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2014 APES REVIEW B “It is not that I'm so smart. But I stay with the questions much longer.” ― Albert Einstein Inland Wetlands are ecologically and/or economically valuable for: I. Recharging groundwater supplies II. Biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur III. Growing several food crops for people a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II only e. I, II, and III Inland Wetlands are ecologically and/or economically valuable for: I. Recharging groundwater supplies II. Biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur III. Growing several food crops for people a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II only e. I, II, and III The major cause of decreased inland wetland areas in the US is: a. b. c. d. e. The internal combustion engine automobile Chlorofluorocarbons in cleaning solvents Sulfur dioxide from coal-fired power plants Agricultural practices and approaches Forestry and mining practices The major cause of decreased inland wetland areas in the US is: a. b. c. d. e. The internal combustion engine automobile Chlorofluorocarbons in cleaning solvents Sulfur dioxide from coal-fired power plants Agricultural practices and approaches Forestry and mining practices http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4MS8wNqQVU (Louisiana example) Which of the following statements is true regarding lake turnover? I. It typically occurs in tropical and temperate areas II. The thermocline separates the upper epilimnion from the lower hypolimnion when stratification exists in the lake III. The fact that solid ice at 0C is less dense than liquid water at 4C causes thermal stratification in deep lakes in temperate areas a. I only b. II only c. III only d. II and III only e. I, II, and III only Which of the following statements is true regarding lake turnover? I. II. It typically occurs in tropical and temperate areas The thermocline separates the upper epilimnion from the lower hypolimnion when stratification exists in the lake III. The fact that solid ice at 0C is less dense than liquid water at 4C causes thermal stratification in deep lakes in temperate areas a. I only b. II only c. III only d. II and III only e. I, II, and III only http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X26ocQkhNH4 (3 min) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STG0ppzgrHU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSFSNTI67wc (demo) The most common spatial distribution pattern is: a. b. c. d. e. Clashing Scattered Linear Random Clumping The most common spatial distribution pattern is: a. Clashing b. Scattered c. Linear d. Random e. Clumping http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6q-6AyDqymg The gradual change in a species composition of a given area is called: a. b. c. d. e. Species distribution Ecological succession Mutualistic dynamism Background extinction Genetic drift The gradual change in a species composition of a given area is called: a. Species distribution b. Ecological succession c. Mutualistic dynamism d. Background extinction e. Genetic drift http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V49IovRSJDs (bozeman) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZKIHe2LDP8 (crash course) A species which serves as an early warning sign that a community or ecosystem is being altered or degraded is termed: a. b. c. d. e. A keystone species A native species An indicator species An introduced species An alarm species A species which serves as an early warning sign that a community or ecosystem is being altered or degraded is termed: a. A keystone species b. A native species c. An indicator species d. An introduced species e. An alarm species http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnHLIRbeCNg (120 seconds) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xRfdDE6scWA (keystone vs. indicator species) According to the latitudinal species diversity gradient, terrestrial species diversity a. Steadily increases as you move away from the equator towards the poles b. Steadily decreases as you move from the south pole to the north pole c. Steadily decreases as annual sunlight reception decreases d. Steadily decreases as you move away from 0 degrees latitude toward the poles e. Steadily increases as you move up the side of a mountainous region According to the latitudinal species diversity gradient, terrestrial species diversity a. Steadily increases as you move away from the equator towards the poles b. Steadily decreases as you move from the south pole to the north pole c. Steadily decreases as annual sunlight reception decreases d. Steadily decreases as you move away from 0 degrees latitude toward the poles e. Steadily increases as you move up the side of a mountainous region http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HbwSM2NktvM Island “H” is 100 miles (62 kilometers) from the mainland (source population) and island “I” is 100 miles from the mainland. Island “H” is seven times the size of island “I”. Given this information, which of the following statements is most likely false? a. Island “I” can support larger populations because there will be less competition due to a smaller habitat area, as compared to “H” b. “H” populations will be less prone to extinction c. “I” should have fewer species d. “H” is more likely to have greater habitat variation e. “I” populations will be more prone to extinction Island “H” is 100 miles (62 kilometers) from the mainland (source