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The New Imperialism Under new imperialism, European countries began to seek additional territory. Section 1 The New Imperialism (cont.) • In the 1880s, European states began to seek territory in Asia and Africa. • Imperialism was used to justify this expansion for new markets and resources. • Under this “new imperialism,” they sought direct control of territories, not just trading posts. Section 1 Figure 1 1 The New Imperialism (cont.) • Motives for Imperialism: – Economic • Capitalist states required resources and markets for finished goods. – Rivalries • European nations wanted to gain an economic advantage in an industry. Section 1 The New Imperialism (cont.) – Respect • Colonies were a source of national prestige and a symbol of a great nation. – Social Darwinism • Racism drove some people to believe that they were better than others. – Moral • People wanted to bring Christianity and “civilization” to colonized societies. Section 1 Colonial Takeover Rivalries for overseas territories led to Western dominance of Southeast Asia. Section 1 2 Figure 2 Colonial Takeover (cont.) • By 1900 virtually the entire region of Southeast Asia was under Western control. • Britain – In 1819 Great Britain founded a colony at the tip of the Malay Peninsula called Singapore. – Singapore was a major stopping point for traffic going to and from China. Section 1 Figure 2 3 Colonial Takeover (cont.) – Britain also sought an overland pass between India and China. – Although the difficult terrain made this venture fail, British activities in Burma caused the eventual fall of the Burmese monarchy. Section 1 Colonial Takeover (cont.) • France – France was able to colonize Vietnam by making it a French protectorate. – France would later control Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, and Laos in a region called the Union of French Indochina. Section 1 Colonial Takeover (cont.) • Thailand – Thailand, under the remarkable leadership of King Mongkut and his successor King Chulalongkorn, was able to maintain its independence. – Thailand acted as a buffer between British Burma and French Indochina. Section 1 4 Colonial Takeover (cont.) • The United States – In 1898, the United States naval fleet under Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, allowing the Americans to colonize the Philippines. – Emilio Aguinaldo was the leader of the Philippine rebellion against both the Spanish and American colonizers. His forces were defeated by the Americans after three years of bloody warfare. Section 1 Colonial Regimes European countries controlled the governments and economies of their colonies in Southeast Asia. Section 1 Colonial Regimes (cont.) • Two methods of governing the colonies were utilized by the Western powers: direct and indirect rule. • Indirect rule – Local rulers were allowed to maintain their authority. – Access to natural resources was easier. Section 1 5 Colonial Regimes (cont.) – Cheaper because fewer officials were needed – Affected local culture less Section 1 Colonial Regimes (cont.) • Direct rule – European officials replaced local authorities and governed. – Used by French and British whenever local peoples resisted colonial rule Section 1 Colonial Regimes (cont.) • The colonial powers stressed exporting of raw materials and used the local populace as the labor force for the colonizers. • Colonial governments brought benefits as well. Highways, railroads, and other structures were built, and modern economic systems were introduced. Section 1 6 Resistance to Colonial Rule Native peoples had varying levels of success resisting colonial rule in Southeast Asia. Section 1 Resistance to Colonial Rule (cont.) • The colonized peoples of Southeast Asia resisted colonial rule using a myriad of methods. • Resistance from the existing ruling class, or government officials loyal to the current regime, were the first to fight the westerners. • Peasant revolts offered another method of resistance, as farmers and peasants driven off the land vented their anger at the foreign invaders. Section 1 Resistance to Colonial Rule (cont.) • The most successful revolts came from nationalistic movements. • Started by educated, middle-class urban dwellers, these movements generally transformed from defending traditional systems to nationalistic activities. Section 1 7 END SECTION 1 8