Download United States Foreign Policy 1877-1899

United States
Foreign Policy
1877-1899
• Isolationism - foreign affairs doctrine
held by people who believe that their
own nation is best served by holding the
affairs of other nations at a distance.
Most Isolationists believe that limiting
international involvement keeps their
country from being drawn into
dangerous and otherwise undesirable
conflicts
Expansionism consists of policies
promoting economic growth or a
country expanding its territorial
base usually, though not
necessarily, by means of military
aggression
The Impulse for Imperialism
• Imperialism – The quest
for colonial empire
• The industrialized nations
of the world began to
compete for natural
resources in Asia, Africa,
and Latin America.
• These same areas became
markets for consumer
goods produced by the
industrialized countries.
The push for overseas markets
• Congressional supporters like Senator Henry Cabot Lodge
•
•
and Senator Albert J. Beveridge advocated the acquisition
of over seas markets
The most influential supporter was Alfred Thayer Mahan
the author of the book “The Influence of Sea Power upon
History”.
Mahan advocated the need for a strong and large navy to
protect a country’s economic interest and the need for
overseas bases.
Alfred Thayer Mahan Analysis –
“The Influence of Sea Power upon History”.
“Having…no foreign establishments, either
colonial or military, the ships of war of the
United States, in war, will be like land birds,
unable to fly far from their own shores. To
provide resting-places for them, where they can
coal and repair, would be one of the first duties
of a government proposing to itself the
development of the power of the nation at sea”
Alfred Thayer Mahan
The Influence of Sea Power Upon History,
1 890
SATP Practice Questions
Other reasons for expansion
• Belief in the racial and cultural superiority of people
from Anglo-Saxon decent.
• The Evangelical push to spread Christian values
• The Social Darwinism theory.
Social Darwinist Thinking
The Hierarchy
of Race
The White Man’s
Burden
Frederick Jackson Turner’s
Thesis and Imperialism
The Anti-Imperialism League
The Anti-Imperialist
League Analysis
The above statement provides a reason
why political leaders of the late 1800s
adopted the policy of
a. “the Open Door”
b. Imperialism
c. Isolationism
d. Sensationalism
Moving toward…Imperialism…
Samoa
A. The United States competed
with Great Britain and Germany
in the Pacific over territories and
markets
B. 1878, a treaty gave the US rights
to the main harbor in Pago Pago,
Samoa
C. In 1889, the Germans sent
marines to protect their interests
in Pago Pago, Samoa – the British
and Americans sent gunboats.
D. Ten years later (1899) the US
retained the rights to Pago Pago
after the three powers carved up
the islands
Hawaii
A. US wanted to expand trade across
the Pacific to China – Hawaii was a
vital link
Remember “Manifest Destiny”- Americans
believed God wanted them to spread out
and help take over the world, missionary…
B. 1780s an American Merchant ship had
stopped in Hawaii and by the 1840s
merchant and missionaries dominated
the port of Honolulu
Why is Hawaii’s location Important?
C. Missionaries began cultivating sugar
and producing it for export to the US
D. 1875 treaty between the US and Hawaii
allowed Hawaiian sugar to enter the
states duty-free
E. By 1898 the value of sugar estates in
Hawaii was $40 million
F. By the 1880s, the US had asserted
control over the island – including naval
rights at Pearl Harbor
G. 1890 McKinley Tariff – allowed
all countries to ship sugar to the
US duty free and also gave US
producers of sugar a 2 cent
subsidy
H. The McKinley Tariff crushed the
Hawaiian economy
I.
Queen
Liliuokalani –
very strong
nationalist – tried
to limit foreign
influence in
Hawaii and
restore the
power of the
monarchy
Queen Liliuokalani
J. As a nationalist, she believed that
Hawaii should remain in the hands of
the native people. As a monarchist, she
believed that she – not the sugar
planters – should control the
constitutional legislature.
K. 1893, the planters overthrew Queen
Lil – the US Marines were sent ashore
to protect American lives and
property
L. Revolutionary government was
headed by Sanford Dole – Queen Lil
surrendered her throne
M. President Cleveland supported the
investigation that condemned the US
involvement in the Hawaiian revolt
and requested that Queen Lil be
restored to the throne
N. Dole refused to
step down – Hawaii
remained a
republic from 1894
-1898
Sanford B. Dole, on the left, continued as
President of the new Territory of Hawaii
until the Hawaiian Organic Act of 1900
established a permanent territorial
government led by a governor.