population) and island “I” is 100 miles from the mainland. Island “H” is seven times the size of island “I”. Given this information, which of the following statements is most likely false? a. Island “I” can support larger populations because there will be less competition due to a smaller habitat area, as compared to “H” b. “H” populations will be less prone to extinction c. “I” should have fewer species d. “H” is more likely to have greater habitat variation e. “I” populations will be more prone to extinction http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Ravt4AqdZI&list=P LzbKhbfRbPx5RCLhgCVVLg0nAvW9JSPqO (80 videos) The ability of a living system to bounce back after an external disturbance is: a. b. c. d. e. Inertia Resilience Constancy Persistence A and D The ability of a living system to bounce back after an external disturbance is: a. b. c. d. e. Inertia Resilience Constancy Persistence A and D http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZLjsELOD6vs A. Mutualism B. Commensalism C. Parasitism D. Exploitation competition E.Interference competition Q1: a relationship in which both species clearly benefit Q2: competing species have roughly equal access to a specific resource but differ in how fast or efficiently they utilize it Q3: A relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is harmed Q4: Contending species end up not having equal access to some resource; e.g., one species chases another species away Q5: a relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither helped nor harmed A. Mutualism B. Commensalism C. Parasitism D. Exploitation competition E.Interference competition Q1: A a relationship in which both species clearly benefit Q2: D competing species have roughly equal access to a specific resource but differ in how fast or efficiently they utilize it Q3: C A relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is harmed Q4: E Contending species end up not having equal access to some resource; e.g., one species chases another species away Q5: B a relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither helped nor harmed Primary succession must occur prior to secondary succession in order to: a. b. c. d. e. Change soil to rock Change ice to water Change rock to soil Change soil to lichen Change lichen to algae http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8-LZdIyUQg Primary succession must occur prior to secondary succession in order to: a. b. c. d. e. Change soil to rock Change ice to water Change rock to soil Change soil to lichen Change lichen to algae http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8-LZdIyUQg The dividing up of limited assets, materials, and other desired items so that species with similar needs use them at different times, in different ways, or in different places is known as: a. b. c. d. e. Exploitation competition Resource partitioning Predator-prey relationships Resource equilibrium Precautionary allocation The dividing up of limited assets, materials, and other desired items so that species with similar needs use them at different times, in different ways, or in different places is known as: a. b. c. d. e. Exploitation competition Resource partitioning Predator-prey relationships Resource equilibrium Precautionary allocation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GxE1SSqbSn4 Next 4 questions refer to the relative amounts or degrees of these characteristics (a) mature ecosystems (b) immature ecosystems Q1: biomass is high Q2: species diversity is low Q3: trophic structure is comprised mainly of producers and a few decomposers Q4: efficiency of nutrient cycling is high Next 4 questions refer to the relative amounts or degrees of these characteristics (a) mature ecosystems (b) immature ecosystems Q1: a biomass is high Q2: b species diversity is low Q3: b trophic structure is comprised mainly of producers and a few decomposers Q4: a efficiency of nutrient cycling is high Which of the following statements if FALSE regarding ecological disturbances? I. Communities that experience moderate disturbances often exhibit greater species diversity than other communities II. Moderate disturbances create openings/opportunities for colonizing species III. Major disturbances generally allow the vast majority of species to survive in disturbed areas leaving these areas quite open to large numbers of colonizing species a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II e. I, II, III Which of the following statements if FALSE regarding ecological disturbances? I. Communities that experience moderate disturbances often exhibit greater species diversity than other communities II. Moderate disturbances create openings/opportunities for colonizing species III. Major disturbances generally allow the vast majority of species to survive in disturbed areas leaving these areas quite open to large numbers of colonizing species a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II e. I, II, III Species Diversity tend to increase with: I. Decreased elevation II. Increased precipitation III. Increased solar radiation a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II only e. I, II, and III Species Diversity tend to increase with: I. Decreased elevation II. Increased precipitation III. Increased solar radiation a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II only e. I, II, and III http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zuwTRM45qWc (Bozeman) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JePixuWr2n0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_uWxFi595I (practice problems) Which of the following can be briefly describe in the phrase, “the niches of two species cannot overlap completely or significantly for an extended time period a. b. c. d. e. Competitive inclusion principle Competitive collusion principle Competitive exclusion principle Competitive illusion principle Competitive delusion principle Which of the following can be briefly describe in the phrase, “the niches of two species cannot overlap completely or significantly for an extended time period a. b. c. d. e. Competitive inclusion principle Competitive collusion principle Competitive exclusion principle Competitive illusion principle Competitive delusion principle The biotic potential of a population a. Is the maximum reproductive rate of a population b. Is the current rate of growth of a population c. Is an expression of how many offspring survive to reproduce d. Can be determined only by studying an age structure diagram e. Determines the fitness of a population The biotic potential of a population a. Is the maximum reproductive rate of a population b. Is the current rate of growth of a population c. Is an expression of how many offspring survive to reproduce d. Can be determined only by studying an age structure diagram e. Determines the fitness of a population http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JptytfaO_3s Density-dependent population controls include all of the following EXCEPT a. b. c. d. e. Disease Human destruction of habitat Parasitism Competition for resources predation Density-dependent population controls include all of the following EXCEPT a. Disease b. Human destruction of habitat c. Parasitism d. Competition for resources e. Predation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBOsqmBQBQk (crash course) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0xnpxCJ0zdQ An r-strategist generally a. b. c. d. e. Has a low biotic potential Is small and short lived Gives much parental care to its offspring Survives to reproduce Lives in a stable environment An r-strategist generally a. b. c. d. e. Has a low biotic potential Is small and short lived Gives much parental care to its offspring Survives to reproduce Lives in a stable environment http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bu6ouKt9zhs (bozeman) Which of the following best describes the survivorship curve you would expect to find for a mountain gorilla? a. b. c. d. e. Late loss (type 1) Constant loss (type 2) Early loss (type 3) No loss (type 4) Cyclical loss (type 5) Which of the following best describes the survivorship curve you would expect to find for a mountain gorilla? a. Late loss (type 1) b. Constant loss (type 2) c. Early loss (type 3) d. No loss (type 4) e. Cyclical loss (type 5) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XQgwJdZ4zE a. b. c. d. Density-independent population controls include all of the following except Drought Fire Resource competition Unfavorable chemical changes in the environment e. Unseasonal temperature changes a. b. c. d. Density-independent population controls include all of the following except Drought Fire Resource competition Unfavorable chemical changes in the environment e. Unseasonal temperature changes Wolves controlling deer populations is an example of a. b. c. d. e. Bottom-up population control Bottom-out population control Producer-level population control Top-up population control Top-down population control Wolves controlling deer populations is an example of a. b. c. d. e. Bottom-up population control Bottom-out population control Producer-level population control Top-up population control Top-down population control Which of the following types of species is LEAST vulnerable to habitat fragmentation? a. b. c. d. e. Generalists Specialists Large predators Migratory species Species requiring large territories Which of the following types of species is LEAST vulnerable to habitat fragmentation? a. b. c. d. e. Generalists Specialists Large predators Migratory species Species requiring large territories http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bswS-Ooe4iQ Dieback is not immediate after a population has overshot the carrying capacity because it takes time: a. To produce new offspring b. To locate a compatible mate c. For organisms to further deplete resources, become weaker, and for some, to perish d. For the intrinsic rate of increase to reach equilibrium with gross primary productivity e. For the birth rate to equal the total solar output per unit rate Dieback is not immediate after a population has overshot the carrying capacity because it takes time: a. To produce new offspring b. To locate a compatible mate c. For organisms to further deplete resources, become weaker, and for some, to perish d. For the intrinsic rate of increase to reach equilibrium with gross primary productivity e. For the birth rate to equal the total solar output per unit rate An endangered species is any species that a. Is still abundant in its natural range but is declining in numbers b. Has naturally small numbers of individuals c. Has limited geographic range areas d. Plays a role which influences many other organisms in an ecosystem e. Has so few individual survivors that the species could soon become extinct over all or most of its natural range An endangered species is any species that a. Is still abundant in its natural range but is declining in numbers b. Has naturally small numbers of individuals c. Has limited