Download Chapter 22 RECONSTRUCTION - IB History of the Americas, HL1

Chapter 22-23
RECONSTRUCTION
1865-1877
3 main issues after the Civil War
(1) Getting Southern states back into the Union
(2) Who will control it (Congress or the
President)
(3) Integration of 4 million “freedmen” into
American society
Lincoln’s 10 % Plan/
“Reconstruction and Amnesty Plan”
• The INDIVIDUALS left, not the STATES
• Lincoln: *Wanted the return to the South to be
“QUICK” and “EASY”!
• *Fed. government will PARDON / Forgive
everyone
(except Conf. generals) of all charges IF they
swear allegiance to the Union!
Lincoln’s Plan:
- 10% of the state will swear
allegiance to the Union = readmitted into the
Union!
Radical Republicans
(Congressional Recon.)
• Small subculture of Republicans that HATE
Lincoln / Johnson’s plans for Reconstruction
• Led by “Thaddeus Stevens”
• MAIN AGENDA: Fight FOR African American
rights! (wants African Americans to have full
citizenship (14th) and voting rights(15th) –
goes against Johnson’s plans
*** THE SOUTH SHOULD BE PUNISHED ***
“WADE-DAVIS BILL” (Congressional
Response to Lincoln’s 10% Plan)
• Passed by the Radical Republicans
– Not 10% (as in Lincoln and Johnson)...needs
a majority to be readmitted into the Union!
*****Lincoln’s reaction to the Wade-Davis Bill
“Pocket Veto” killed the bill
– Pocket Veto: when the President fails to sign a bill within
the 10 days allowed by the Constitution. (ignoring it)
– RESULT: Radical Republicans think Lincoln is being too
“EASY” on the South
*** Both Lincoln AND Johnson – “lenient on the South”
Radical Republicans – “Punish the South”
****Freedmen’s Bureau****
1865-1872
• -Congressional assistance to former slaves
(provides housing, food, clothing, education,
money….)
•
POINT: to ease the transition from slavery to
freedom
(Johnson Vetoes
this) but Congress
overrides his veto
Most significant success:
teaching literacy to African Americans
**Civil Rights Act 1866**
(1) Gave African Americans “Citizenship” Rights
– Question: What Supreme Court decision took “citizen
rights” AWAY from African American
slaves?_________________
(2) Ends the ability for states to pass….
“BLACK CODES” (no more black codes)
- severe restrictions on African American lives from 1800
to 1865
(Johnson Vetoes this) but Congress overrides
MOST SIGNIFICANT PART: provides strength into
Amending the Constitution (14th Amendment)
14th Amendment
1868
• 14th Amendment: (1) all persons born or naturalized in the
U.S. are citizens and (2) Equal protection under the law
(Agreed upon because the South is not enforcing the Civil Rights
Act of 1866)
VERY IMPORTANT:
• 14th Amendment = Constitutional basis / defense for the Civil
Rights Act 1866 = more strength
– Proves the federal government is getting stronger!
VERY IMPORTANT: If the Southern States practice the 14th Amendment –
they will be readmitted and martial law WILL NOT be used!
Example: Tennessee agrees to practice the 14th Amendment
*Reconstruction Act of 1867*
•
Abolished governments formed by the Confederacy during the Civil War
(Sovereign and independent state governments)
• This act created “MARTIAL LAW” (just like borders states during the Civil War)
/ Military Districts in these southern states
(Johnson Vetoed this (unconstitutional?) but Congress overrides his veto
– It divided the South into 5 military districts. U.S. soldiers
would be stationed in each to make sure things stayed under
control.
– Congress laid out rules for states to be re-admitted. They said
(a) the 14th Amendment must be physically practiced
(b) The 15th Amendment (male suffrage) must be guaranteed /
opening the door to African America prosperity.
African American Gains
• 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendment
(women suffragist lost an advantage)
• Union League: African Americans were informed of their civic
duties, built churches, pushed for Republican candidates in
elections, sought to solve problems, and even recruited a
black militia for defense.
