Download The Periodic Table

THE PERIODIC TABLE
HISTORY
HISTORY
Robert Boyle (born Ireland, 1627)
 First to suggest that there were ‘elements’ that
could not be further separated into different
substances.

HISTORY
HISTORY
Antoine Lavoisier (born
France, 1743)
 Made a detailed list of
substances that he believed
to be elements.

HISTORY
HISTORY
Johann Dobereiner (born Germany, 1780)
 Came up with the idea of
organising elements into
'triads'.

HISTORY
HISTORY
John Newlands (born 1837, England)
 Used atomic weights and properties of elements
to organise the elements into groups of eight.

HISTORY
HISTORY
Dmitri Mendeleev (born
Russia, 1834)
 Regarded by most
chemists as the
developer of the first
modern periodic table.
Still arranged by atomic
weight. Left gaps in
places where he
suspected that there
were elements yet to be
discovered.

HISTORY
HISTORY
William Ramsay (born Scotland 1852)
 Starting with argon, discovered the noble gases.

HISTORY
HISTORY
Henry Moseley (born
England, 1887)
 First to order elements
on the periodic table by
atomic number instead of
atomic mass.

HISTORY
HISTORY
Glenn Seaborg (born USA,
1912)
 Created neptunium and
plutonium, the first transuranium elements to be
created.

USING THE PERIODIC TABLE
Rows are called periods.
 Columns are called groups.

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Group 1 Metals
 Alkali metals

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Caesium reacting with water
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Group 1 Metals
 Alkali metals
 Properties:

Low melting and boiling points
 Very soft
 Low densities
 Very reactive

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Group 2 Metals
 Alkaline Earth metals

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Calcium
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Group 2 Metals
 Alkaline earth metals
 Properties:

Low melting point
 Relatively soft
 Reactive

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
Transition metals
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Transition metals
 Properties:

Silvery in colour (except gold and copper)
 A couple are magnetic
 Electron arrangement does not fit the Bohr model of
the atom

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
Metalloids
USING THE PERIODIC TABLE
Silicon
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Metalloids
 Properties


Some of the properties of metals and non-metals eg.
Conducting electricity.
USING THE PERIODIC TABLE

Non-metals
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Sulphur
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Non-metals
 Properties:

Dull
 Brittle
 Mostly form gases in elemental form

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
The Halogens
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Chlorine
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The Halogens
 Properties:

React with metals to form salts
 Bleaching properties

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
The Noble Gases
USING THE PERIODIC TABLE
Helium
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The Noble Gases
 Properties:


Unreactive due to full outer shell
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Remember!
 Protons and neutrons in the nucleus, electrons in
shells surrounding the nucleus.

Electron Shell Structure
2n2
2, 8, 18, 32, 50
(n = shell number)
SHELLS
SHELLS
Atoms are least reactive when they have a ‘full’
outer shell.
 This usually means having eight electrons in the
outer shell but can also be two if there is only
one shell.

IONS
F
-
IONS
S
2-
+
Na
+
K
DRAWING SHELL DIAGRAMS
DRAWING SHELL DIAGRAMS
The period (row) that the element is in gives you
the number of shells.
 The group (column) that it is in gives you the
number of outer shell electrons.

IMAGE CREDITS




‘The Shannon Portrait of the Hon Robert Boyle’ Chemical Heritage
Foundation available at
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/The_Shannon_Portr
ait_of_the_Hon_Robert_Boyle.jpg, via Wikimedia Commons
‘Antoine Lavoisier color’ By Louis Jean Desire Delaistre, after Boilly
(Courtesy of Chemical Achievers) available at
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Antoine_lavoisier_col
or.jpg, via Wikimedia Commons
‘Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner’ By Carl August Schwerdgeburth, 17851878 (engraver), and Fritz Ries, 1826-1857 (painter) available at
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Johann_Wolfgang_D
%C3%B6bereiner.jpg, via Wikimedia Commons
‘Periodic Table (polyatomic)’ By DePiep (Own work) available at
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Periodic_table_%28p
olyatomic%29.svg, via Wikimedia Commons
IMAGE CREDITS



‘John Alexander Reina Newlands’ By DALIBRI at de.wikipedia available
at
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/John_Alexander_Rei
na_Newlands.jpg, from Wikimedia Commons
‘DIMendeleevCab’ By -.Serge Lachinov at ru.wikipedia available at
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/DIMendeleevCab.jpg,
from Wikimedia Commons
Glenn Seaborg – 1964’ By Atomic Energy Commission. (1946 - 01/19/1975)
available at
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Glenn_Seaborg__1964.jpg, via Wikimedia Commons