geographic range areas d. Plays a role which influences many other organisms in an ecosystem e. Has so few individual survivors that the species could soon become extinct over all or most of its natural range http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ncL1cJPqPFg The best estimates for the number of species on Earth and generally closest to: a. b. c. d. e. 12-14 thousand 12-14 million 12-14 billion 12-14 trillion 40-100 billion The best estimates for the number of species on Earth and generally closest to: a. b. c. d. e. 12-14 thousand 12-14 million 12-14 billion 12-14 trillion 40-100 billion The grizzly bear is extinction prone for which of the following reasons? I. high reproductive rate II. Feeds at high trophic levels III. requires small territories and narrow corridors a. b. c. d. e. I only II only III only I and III only I, II, and III The grizzly bear is extinction prone for which of the following reasons? I. high reproductive rate II. Feeds at high trophic levels III. requires small territories and narrow corridors a. b. c. d. e. I only II only III only I and III only I, II, and III Fossils and radioactive dating indicate that ___ major mass extinctions have taken place in the past 500 million years, with the most recent mass extinction taking place approximately __ years ago a. b. c. d. e. 5; 300,000 2; 400,000 4; 5,000 5; 65 million 5; 300 million Fossils and radioactive dating indicate that ___ major mass extinctions have taken place in the past 500 million years, with the most recent mass extinction taking place approximately __ years ago a. 5; 300,000 b. 2; 400,000 c. 4; 5,000 d. 5; 65 million e. 5; 300 million http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lYN_lXU9PA (ted talk) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlUes_NPa6M The greatest threat to most species is a. b. c. d. e. Reduction of habitats Water pollution Parasites Bioaccumulation of DDT Sport hunting The greatest threat to most species is a. b. c. d. e. Reduction of habitats Water pollution Parasites Bioaccumulation of DDT Sport hunting Which of the following are suggested to reduce the threats from nonnative species? I. increase inspections II. Empty bilge water from vessels in the calm-water ports instead of the more turbulent open ocean III. Use legislation which targets goods and materials which are imported a. b. c. d. e. I only II only III only I and III only I, II and III Which of the following are suggested to reduce the threats from nonnative species? I. increase inspections II. Empty bilge water from vessels in the calm-water ports instead of the more turbulent open ocean III. Use legislation which targets goods and materials which are imported a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and III only e. I, II and III http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GigpxLNbgeg&list=PLE3A4 8576631EFCE7 ( a series of videos on nonnative species) Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the US Endangered Species Act? a. The endangered species act of the US includes the listing of species which have been deemed threatened or endangered b. The national marine fisheries service is authorized to list certain species on the endangered species list c. The US fish and wildlife service is authorized to list certain species on the endangered species list d. The environmental protection agency is authorized to list certain species on the endangered species list e. Following the listing of a species, a plan to help this particular species recover is supposed to be prepared Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the US Endangered Species Act? a. The endangered species act of the US includes the listing of species which have been deemed threatened or endangered b. The national marine fisheries service is authorized to list certain species on the endangered species list c. The US fish and wildlife service is authorized to list certain species on the endangered species list d. The environmental protection agency is authorized to list certain species on the endangered species list e. Following the listing of a species, a plan to help this particular species recover is supposed to be prepared http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DojGPBV4U0w Old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest of the US a. Take 20-40 years to reach their prime in terms of growth and diversity b. Have few snags and fallen trees c. Are linked to the survival of many species, including salmon d. Accumulate biomass inefficiently, relative to secondary growth forests e. Increase the likelihood of fires because they act as giant sponges for moisture Old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest of the US a. Take 20-40 years to reach their prime in terms of growth and diversity b. Have few snags and fallen trees c. Are linked to the survival of many species, including salmon d. Accumulate biomass inefficiently, relative to secondary growth forests e. Increase the likelihood of fires because they act as giant sponges for moisture http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdczkBtS08I Logging in riparian areas can be detrimental to the overall health of the riparian ecosystem due to: I. Increased shading from trees II. Sedimentation from eroded soils III. Decreased water temperatures a. b. c. d. e. I only II only III only I and II only II and III only Logging in riparian areas can be detrimental to the overall health of the riparian ecosystem due to: I. Increased