they do not
contain membrane-bound organelles. They do, however, contain ribosomes.
This review will focus on the more complex eukaryotic cell. The basic parts of a plant cell are
shown in the following diagram.
Plant Cell
cell membrane
nuclear membrane
nucleus
chromosome
endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondrion
ribosome
chloroplast
vacuole
cytoplasm
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cell wall
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Review 1: Cellular Structure and Function
Content Standards and Eligible Content: 2, 2.a, 2.b, 2.c, 2.d, 2.e, 2.f, 5.a, 8.a
The following list briefly explains the function of each labeled component.
Endoplasmic reticulum: transports materials within the cell
Nuclear membrane: encloses and protects the nucleus
Nucleus: control center for all cell activity; contains chromosomes, which carry the genes
for an organism’s traits and control cell processes
Cytoplasm: clear, thick fluid that holds all the components of a cell
Cell wall: the outer, nonliving cellulose structure that helps the plant cell keep
its shape
Mitochondria: organelles that release energy to support all cell activity
Chloroplasts: organelles that contain chlorophyll used by plants in photosynthesis
Vacuoles: cavities inside the cytoplasm that contain fluid and pigment (coloring)
Cell membrane: semipermeable membrane that controls movement of molecules in and
out of the cell
Ribosomes: organelles that contain the enzymes that help produce proteins
Suzanne is looking at two different cells under a microscope. One is a prokaryotic cell,
and one is a eukaryotic cell. How can Suzanne tell the difference between the cells?
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Unit 1 – From Cells to Organisms
Content Standards and Eligible Content: 2, 2.a, 2.b, 2.c, 2.d, 2.e, 2.f, 5.a, 8.a
Animal cells have a lot in common with plant cells. Use the list of plant cell components
to label the following animal cell. (Two components of plant cells are not found in
animal cells.)
Animal Cell
Why don’t animal cells need chloroplasts?
Why is it important for plants to have cell walls? (Hint: Do plants have skeletons?)
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Review 1: Cellular Structure and Function
Content Standards and Eligible Content: 1.d, 8.a
Mitosis
Mitosis is a process of cell division. It is part of the cell cycle, when a cell is divided into two
cells that are identical to each other. The original cell is called the parent cell; the new cells are
called daughter cells. The cell cycle has two main phases: interphase and the mitotic phase
(mitosis). Within mitosis, there are also four subphases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase.
Unicellular (one-celled) organisms use mitosis to reproduce. Multicellular organisms use
mitosis to grow. For example, as you grow, your bones, muscles, and organs increase in size.
This is because the cells in your body divide over and over again, causing you to grow larger.
Multicellular organisms also use mitosis to replace damaged cells. Your skin cells are
constantly undergoing mitosis to replace dead or damaged cells.
The Cell Cycle
ASE
INTERPH
Daughter
cells
Cy
tok
ine
sis
Teloph
G1
growth
ase
MITOTIC
PHASE
M
Anaphase
hase
p
Meta
se
ha
rop
P
S
growth and
DNA replication
G2
growth and
final preparations
for division
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SE
PHA
INTER
Look at the diagram above. Identify the three stages that are part of the interphase.
Identify the four subphases within the mitotic phase.
During which phase of the cell cycle is a cell’s DNA replicated?
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Unit 1 – From Cells to Organisms
Content Standards and Eligible Content: 1.d, 8.a
Before a parent cell can divide into two identical daughter cells, the DNA in the nucleus must
be copied. The DNA must also organize itself into tight coils called chromosomes.
The following list describes the different phases of the cell cycle.
Interphase: Interphase is the part of the cell cycle when
the cell is not dividing. Inter- means “between”;
interphase occurs in between cell divisions.
Interphase
centriole
• The G1 stage is the first stage, and it is the growth
stage. During this stage, cells increase in size.
• During the G2 stage, the cell continues to grow
and prepares to undergo mitosis.
Prophase: This is the first phase of mitosis. During this
phase, both copies of the cell’s DNA condense to form
chromosomes. The nuclear membrane breaks down,
and the centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus.
Metaphase: During this phase of mitosis, the
chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell and
attach to the centrioles. This arrangement ensures that
each new daughter cell will receive a copy of each
chromosome.
Anaphase: During anaphase, the duplicated
chromosomes separate, and the centrioles pull them to
the opposite ends of the cell. Each daughter cell will get
one complete copy of DNA.
Telophase: Telophase is the last phase of mitosis.
