Download Study Guide for Macromolecules

Study Guide for Macromolecules
What are the 4 types of macromolecule and their subunits
Synthesis by dehydration and breakdown by hydrolysis
Carbohydrates:
How defined, basic structure, aldose vs. ketose, hexose, pentose, etc.
How sugar rings are derived from linear molecules; sugar rings contain an O atom, and have a C
that is not in the ring
Stereoisomers based on orientation of –OH groups
linkage between them are usually 1,4 (between carbon-1 and carbon-4), but can be 1,6 in side
chains.
Linkage between monosaccharides can be in alpha or beta position, based on orientation of the
–OH on carbon-1. Gives different chemical properties (starch vs. cellulose)
Glycoproteins = sugars attached to protein; glycolipid: sugars attached to lipid
Chitin, cellulose, peptidoglycan are structural carbohydrates
Lipids:
are hydrophobic.
Main types: triacylglycerides (triglycerides) and phospholipids: fatty acids attached to glycerol
Saturated vs. unsaturated and the consequences of that, cis and trans isomers
what does amphipathic mean and how does it relate to phospholipids
what is the function of phospholipids and triaclglycerides?
Steroids and isoprene polymers are also lipids
Proteins:
Subunits are amino acids.
Basic structure of an amino acid
20 kinds of amino acid used in proteins, based on different R groups
R groups can be charged (+ or -), uncharged but polar (hydrophilic), or non-polar (hydrophobic)
Dehydration of the –OH in the carboxylic acid group and an –H in the amino group joins two
amino acids in a peptide bond. Know the structure of the peptide bond.
A linear chain of amino acids is a polypeptide. A protein consists of one or more polypeptides
plus (in some cases) other small molecules.
Proteins fold spontaneously into active conformation. Denaturation destroys protein activity by
unfolding them.
Nucleic acids:
Nucleotides are the subunits of nucleic acids. The main nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.
numbering of carbons on the sugar, and what attaches to each carbon.
Differences between DNA and RNA
Basic structure of purine and pyrimidine
How purines and pyrimidines are attached to the sugar.
Nomenclature: Differences between base, nucleoside, nucleotide; differences between ATP,
ADP, AMP; which bases are purines, pyrimidines.
What does a phosphodiester linkage look like
New bases to free 3’ end, growing from 5’ to 3’.
Phosphoanhydride bonds between phosphates store energy.
DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded, with secondary structure.
Be able to draw:
--Aldose, ketose, hexose, pentose (all generic, no specific sugar).
--generic amino acid and 2 amino acids joined in a peptide bond
--nucleotide sugar, with the carbons labelled, and know what attaches to 1’, 2’, 3’, and 5’ carbons
--saturated and unsaturated fatty acid, cis and trans unsaturated