"The Hawaiian pear is
Now fully ripe and this
Is the golden hour for
the United States to
pluck it." - Minister to the
Secretary of State
February 1, 1893
O. (8) Hawaii will be annexed under
President McKinley on July 7, 1898
Fun fact for the day!
Hawaii becomes
A state on
August 21, 1959
Notice McKinley has
Cuba, Puerto Rico,
The Philippines and
Sandwich Islands
(Roosevelt will add Panama)
Which of the following was NOT true of
Hawaii during the late 1800s?
a. Sugar was the most important export.
b. Queen Lil supported the U.S. foreign policies in
Hawaii.
c. Missionary families dominated the island’s
economy.
d. The McKinley Tariff of 1890 hurt the Hawaiian
economy.
EQ: Was the annexation of Hawaii
an example of American imperialism?
China
A. China provided an additional market for
the US to sell to during the age of New
Imperialism
B. Japan defeated China in 1895 – Japan
encouraged European tries to take
advantage
of China’s
weakened
position.
C. Each nation
sought to
establish a
“sphere of
influence” – an
area in which
that country’s
commercial and
military interests
dominate
(10) 1899, Secretary of Secretary of State John
State John Hay
Hay
circulated the first of
two “open door”
notes to imperial
powers asked them to
open free trade in
China
E. Three part process: (1) requested
that all ports in their spheres be
open to trade (2) requested that
China be allowed to collect tariffs
and duties (3) requested equal
harbor, railroad and tariff rates be
equal in their spheres
The diagram describes
events during the late
1800’s
European powers established spheres of
influence in China,
giving them control of Chinese trade
Which sentence completes the
diagram by analyzing how this
interest in international affairs
affected US foreign Policy?
a. The US applied political pressure
to impose democratic traditions
The US advocates for the Open Door
Policy, allowing the US to trade with China
b. The US utilized military force to
protect business interest
c. The US sought to secure
dominance in the hemisphere
d. The US fought to protect the
freedom of the seas
?
(10 cont.) Boxer Rebellion in China
A. Group
of Chinese nationalists
(known as the Boxers) blamed the
US (Westerners and foreigners) for
China’s troubles
B. Spring of 1900, the Boxers killed
over 200 foreign missionaries and
traders in China
C. Foreign countries
responded by
sending in troops
to Beijing – along
the way, these
troops plundered
the countryside
and killed civilians
E. Sec. of State John Hay issued a 2nd
Open Door Note requesting foreign
powers to respect China’s
territorial/administrative rights and
continue open trade
F. China remained sovereign but had to
pay European powers $333 million for
damages
What international
incident occurred due to
the event depicted in the
cartoon to the right?
a. The Open Door Notes were
written and sent to Japan
b. The Chinese nationalists
began the “Boxer Rebellion”
c. The United States went back
to a policy of isolationism
d. China never traded with the
United States again
(5) Spanish American War- 1898
An armed military conflict between Spain
and the United States that took place from
April to August 1898.
The war began due to American demands that Spain
peacefully resolve the Cuban fight for
independence. However, strong expansionist
sentiment in the United States may have also made
the US target Spain's other remaining overseas
territories: Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and
the Caroline Islands.
Spanish American War - 1898
Some causes of American involvement…
1. Cuban Revolution- Cuba’s fight for freedom from
Spanish oppression
2. Mistreatment of Women- the reported atrocities
committed against Cuban women from Spanish
“overseers” in Cuba
3. DeLome letter- The Spanish diplomat's controversial
letter was critical of U.S. President McKinley and the
prospects for peace . It was leaked to the U.S. press,
forcing the recall of the highly capable minister.
Weyler’s Rule
Spanish American War Cartoon Analysis
(4) DeLome letter- The
Spanish diplomat's
controversial letter was critical
of U.S. President McKinley and
the prospects for peace . It was
leaked to the U.S. press,
forcing the recall of the highly
capable minister
• Newspaper publishers William
Randolph Hearst (New York Journal)
and Joseph Pulitzer (New York
World) exaggerated Spanish
atrocities and brutality in “Headline
Wars”
4.
Yellow Journalism- Newspapers like the New York Journal
and the New York World relied on sensationalist headlines to sell
newspapers- the Cuban Revolution was an excellent chance to sell
papers… remember: "Everything is quiet. There is no trouble.
There will be no war. I wish to return." The publisher's
reply is alleged to have been: "Please remain. You furnish
the pictures and I'll furnish the war."