• Hiram Revels: 1st African American U.S. Senator
• Blanche Bruce: Sate for the Senate in Mississippi
Politics of Postwar South
Scalawags VS. Carpetbaggers
Scalawag (R) – White Southerners that supported the Radical Republican’s plan for
Recon. (support for African American rights) and joined the Rep. Party
*Southern version of a Carpetbagger
– Small farmers who wanted to improve the conditions
of the South
Goals: Mixed - some wanted to truly help A.A / others wanted
to get the A.A vote and then use politics to enrich themselves
Carpetbaggers (D) – Northerners that move to the South
Goals: Mixed: Either make a profit
(take advantage of
War-torn South) or truly help
The South / Freedmen
The Ku Klux Klan
• “Invisible Empire of the South” started in Tennessee in 1866
• Worked off of a “fear factor”
• Main Agenda: Keep African Americans from making political, social and
economic advances in America.
Ways to hinder advancements
Literacy Test: Pass the test = vote
Discrimination: African American are asked more difficult questions (Example)
Poll Tax: pay the tax = vote
Discrimination: Poor whites and African Americans can’t afford to vote
Problem: uneducated, poor whites were weeded out too
Solution: GRANDFATHER CLAUSE
- if your father or grandfather could vote before Jan 1, 1867, then you, as a
white man, did not have to pass the literacy test or pay to vote
Issue: 15th Amendment was not passed before Jan. 1, 1867
Congressional Response to KKK
ENFORCEMENT ACT of 1870
– Gives power to the fed. Government to enforce
the 15th amendment & punish those who “try to
prevent A.A. from their voting rights”.
– PURPOSE: COMBAT KKK VIOLENCE
Congress Reacts to Johnson
• What has Johnson vetoed?
Plot / Plan: put president Johnson in a “lose-lose” situation
TENURE OF OFFICE ACT
• which said the president needed the Senate's okay to fire anyone who'd been
previously appointed by him and approved by the Senate.
• Senate Power: they voted him in and now they can vote him out (taking power
away from the President)
• Purpose: Congressional protection of Edwin Stanton (Radical Republican spy
and Secretary of War under president Johnson)
• Johnson’s options:
(1) Keep Stanton – Congress is happy
(2) Fire Stanton – Congress can impeach, bring up formal charges, against Johnson
OUTCOME: Johnson fires Stanton
JOHNSON’S IMPEACHMENT TRIAL
• Senate trial
• 2/3 vote to remove him form office
• NOT REMOVED: one single vote kept in office
Purchase of Alaska
• Russia was willing to sell Alaska to America in 1867 for $ 7.2 million.
• Led by William Seward (Secretary of State)
• 1848 Congressional connection:
Seward’s Folly / Icebox (1867):Congress was not convinced to purchase
Alaska from Russia.
Outcome: large deposits of gold and oil were discovered and Seward is a
hero!
1868 Presidential Election
• Ulysses S. Grant (Republican)
Campaign: “Wave the bloody shirt” – reminding
Americans of his war hero persona in the Civil
War.
Era of Good Stealings
Post-Reconstruction America: Political Machines
Boss Tweed ran Tammany Hall in New York City
Gilded Age of Politics (Corrupt) used bribes, graft,
and rigged elections to mooch money and ensure
continual power for himself and his buddies.
Coined by Mark Twain
Thomas Nast v. Corruption
– Thomas Nast was a cartoonist who relentlessly attacked Tweed's corruption.
Tweed despised Nast because, although many people in Tweed's district
couldn't read about the corruption, they could understand those "them damn
pictures."
• Nast's cartoon's brought down Tweed. Samuel J. Tilden gained fame in
prosecuting Tweed. Tweed eventually died in jail.
• Tilden would ride the fame to become the nominee for president in 1876
vs. Rutherford B. Hayes.
Grant’s Scandals
• Credit Mobilier Affair
Credit Mobilier: building the trans-continental
railroad and effectively sub-hired itself to get paid
double.
• They also gave stock to Congressmen in order to avoid
getting busted.