Telo- means “end.” During this phase, a new nucleus
begins to form around each copy of DNA in the new
daughter cells. It is at the end of this phase that a
process called cytokinesis finally splits the cell into
two daughter cells.
nucleus
duplicated
chromosomes
attached by
centromere
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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• The next stage is the S stage, or the synthesis stage.
During this stage, the DNA in the nucleus is
duplicated, or synthesized.
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Review 1: Cellular Structure and Function
Content Standards and Eligible Content: 1.d, 8.a
Describe what happens to a cell during each of the following phases.
Interphase: Prophase: Metaphase: Anaphase: Telophase: © 2009 Buckle Down Publishing. COPYING IS FORBIDDEN BY LAW.
One way to help you remember the different phases of the cell cycle, or I-P-M-A-T, is to
remember the sentence, “Intelligent People Marvel At Technology.” Write your own
sentence using “I-P-M-A-T” that can help you and other students remember the
different phases of the cell cycle.
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Unit 1 – From Cells to Organisms
Content Standards and Eligible Content: 1.d, 8.a
After mitosis, both daughter cells have a complete copy of the DNA from the original cell.
A cell with a complete copy of DNA is called a diploid cell. Sometimes, however, the daughter
cells each receive half of the DNA in the original cell. These cells are called haploid cells and
are formed by a process called meiosis. We will discuss meiosis in a later review.
An easy way to remember the difference between diploid and haploid cells is that diploid cells
have double the amount of DNA of a haploid cell. Haploid cells only have half the DNA of a
diploid cell.
A cell has 10 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would its diploid cell have?
How many chromosomes would its haploid cell have?
THE PROCESS OF MITOSIS IS EXTREMELY
ACCURATE. IT ENSURES THAT EVERY “DAUGHTER“
CELL GETS A PERFECT AND COMPLETE SET
OF CHROMOSOMES. IN PARTICULAR, THE
NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES WILL BE THE
SAME IN EVERY CELL. EACH SPECIES HAS ITS
CHARACTERISTIC CHROMOSOME NUMBER . . .
HUMAN
DOG
CAT
GOLDFISH
CABBAGE
The cartoon above states the number of chromosomes in the diploid cells of several
organisms.
Does anything about those numbers surprise you? If so, describe what it is.
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MOSQUITO
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Review 1: Cellular Structure and Function
Content Standards and Eligible Content: 1.d, 2, 5.a
Types of Cells
In the human body, different types of cells perform different functions. The following
illustration shows four types of cells.
red blood cell
white blood cell
muscle cell
skin cell
• Red blood cells pick up molecules of oxygen from the lungs and carry them to other
cells in the body. After red blood cells drop off their oxygen molecules, they remove
waste carbon dioxide and are circulated back to the lungs to pick up more.
• White blood cells are important to the body’s immune system. Some white blood cells
make antibodies that kill bacteria and viruses. Other white blood cells dissolve bacteria
and foreign substances.
• Muscle cells vary in shape, depending on the jobs they perform. For example, the
muscles that help you move your skeleton are rod-shaped. The muscles in the walls of
some organs are spindle-shaped, which means that they taper at the edges.
• Your top layer of skin is made of dead skin cells that are constantly flaking off and in
need of replacement. Below the top layer of dead skin cells are living skin cells that are
constantly undergoing mitosis and pushing their way to the top.
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Think about the function of the four cells in the diagram. Which of the cells do you
think has the most mitochondria? Explain your answer.
Besides white blood cells, which of the remaining cells in the diagram are also an
important part of the body’s immune system? Explain your answer.
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Unit 1 – From Cells to Organisms
Content Standards and Eligible Content: 1.d, 2, 5.a
Word Links
Now that you’ve read through this review, go back to the words you circled in the
“Words to Know” list. Write each word in the “Word Links” table at the back of this
workbook. Fill out one row for each word.
Keys to Keep
Cells are the building blocks of life.
Eukaryotic cells have organelles and a nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells only have ribosomes and no nucleus.
Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts, while animal cells do not.
Cells replicate by mitosis to make exact copies of themselves.
Red blood cells, white blood cells, muscle cells, and skin cells perform
different jobs.
Jewel Plummer Cobb believes in the importance of role models. Her father was a
physician, her mother a teacher. Another teacher inspired her to study biology. When
Cobb earned a Ph.D. in cell biology in 1950, there were few African-American women
teaching in major universities or doing scientific research. Yet Cobb decided this was
what she wanted to do with her life. She created a career teaching at various
universities, as well as doing important research. One of her proudest achievements is
establishing the Tissue Culture Research Laboratory at New
York University-Bellevue Hospital Medical Center. She also has
worked to help develop programs for women scientists, as well
as educational opportunities for young people. Cobb has earned
21 honorary doctorates and numerous other awards, including
the National Science Foundation’s Lifetime Achievement Award
for Contributions to the Advancement of Women and
Under-represented Minorities. She is a respected role model to
many people.
