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13.1 Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms Many Germanic kingdoms that succeeded the Roman Empire are reunited under Charlemagne’s empire. I. Decline of the Roman Empire A. Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare 1. Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire in 400s 2. Fighting disrupts trade and government; people abandon cities 3. Marks the beginning of the Middle Ages—period from 500 to 1500 4. The Decline of Learning a. As cities are abandoned, level of learning declines b. Knowledge of Greek language and culture is almost completely lost 5. Loss of a Common Language a. Introduction of German language changes Latin; dialects develop 6. Germanic kingdoms replace Roman provinces II. Germanic Kingdoms Emerge A. Continual wars change borders between kingdoms B. The Church provides order and security C. The Concept of Government Changes 1. 2. 3. Germans held together by family ties and loyalty, not government Small communities are governed by unwritten rules and traditions Germanic warriors pledge loyalty to their chief; live in lord’s hall 4. The German legal system based on a wergild (fine) and the ordeal a. the wergild is paid by the wrongdoer to the victim’s family b. the fine varied according to social status c. the ordeal was a system to establish guilt or innocence through a physical trial. i. based on the belief in divine intervention. D. Clovis Rules the Franks 1. 2. Franks hold power in Roman province of Gaul (modern France) Clovis, leader of the Franks, converts to Christianity in 496 a. Leads warriors against other Germanic tribes b. Unites Franks into one kingdom with the Church’s help 3. How the Church Spread a. Frankish rulers convert Germanic peoples to Christianity b. Missionaries travel to convert Germanic and Celtic groups III. Monasteries, Convents, and Manuscripts A. Church builds monasteries—where monks live to study and serve God 1. Italian monk, Benedict, writes rules that govern monastic life 2. Monks establish schools, preserve learning through libraries B. Church also builds convents – where nuns live to study and serve God 1. Benedict’s sister Scholastica adapts rules for nuns living in convents IV. Papal Power Expands Under Gregory I A. In 590, Gregory I, also called Gregory the Great, becomes pope 1. Under Gregory, Church becomes secular—a political power 2. Pope’s palace becomes center of Roman government 3. Uses Church money to raise armies, care for poor, negotiate treaties 4. Establishes a Christendom—churchly kingdom fanning out from Rome V. Europe’s Kingdoms A. The Franks control largest and strongest of Europe’s many kingdoms B. By 511, Frankish rule extends over what is now France 1. Most powerful official in kingdom is major domo—mayor of the palace a. major domo Charles Martel becomes more powerful than king b. defeats Muslims from Spain at Tours in 732; c. d. becomes a Christian hero Charles Martel’s son, Pepin, begins Carolingian Dynasty Pepin leaves his kingdom to his two sons: one son dies; one son dies, his second son, Charlemagne (Charles the Great) rules kingdom 2. Charlemagne Extends Frankish Rule a. Charlemagne’s armies reunite western Europe, spread Christianity b. In 800, Charlemagne travels to Rome to protect Pope Leo III from mobs i. Pope crowns Charlemagne emperor; gives him title, “Roman Emperor” c. Germanic power, Church, heritage of Roman Empire now joined together d. Charlemagne limits nobles’ power by governing through royal agents e. Encourages learning and orders monasteries to open schools f. Charlemagne dies in 814; his son, Louis the Pious, rules poorly i. Louis’s three sons fight for control of the empire ii. They divide the empire into three kingdoms; sign the Treaty of Verdun