* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Study Guide for Macromolecules
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
Transfer RNA wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid tertiary structure wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
History of RNA biology wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Study Guide for Macromolecules What are the 4 types of macromolecule and their subunits Synthesis by dehydration and breakdown by hydrolysis Carbohydrates: How defined, basic structure, aldose vs. ketose, hexose, pentose, etc. How sugar rings are derived from linear molecules; sugar rings contain an O atom, and have a C that is not in the ring Stereoisomers based on orientation of –OH groups linkage between them are usually 1,4 (between carbon-1 and carbon-4), but can be 1,6 in side chains. Linkage between monosaccharides can be in alpha or beta position, based on orientation of the –OH on carbon-1. Gives different chemical properties (starch vs. cellulose) Glycoproteins = sugars attached to protein; glycolipid: sugars attached to lipid Chitin, cellulose, peptidoglycan are structural carbohydrates Lipids: are hydrophobic. Main types: triacylglycerides (triglycerides) and phospholipids: fatty acids attached to glycerol Saturated vs. unsaturated and the consequences of that, cis and trans isomers what does amphipathic mean and how does it relate to phospholipids what is the function of phospholipids and triaclglycerides? Steroids and isoprene polymers are also lipids Proteins: Subunits are amino acids. Basic structure of an amino acid 20 kinds of amino acid used in proteins, based on different R groups R groups can be charged (+ or -), uncharged but polar (hydrophilic), or non-polar (hydrophobic) Dehydration of the –OH in the carboxylic acid group and an –H in the amino group joins two amino acids in a peptide bond. Know the structure of the peptide bond. A linear chain of amino acids is a polypeptide. A protein consists of one or more polypeptides plus (in some cases) other small molecules. Proteins fold spontaneously into active conformation. Denaturation destroys protein activity by unfolding them. Nucleic acids: Nucleotides are the subunits of nucleic acids. The main nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. numbering of carbons on the sugar, and what attaches to each carbon. Differences between DNA and RNA Basic structure of purine and pyrimidine How purines and pyrimidines are attached to the sugar. Nomenclature: Differences between base, nucleoside, nucleotide; differences between ATP, ADP, AMP; which bases are purines, pyrimidines. What does a phosphodiester linkage look like New bases to free 3’ end, growing from 5’ to 3’. Phosphoanhydride bonds between phosphates store energy. DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded, with secondary structure. Be able to draw: --Aldose, ketose, hexose, pentose (all generic, no specific sugar). --generic amino acid and 2 amino acids joined in a peptide bond --nucleotide sugar, with the carbons labelled, and know what attaches to 1’, 2’, 3’, and 5’ carbons --saturated and unsaturated fatty acid, cis and trans unsaturated