Jewel Plummer Cobb
(United States 1924–)
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People in Science
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Review 1: Cellular Structure and Function
Content Standards and Eligible Content: 1.d, 8.a
Explore It Yourself
In this activity, you will use pipe cleaners to simulate the stages of mitosis. Your teacher will
give you two white pipe cleaners, two green pipe cleaners, two twist ties, two pieces of yarn
each about 30 cm long, and a blank piece of paper.
Step 1: The blank piece of paper is the cell. Place
one piece of yarn into a circle. The yarn is
the nucleus. Put one white pipe cleaner and
one green pipe cleaner into the nucleus.
Each pipe cleaner is a chromosome. The
chromosomes have not yet duplicated.
How many chromosomes does the original
cell have?
Step 2: During interphase, the cell duplicates its chromosomes. Show this by adding the
remaining pipe cleaners to the nucleus.
Step 3: During prophase, a structure called a centromere attaches identical chromosomes
to each other. Use the twist ties to attach the identical chromosomes to each other.
These identical, joined chromosomes are called duplicated chromosomes.
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Step 4: Also during prophase, the boundary of the nucleus breaks down. Show this in your
model by taking away the yarn.
Step 5: During metaphase, the duplicated chromosomes move to the middle of the cell.
Show this in your model.
Step 6: During anaphase, the centromeres break, and the duplicated chromosomes separate
and move to opposite ends of the cell. Show this in your model.
Step 7: Finally during telophase, new nuclei begin to form around both sets of
chromosomes. Show this in your model.
Step 8: Cytokinesis is the last step in which the parent cell divides into two daughter cells.
Show this in your model by drawing a line down the middle of the page.
How many chromosomes does each new cell have? 15
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Unit 1 – From Cells to Organisms
Content Standards and Eligible Content: 1.d, 8.a
What Does It Mean?
1. Arethetwonewcellsidenticaltoeachotherandtheoriginalcell?Oraretheydifferent
thaneachotherandtheoriginalcell?Explainyouranswer.
2. Supposethatduringmitosis,acentromereholdingtogetheroneofthepairsof
chromosomesfailedtobreak.Supposealsothatthecellcontinuedthroughmitosisand
then divided into two cells. (It may help to use your model to enact this outcome.)
Howmanychromosomeswouldoneofthenewcellsenduphaving?
Howmanychromosomeswouldtheothernewcellenduphaving?
Doyouthinkthesenewcellswouldfunctionnormally?Explainyouranswer.
3. Somecellsinthebodyneedtobereplacedmoreoftenthanothers.Thecellsinyour
skin need to be replaced more often than the cells in your bones. How would the
amount of mitosis taking place in your skin compare to the amount of mitosis taking
placeinyourbones?
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ASA Practice begins on the following page.
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1.
3.
Which statement describes one
function of the nucleus in cells?
A releases energy and keeps the
cell functioning
A nucleus—releases energy to
power cell activity
B holds all the components of
a cell
B mitochondria—control center
for all cell activity
C protects the chromosomes
C cell wall—provides structure for
a cell
D transports material within the
cell
2.
Which matches the cell component
with its function?
D vacuole—used by plant cells in
photosynthesis
A student was looking at plant and
animal cells under the microscope.
Which cell component would the
student see only in a plant cell?
4.
What is the function of the cell
membrane of a cell?
A It controls what enters and
leaves the cell.
A nucleus
B cell wall
B It provides stability to the cell’s
shape.
C mitochondrion
C It moves the cell from place to
place.
D cell membrane
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D It produces energy to power
the cell.
ASA Practice
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GO ON
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5.
7.
The white-tailed deer has a total of
70 chromosomes in its body cells.
When these cells undergo mitosis,
how many chromosomes are in one
of the daughter cells?
Which organelle provides the cell
with energy?
A   35
2
B   70
1
C 105
D 140
4
3
6.
A 1
What type of cell is most important
in fighting off infection inside the
human body?
B 2
C 3
A muscle cell
D 4
B red blood cell
C skin cell
D white blood cell
8.
Which of the cells listed below does
not contain membrane-bound
organelles?
A skin cells
B plant cells
C eukaryotic cells
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D prokaryotic cells
ASA Practice
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STOP
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