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The New Imperialism
Under new imperialism, European
countries began to seek additional
territory.
Section 1
The New Imperialism
(cont.)
• In the 1880s, European states began to seek
territory in Asia and Africa.
• Imperialism was used to justify this
expansion for new markets and resources.
• Under this “new imperialism,” they
sought direct control of territories, not just
trading posts.
Section 1
Figure 1
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The New Imperialism (cont.)
• Motives for Imperialism:
– Economic
• Capitalist states required resources and
markets for finished goods.
– Rivalries
• European nations wanted to gain an economic
advantage in an industry.
Section 1
The New Imperialism
(cont.)
– Respect
• Colonies were a source of national prestige
and a symbol of a great nation.
– Social Darwinism
• Racism drove some people to believe that they
were better than others.
– Moral
• People wanted to bring Christianity and
“civilization” to colonized societies.
Section 1
Colonial Takeover
Rivalries for overseas territories led to
Western dominance of Southeast Asia.
Section 1
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Figure 2
Colonial Takeover
(cont.)
• By 1900 virtually the entire region of
Southeast Asia was under Western control.
• Britain
– In 1819 Great Britain founded a colony at
the tip of the Malay Peninsula called
Singapore.
– Singapore was a major stopping
point for traffic going to and
from China.
Section 1
Figure 2
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Colonial Takeover
(cont.)
– Britain also sought an overland pass
between India and China.
– Although the difficult terrain made this
venture fail, British activities in Burma
caused the eventual fall of the Burmese
monarchy.
Section 1
Colonial Takeover
(cont.)
• France
– France was able to colonize Vietnam by
making it a French protectorate.
– France would later control Cambodia,
Annam, Tonkin, and Laos in a region
called the Union of French Indochina.
Section 1
Colonial Takeover
(cont.)
• Thailand
– Thailand, under the remarkable
leadership of King Mongkut and his
successor King Chulalongkorn, was able
to maintain its independence.
– Thailand acted as a buffer between British
Burma and French Indochina.
Section 1
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Colonial Takeover
(cont.)
• The United States
– In 1898, the United States naval fleet
under Commodore George Dewey
defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay,
allowing the Americans to colonize the
Philippines.
– Emilio Aguinaldo was the leader of the
Philippine rebellion against both the
Spanish and American colonizers. His
forces were defeated by the Americans
after three years of bloody warfare.
Section 1
Colonial Regimes
European countries controlled the
governments and economies of their
colonies in Southeast Asia.
Section 1
Colonial Regimes (cont.)
• Two methods of governing the colonies were
utilized by the Western powers: direct and
indirect rule.
• Indirect rule
– Local rulers were allowed to maintain their
authority.
– Access to natural resources was easier.
Section 1
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Colonial Regimes (cont.)
– Cheaper because fewer officials were
needed
– Affected local culture less
Section 1
Colonial Regimes
(cont.)
• Direct rule
– European officials replaced local
authorities and governed.
– Used by French and British whenever
local peoples resisted colonial rule
Section 1
Colonial Regimes (cont.)
• The colonial powers stressed exporting of
raw materials and used the local populace
as the labor force for the colonizers.
• Colonial governments brought benefits as
well. Highways, railroads, and other
structures were built, and modern economic
systems were introduced.
Section 1
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Resistance to Colonial Rule
Native peoples had varying levels of
success resisting colonial rule in
Southeast Asia.
Section 1
Resistance to Colonial Rule (cont.)
• The colonized peoples of Southeast Asia
resisted colonial rule using a myriad of
methods.
• Resistance from the existing ruling class, or
government officials loyal to the current
regime, were the first to fight the westerners.
• Peasant revolts offered another method of
resistance, as farmers and peasants driven
off the land vented their anger at the foreign
invaders.
Section 1
Resistance to Colonial Rule (cont.)
• The most successful revolts came from
nationalistic movements.
• Started by educated, middle-class urban
dwellers, these movements generally
transformed from defending traditional
systems to nationalistic activities.
Section 1
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END SECTION 1
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