Download Fungi - My Haiku

 Chitin:
 Hypha:
 Mycelium:
 Fruiting Body
 Sporangium:
 Sporangiophore:
 After we discuss this section, you should be
able to:
 Write three characteristics of all fungi
 Draw and label 3 structures on a fungus
 Write a description of 2 means of
reproduction in fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs
that have cell walls made of chitin
Chitin is a complex
carbohydrate
 also found in the external
skeleton of insects

 They are heterotrophs; specifically they are
decomposers or parasites
 Fungi do NOT ingest their food.
 Fungi digest food outside of their bodies and
then absorb it
 Many absorb from decaying matter
 Others absorb nutrients from the body of a
host
1)Eukaryotic heterotrophs
2)Cell Wall of Chitin
3)Digest Food outside their cells and
absorb it
Yeast are unicellular
All others are multicellular
 Multicellular
Composed of thin filaments called hyphae
( one cell thick)
Bodies are made of many hypahe
tangled together to form a mycellium
Fruiting Body
A reproductive structure growing from
the mycelium In the soil beneath it
http://www.mybitoftheplanet.com/2006/big_pics/october/1010fungus2.html
http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Mycology/Feeding/extracellDigestion.shtml
Some mycelia can live for many years. Nutrients near
the center become depleted,
New mushrooms sprout at only the edges.
Draw and label three structures on
a typical fungus (mushroom)
Most fungi reproduce sexually
and asexually
Cells or hyphae break off and grow
Some produce spores
In certain fungi, spores are produced in sporangia.
These are found at the tips of specialized
hyphae called sporangiosphores
Two different mating types; plus and minus
Plus and minus fuse and form a
diploid zygote
The diploid zygote undergoes meiosis
and produces haploid spores that
grow into a new fungus
Spores scatter easily in the wind
Some have smells that attract animals
to help in the dispersing
The probability that a spore will produce a mature
Organism? One in a BILLION!!!
The Spore must have a specific temperature, moisture and food
 Zygospore
 Rhizoid
 Stolon
 Gametangium
 Conidium
 Ascus
 Ascospore
 Budding
 Basidium
 Basidiospore
 List the four phyla of fungi and identify two
main characteristics of the members of each
 Classified according to their structure and
method of reproduction
 There are over 100,000 species!
Familiar molds that grow on meat,
cheese and bread
Members have life cycles that contain a zygospore
zygospore- is a resting spore that contains
zygotes formed during the sexual phase of the
mold’s life cycle.
Hypha- lack cross walls
reproductive cells do contain cross walls
http://tolweb.org/Zygomycota
Best know zygomycetes is the black bread
mold (Rhizopus stolonifer)
Hypha of black bread mold
Rootlike hypha that penetrate
the surface are rhizoids
Stemlike hypha the run along the
surface of the bread are stolons
Over 30,ooo species
Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
http://www.perspective.com/nature/fungi/ascomycota.html
http://courses.bio.psu.edu/fall2005/biol110/tut
orials/tutorial36.htm
http://courses.bio.psu.edu/fall2005/biol110/tutorials/tutorial36.htm
in asexual reproduction tiny spores
called conidia-are formed at the tips of
specialized hyphae called
conidiophores.
in sexual reproduction
when haploid hyphae of two fungi
grow close together and produce
fruiting body
ascus- forms within the fruiting body.
Ascospores- when eight cells are
formed after mitosis
Yeasts-are unicellular fungi
i.ascomycetes- are used by humans
for baking and brewing
ii.yeast is not dead
1.it contains ascospores
2.they become active when in
moisture
i.yeast reproduces by an asexual process
called budding.
ii.The genus is saccharomyces meaning
sugar fungi are used in baking and
brewing
iii.the production of carbon dioxidemakes bread rise and beverages bubble
iv.in baking the alcohol is evaporated and
in brewing it results in alcoholic
beverages
Common name is club fungi
Gets its name from a specialized reproductive
structure called a basidium that resembles a club
http://www.flickr.com/photos/atlapix/1541962
728/
Basidium-the spore bearing structure is found
under the gills that grow on the underside
of the mushroom caps.
Life Cycle of Club Fungivery complex life cycle
i.orange jelly
ii.star Stinkhorn
iii.shelf fungi
iv.Fly agaric
v.bird’s nest
fungus
Oregon state university
i.several types of mushrooms have
been cultivated for food
ii.Wild mushrooms are a different
story1.many are poisonous
never pick mushrooms to eat
Is composed of those fungi that are
not placed in other phyla because
a. researchers have never been able to
observe a sexual phase in their life
cycles.
b. Ex. Penicillium that grows on fruit and
the source of the antiobiotic.
Zygomycota
Characteristics
of
Basidiomycota Ascomycota
Dueteromycota
Saprobe
Lichen
Mycorrhiza
I.All fungi are heterotrophs
a.Fungi cannot manufacture their own food
b.They cannot move but their mycelia grow
very rapidly
c.Some are parasites, which harm other
organisms while living on them
d.Some are symbionts-live in mutually
beneficial associations
e.Many are saprobes- organisms that obtain
food from decaying organic matter.
a.Most feed on decaying
matter some catch live
animals
i.Pleurotus Ostreatus-is a
carnivorous fungus that
lives on the side of trees
ii.as roundworms crawl
into the fungus to feed the
hyphae penetrate them
and begin digesting them
They release digestive enzymes that breakdown
leaves, fruit, and other organic material into
simpler substances
Fungi are found in every ecosystem, where they
recycle nutrients by breaking down the bodies
and wastes of other organisms
Can infect both animals and plants
Plant Diseases
i.Mildews are a type of fungi
ii.Wheat rust –
iii.corn smut – destroys corn
kernels
1.a type of basidiomycete- has
its spores carried by wind to
Wheat which it infects
Animal Disease
Human diseases
fungal parasites can infect humans
deuteromycete affects toes- athlete’s
foot the mycelium forms within the
outer layers of the skin it also
produces “ring worm” which is not a
worm at all
Candida albicans ; a yeast that can grow
In moist areas of the body
Genus Cordyceps fungus infects
grasshoppers in rain forests
Some fungi form symbiotic
relationships in which both
partners benefit.
1.usually ascomycetes
2.resistant to drought and cold
3. they can grow on rocks
4.are often the first to enter a
barren environment
5.live symbiotically between
fungi and photosynthetic
organism
6.live on green alga or
cyanobacterium
1.Mutualistic relationships
with plants
2.These relationships are
called mycorhizae
3.The tiny hypha help the
plant absorb neutrients
4.Often roots are woven
into a partnership with
fungal mycelia
Write a description for two mutualistic relationships
that fungi form with other organisms
Write a compare and contrast paragraph of corn
smut and mycorrhizial fungus on Douglas fir tree
Fungi are important to an ecosystem because they
___________________ organic material and
put nutrients back in the soil