“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer
Hearst to Frederick Remington:
William Randolph Hearst
You furnish the pictures,
and I’ll furnish the war!
5. Explosion of the USS Maine - The American
battleship that mysteriously exploded in Havana Harbor
(while protecting US interests’ in Cuba) causing outrage
and the eventual entrance of America into Cuba’s
revolution against Spain
The Remains of the USS Maine
(3) February 15, 1898 U.S.S. Maine explodes
In Havana Harbor, Cuba
(a) The explosion demolished the ship, killing 266 crewmen. An inquest
ruled that the explosion was caused by sabotage. Later investigations suggested
that an accidental fire in the coal storage bunker ignited the gunpowder
magazines.
(b) The explosion was a cause of the Spanish-American War
and reason for the rallying cry, "Remember the
Maine!, To hell with Spain!"
The episode focused national
attention on the crisis in Cuba
but was not cited by President
McKinley as a cause.
(c) Some who were already inclined
to go to war with Spain over their
perceived atrocities and loss of control
in Cuba may have seen this as the last
straw.
Why is Cuba so Important to US?
II. March 29, 1898
The United States Government issued an ultimatum to
the Spanish Government to terminate its presence
in Cuba. Spain did not accept the ultimatum.
III. April 4, 1898
The New York Journal
issued a million copy press run dedicated to the
war in Cuba. The newspaper called for the
immediate U.S. entry into war with Spain.
Yellow Journalism
IV. April 19, 1898
The U.S. Congress by vote of 311 to 6 in the House and 42 to 35 in
the Senate voted for war with Spain.(9) The Teller
Amendment, passed at this time disclaimed any intention by
the U.S. to control Cuba except in a pacification
role and promised to leave the island as soon as
the war was over.
V. April 25, 1898
War was formally declared between Spain and the United
States and McKinley ordered a blockade of Cuba.
The U.S. fleet left Florida for Havana to begin the Cuban
blockade at the principal ports . McKinley called for
125,000 volunteers.
“A Splendid Little War”
(14) April 30 /May 1, 1898
U.S. Commodore George
Dewey was told to attack the
Spanish in Manila Bay,
Philippines.
(a) He sailed from China late the night of April 30,
and the following morning he gave the order to attack at first light, by saying
the now famous words "You may fire when you are ready." Within 6 hours, on
May 1, he had sunk or captured the entire Spanish Pacific fleet, with the loss of only
one life on the American side.
(b) News of the victory in the Battle
of Manila Bay made Dewey a
great hero in the U.S. Dewey's swift easy victory encouraged McKinley
to place the Philippines under U.S. control.
Spain also
owns territory
in Pacific… a
good place for
our “land
birds” to land
on!!
VII. Guam, one of the Mariana Islands in the western
Pacific, surrendered to Captain Henry Glass on the U.S.S.
Charleston. The Spanish commander on the island
obviously had not heard of the outbreak of the war, and
there was no ammunition on the island.
VIII. (6) Teddy
Roosevelt and his Rough
Riders … El Caney and the battle of San Juan
Hill, Spanish outposts to Santiago de Cuba, were stormed
and taken over by U.S. troops. There were heavy
casualties on both sides. This is the famous battle won by
Roosevelt and the turning point to the fighting in
Cuba- the US is winning
The
“Rough
Riders”
Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough
Riders at San Juan Hill
July 3, 1898 - (15) THE NAVAL BATTLE OF
SANTIAGO
The U.S. Navy's defeat of the Spanish
Navy marked the end of centuries-long
Spanish power in the western
hemisphere. 1,800 Spaniards died in the battle,
in contrast to one American death and one
American wounded sailor. All of the Spanish ships
were beached, either burning or sinking. Two weeks
later the Spanish forces defending Santiago
surrendered and the Spanish-American war ended.
U.S. WINS; SIGNS TREATY OF PARIS
• The U.S. and Spain signed
an armistice on August 12,
1898, ending what
Secretary of State John
Hay called “a splendid
little war”
• The war lasted only 16 weeks
• Cuba was now independent
• U.S. receives Guam, Puerto
Rico, and “bought” the
Philippines for $20 million
Treaty of Paris, 1898
(7) Treaty of Peace in Paris
December 10, 1898
Representatives of Spain and the United
States signed the Treaty of Peace in Paris.
(1)Spain freed Cuba,
(2)Spain gave up Puerto Rico and Guam
to the US,
(3)and Spain sold the Philippine Islands,
for $20,000,000 to the US.