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Chitin: Hypha: Mycelium: Fruiting Body Sporangium: Sporangiophore: After we discuss this section, you should be able to: Write three characteristics of all fungi Draw and label 3 structures on a fungus Write a description of 2 means of reproduction in fungi Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls made of chitin Chitin is a complex carbohydrate also found in the external skeleton of insects They are heterotrophs; specifically they are decomposers or parasites Fungi do NOT ingest their food. Fungi digest food outside of their bodies and then absorb it Many absorb from decaying matter Others absorb nutrients from the body of a host 1)Eukaryotic heterotrophs 2)Cell Wall of Chitin 3)Digest Food outside their cells and absorb it Yeast are unicellular All others are multicellular Multicellular Composed of thin filaments called hyphae ( one cell thick) Bodies are made of many hypahe tangled together to form a mycellium Fruiting Body A reproductive structure growing from the mycelium In the soil beneath it http://www.mybitoftheplanet.com/2006/big_pics/october/1010fungus2.html http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Mycology/Feeding/extracellDigestion.shtml Some mycelia can live for many years. Nutrients near the center become depleted, New mushrooms sprout at only the edges. Draw and label three structures on a typical fungus (mushroom) Most fungi reproduce sexually and asexually Cells or hyphae break off and grow Some produce spores In certain fungi, spores are produced in sporangia. These are found at the tips of specialized hyphae called sporangiosphores Two different mating types; plus and minus Plus and minus fuse and form a diploid zygote The diploid zygote undergoes meiosis and produces haploid spores that grow into a new fungus Spores scatter easily in the wind Some have smells that attract animals to help in the dispersing The probability that a spore will produce a mature Organism? One in a BILLION!!! The Spore must have a specific temperature, moisture and food Zygospore Rhizoid Stolon Gametangium Conidium Ascus Ascospore Budding Basidium Basidiospore List the four phyla of fungi and identify two main characteristics of the members of each Classified according to their structure and method of reproduction There are over 100,000 species! Familiar molds that grow on meat, cheese and bread Members have life cycles that contain a zygospore zygospore- is a resting spore that contains zygotes formed during the sexual phase of the mold’s life cycle. Hypha- lack cross walls reproductive cells do contain cross walls http://tolweb.org/Zygomycota Best know zygomycetes is the black bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer) Hypha of black bread mold Rootlike hypha that penetrate the surface are rhizoids Stemlike hypha the run along the surface of the bread are stolons Over 30,ooo species Sexual and Asexual Reproduction http://www.perspective.com/nature/fungi/ascomycota.html http://courses.bio.psu.edu/fall2005/biol110/tut orials/tutorial36.htm http://courses.bio.psu.edu/fall2005/biol110/tutorials/tutorial36.htm in asexual reproduction tiny spores called conidia-are formed at the tips of specialized hyphae called conidiophores. in sexual reproduction when haploid hyphae of two fungi grow close together and produce fruiting body ascus- forms within the fruiting body. Ascospores- when eight cells are formed after mitosis Yeasts-are unicellular fungi i.ascomycetes- are used by humans for baking and brewing ii.yeast is not dead 1.it contains ascospores 2.they become active when in moisture i.yeast reproduces by an asexual process called budding. ii.The genus is saccharomyces meaning sugar fungi are used in baking and brewing iii.the production of carbon dioxidemakes bread rise and beverages bubble iv.in baking the alcohol is evaporated and in brewing it results in alcoholic beverages Common name is club fungi Gets its name from a specialized reproductive structure called a basidium that resembles a club http://www.flickr.com/photos/atlapix/1541962 728/ Basidium-the spore bearing structure is found under the gills that grow on the underside of the mushroom caps. Life Cycle of Club Fungivery complex life cycle i.orange jelly ii.star Stinkhorn iii.shelf fungi iv.Fly agaric v.bird’s nest fungus Oregon state university i.several types of mushrooms have been cultivated for food ii.Wild mushrooms are a different story1.many are poisonous never pick mushrooms to eat Is composed of those fungi that are not placed in other phyla because a. researchers have never been able to observe a sexual phase in their life cycles. b. Ex. Penicillium that grows on fruit and the source of the antiobiotic. Zygomycota Characteristics of Basidiomycota Ascomycota Dueteromycota Saprobe Lichen Mycorrhiza I.All fungi are heterotrophs a.Fungi cannot manufacture their own food b.They cannot move but their mycelia grow very rapidly c.Some are parasites, which harm other organisms while living on them d.Some are symbionts-live in mutually beneficial associations e.Many are saprobes- organisms that obtain food from decaying organic matter. a.Most feed on decaying matter some catch live animals i.Pleurotus Ostreatus-is a carnivorous fungus that lives on the side of trees ii.as roundworms crawl into the fungus to feed the hyphae penetrate them and begin digesting them They release digestive enzymes that breakdown leaves, fruit, and other organic material into simpler substances Fungi are found in every ecosystem, where they recycle nutrients by breaking down the bodies and wastes of other organisms Can infect both animals and plants Plant Diseases i.Mildews are a type of fungi ii.Wheat rust – iii.corn smut – destroys corn kernels 1.a type of basidiomycete- has its spores carried by wind to Wheat which it infects Animal Disease Human diseases fungal parasites can infect humans deuteromycete affects toes- athlete’s foot the mycelium forms within the outer layers of the skin it also produces “ring worm” which is not a worm at all Candida albicans ; a yeast that can grow In moist areas of the body Genus Cordyceps fungus infects grasshoppers in rain forests Some fungi form symbiotic relationships in which both partners benefit. 1.usually ascomycetes 2.resistant to drought and cold 3. they can grow on rocks 4.are often the first to enter a barren environment 5.live symbiotically between fungi and photosynthetic organism 6.live on green alga or cyanobacterium 1.Mutualistic relationships with plants 2.These relationships are called mycorhizae 3.The tiny hypha help the plant absorb neutrients 4.Often roots are woven into a partnership with fungal mycelia Write a description for two mutualistic relationships that fungi form with other organisms Write a compare and contrast paragraph of corn smut and mycorrhizial fungus on Douglas fir tree Fungi are important to an ecosystem because they ___________________ organic material and put nutrients back in the soil