shading from trees II. Sedimentation from eroded soils III. Decreased water temperatures a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and II only e. II and III only http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEXOFsuv5tY&li st=PLLNBHSLmi4JmzBjzYxoGK_RNgT5p5jLOH (A) National Park Service (B) National Wildlife Federation (C)US Forest Service (D) Bureau of Land Management (E)US Fish and Wildlife Service Q1: manages national resource lands Q2: manages national wildlife refuges Q3: manages 19 grasslands and 156 forests (A) National Park Service (B) National Wildlife Federation (C)US Forest Service (D) Bureau of Land Management (E)US Fish and Wildlife Service Q1: manages national resource lands D Q2: manages national wildlife refuges E Q3: manages 19 grasslands and 156 forests C http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5NiTN0chj0&lis t=PLSyjk6A5xvG6m5bBz0vJTF9pPGqZDzLcJ (18 videos to review APES concepts) (A) clear-cutting (B) Shelterwood cutting (C)whole-tree harvesting (D)seed-tree cutting (E) strip-cutting Q1: nearly all of a stand’s trees are harvested in one cutting, leaving a few uniformly distributed fertile trees to regenerate the stand Q2: removal of all trees from a given area in a single cutting Q3: removal of all mature trees in two or three cuttings over a period of about 10 years Q4: a corridor of trees is cut completely along the contour of the land, with the corridor narrow enough to allow natural regeneration within a few years (A) clear-cutting (B) Shelterwood cutting (C)whole-tree harvesting (D)seed-tree cutting (E) strip-cutting Q1: nearly all of a stand’s trees are harvested in one cutting, leaving a few uniformly distributed fertile trees to regenerate the stand D Q2: removal of all trees from a given area in a single cutting A Q3: removal of all mature trees in two or three cuttings over a period of about 10 years B Q4: a corridor of trees is cut completely along the contour of the land, with the corridor narrow enough to allow natural regeneration within a few years E Which of the following is a goal of the national park service I. to preserve nature in parks II. To develop natural waterways for public transport III. To make nature more available to the public a. b. c. d. e. I only II only III only I and II only I and III only Which of the following is a goal of the national park service I. to preserve nature in parks II. To develop natural waterways for public transport III. To make nature more available to the public a. b. c. d. e. I only II only III only I and II only I and III only National Forests are supposed to be managed on a: I. monetary-return basis II. Sustainable-yield basis III. Multiple-use basics a. b. c. d. e. I only II only III only I and III only II and III only National Forests are supposed to be managed on a: I. monetary-return basis II. Sustainable-yield basis III. Multiple-use basics a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and III only e. II and III only http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GbVK02P9xCo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHAOkAljDGY Which of the following best illustrates regulatory taking? a. A land owner Is not allowed to build on a particular section of his/her property due to seismic activity b. A land owner inherits land adjacent to his/her property from a relative and most county regulations permit this transaction without taxing c. A land owner decides to catch all of the endangered salamanders on his/her property and then relocate them elsewhere d. A land owner is not permitted to use part of his/her property as he/she wishes because an endangered species is found in this are e. A land owner decides to regulate the amount of water flowing through a river on her property; she does this by constructing a small dam Which of the following best illustrates regulatory taking? a. A land owner Is not allowed to build on a particular section of his/her property due to seismic activity b. A land owner inherits land adjacent to his/her property from a relative and most county regulations permit this transaction without taxing c. A land owner decides to catch all of the endangered salamanders on his/her property and then relocate them elsewhere d. A land owner is not permitted to use part of his/her property as he/she wishes because an endangered species is found in this are e. A land owner decides to regulate the amount of water flowing through a river on her property; she does this by constructing a small dam http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DnC93Y4_0ok (TX example) a. b. c. d. e. In 1995, the US Fish and Wildlife Service began reintroducing the gray wolf into: The grand canyon Yosemite national park Rocky mountain national park The Yellowstone ecosystem Glacier National Park a. b. c. d. e. In 1995, the US Fish and Wildlife Service began reintroducing the gray wolf into: The grand canyon Yosemite national park Rocky mountain national park The Yellowstone ecosystem Glacier National Park In the US, approximately ___ % of the land is Public Land a. b. c. d. e. 1 10 40 75 95 In the US, approximately ___ % of the land is Public Land a. 1 b. 10 c. 40 d. 75 e. 95 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mgp8wz0ZSI (newscast on the top 5 landowners in US) About 75% of federally-managed public lands are in: a. b. c. d. e. Texas Colorado Wyoming Alaska Montana About 75% of federally-managed public lands are in: a. Texas b. Colorado c. Wyoming d. Alaska e. Montana