• A newspaper finally exposed the scandal, two
Congressmen were fired, and the Vice President of the
U.S. had even taken payments. Though uninvolved,
Grant's name was scarred.
Grant’s Scandals
• Whiskey Ring Scandal
– Internal-revenue collectors accepted bribes from
whiskey distillers (so they wouldn’t have to pay
taxes)
– Federal government lost millions!
Collapse of Reconstruction in 1877
• Grant does not run for a third term in 1876
Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican)
V.
Sam Tilden (Democrats)
Tilden famous because he prosecuted Boss Tweed in the
Tweed Ring Scandal
Problem: Tilden got 184 electoral votes; he needed 185 to
win.
*20 votes hung in the balance due to questionable returns
Issue: Which branch of Congress will count the votes?
Democratic House of Republican Senate?
The Compromise of 1877 and the End
of Reconstruction
What will fix the “stalemate”
American needs a president
Electoral Count Act
Purpose: fix the problem
8 Republicans and 7 Democrats
- Republican majority
- Republicans will get what they want
Democratic response: filibuster
Compromise of 1877
– The North…
– Got Rutherford B. Hayes elected as a Republican president.
– The South…
• Got a pledge that Hayes would removal of military
occupation in the South.
• Additionally, money would be spent on the Texas and
Pacific railroad.
• Also, a Southern sympathizer must be appointed to
Hayes's Cabinet
Sharecropping v. Tenant Farming
*Slavery warmed over
LIFE OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE SOUTH AFTER CIVIL WAR
(1) Sharecropping: economic necessity forced freed slaves
into “contracts” with land owners.
– Landowners would divide their land and gave each freed
African American…some land, seed, and tools
– Harvest / Crops come in: a “SHARE” of the crops go to the
landowner!
(2) Tenant Farming: another bad system for African
Americans (you own your tools and seed, but you RENT
the land!
– OVERALL: A.A. were “locked in” or “trapped” in a style of
slavery / lacked capital = no money to buy their own
goods! (Slavery warmed over!)
Democrats “REDEEM” the South
(NEW SOUTH) / REDEMPTION
• Redemption: Democrat’s “return” to power in the South after
the Civil War
• 1869-1875…the democrats “REDEEM” the South (Democratic
“return” to power in the South)
• * Redeemers: Want a “return” to the
“SOLID SOUTH” – anti-Republican Reconstruction / pro - White
supremacy / Return to “black codes / “the way things used to
be”
• Wants to establish “HOME RULE” – the ability to run a region
WITHOUT federal intervention!
– VERY HARD TO DO!!!!
– Set out to rescue the South from “mismanagement” from Republicans
and African Americans
Birth of Jim Crow
• Illegitimate Southern legislation
(state and local)
that separated the races / limited the
advancement of African Americans
• Plessey V. Ferguson (1896)
• “separate but equal”
separation of races in public accommodations
(schools, theaters, transportation, and
restrooms) is legal and DID NOT violate the
14th Amendment
Class Conflicts and Ethnic Clashes
• 4 largest railroad companies got together to slashed worker’s wages by 10%
• Strike ensues: Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Rutherford B. Hayes sends in troops to regulate
Issue: strikers are threatening interstate commerce
Strike outcome: failure and showed the weakness of the early labor movement
Class Conflicts and Ethnic Clashes
Clash: Irish and Chinese over low-paying jobs
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
- limited immigration to America
-first “immigration restriction”
legislation in American history
Overview
Presidential (Lincoln and Johnson)
Executive branch leads Recon.
Return South “Quickly”
South “Swears” allegiance to the Union (10%)
South practices the 13th Amendment (Lincoln &Johnson)
Extension of 14th amendment is in question (Johnson)
Congressional
Congress should lead Recon.
Southern States readmission ONLY if they ratified the 14th & 15th Amend. &
the majority “Swears” allegiance
Wade Davis Bill
South should be PUNISHED
Extends the Freedmen’s Bureau, Civil Right’s Act of 1866 & Reconstruction Act
of 1867
5 post-Civil War Problems and “Attempted” Solution