http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YlonX0T_fAQ An even-aged management strategy’s goal is: a. b. c. d. Sustaining maximum biological diversity Highest- quality timber production A long-term, ecologically-oriented approach Production of maximum return on a short-term basis e. Multiple-use of a forest stand An even-aged management strategy’s goal is: a. b. c. d. Sustaining maximum biological diversity Highest- quality timber production A long-term, ecologically-oriented approach Production of maximum return on a short-term basis e. Multiple-use of a forest stand http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edDJdPtbC9o Prescribed burns may be beneficial due to which of the following? I. some species depend on periodic fire for survival II. Natural fuel loads are increased III. Chances of a potential crown fire are decreased a. b. c. d. e. I only II only III only I and III only I and II only Prescribed burns may be beneficial due to which of the following? I. some species depend on periodic fire for survival II. Natural fuel loads are increased III. Chances of a potential crown fire are decreased a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I and III only e. I and II only http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i03kZG6XR0I The overall goal of the sagebrush rebellion in the US is to: a. Decrease logging operations in ecosystems dominated by sage species b. Decrease mining and oil drilling near riparian areas c. Preserve wetland areas which are threatened by urban sprawl and development d. Increase public involvement in environmental issues e. Transfer public lands into private holdings/ownership The overall goal of the sagebrush rebellion in the US is to: a. Decrease logging operations in ecosystems dominated by sage species b. Decrease mining and oil drilling near riparian areas c. Preserve wetland areas which are threatened by urban sprawl and development d. Increase public involvement in environmental issues e. Transfer public lands into private holdings/ownership http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xem3gTb-jp0 The first national park system was created in: a. b. c. d. e. Kenya Antarctica Costa Rica Sweden US The first national park system was created in: a. b. c. d. e. Kenya Antarctica Costa Rica Sweden US Wilderness, according to the wilderness society, should contain at least: a. b. c. d. e. 1.5 square miles 15 square miles 150 square miles 1500 square miles 150,000 square miles Wilderness, according to the wilderness society, should contain at least: a. b. c. d. e. 1.5 square miles 15 square miles 150 square miles 1500 square miles 150,000 square miles Wise-use conservationists advocate actions and choices which: a. Bring about the greatest good for the greatest number of people b. Preserve nature in its natural state c. Coincide with the views of John Muir on land areas d. Were opposed by Gifford Pinchot e. Maintain ecological integrity above all other interests Wise-use conservationists advocate actions and choices which: a. Bring about the greatest good for the greatest number of people b. Preserve nature in its natural state c. Coincide with the views of John Muir on land areas d. Were opposed by Gifford Pinchot e. Maintain ecological integrity above all other interests http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2EvF7lEKQhs Sustainable use of US forests would likely be encouraged by all of the following EXCEPT a. Disallowing returns of gross receipts from National Forests to county governments b. Emphasizing even-aged management in oldgrowth forests c. Using more recreational user fees to fund the forest service d. Taxing exports of raw logs e. Encouraging individuals and groups to buy conservation easements in old-growth forests Sustainable use of US forests would likely be encouraged by all of the following EXCEPT a. Disallowing returns of gross receipts from National Forests to county governments b. Emphasizing even-aged management in oldgrowth forests c. Using more recreational user fees to fund the forest service d. Taxing exports of raw logs e. Encouraging individuals and groups to buy conservation easements in old-growth forests Which of the following is a disadvantage of using Kenaf to make paper? (a) The price is currently higher than virgin or recycled paper stock (b) It requires more herbicides than traditional forests (c) It requires more chemicals and energy to make than other papers (d) It produces dioxin, which is toxic to biota (e) It quickly depletes soil nutrients Which of the following is a disadvantage of using Kenaf to make paper? (a) The price is currently higher than virgin or recycled paper stock (b) It requires more herbicides than traditional forests (c) It requires more chemicals and energy to make than other papers (d) It produces dioxin, which is toxic to biota (e) It quickly depletes soil nutrients http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COOd9vFfhsc Tutorials and other APES video reviews http://www.youtube.com/user/APESinaBOX (APES in a Box) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8TjITqnjS6E (JediMaster) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMmbgk4HeS8 (Jordan Randles) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AI4QZbL7U_Q&list=PL48DE756A5 800ED5F (Lecture series from Berkley) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82L0h3j_MLo (Physeggs-A) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5NiTN0chj0&list=PLSyjk6A5xvG6 m5bBz0vJTF9pPGqZDzLcJ (18 videos)