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THE PERIODIC TABLE HISTORY HISTORY Robert Boyle (born Ireland, 1627) First to suggest that there were ‘elements’ that could not be further separated into different substances. HISTORY HISTORY Antoine Lavoisier (born France, 1743) Made a detailed list of substances that he believed to be elements. HISTORY HISTORY Johann Dobereiner (born Germany, 1780) Came up with the idea of organising elements into 'triads'. HISTORY HISTORY John Newlands (born 1837, England) Used atomic weights and properties of elements to organise the elements into groups of eight. HISTORY HISTORY Dmitri Mendeleev (born Russia, 1834) Regarded by most chemists as the developer of the first modern periodic table. Still arranged by atomic weight. Left gaps in places where he suspected that there were elements yet to be discovered. HISTORY HISTORY William Ramsay (born Scotland 1852) Starting with argon, discovered the noble gases. HISTORY HISTORY Henry Moseley (born England, 1887) First to order elements on the periodic table by atomic number instead of atomic mass. HISTORY HISTORY Glenn Seaborg (born USA, 1912) Created neptunium and plutonium, the first transuranium elements to be created. USING THE PERIODIC TABLE Rows are called periods. Columns are called groups. USING THE PERIODIC TABLE Group 1 Metals Alkali metals USING THE PERIODIC TABLE Caesium reacting with water USING THE PERIODIC TABLE Group 1 Metals Alkali metals Properties: Low melting and boiling points Very soft Low densities Very reactive USING THE PERIODIC TABLE Group 2 Metals Alkaline Earth metals USING THE PERIODIC TABLE Calcium USING THE PERIODIC TABLE Group 2 Metals Alkaline earth metals Properties: Low melting point Relatively soft Reactive USING THE PERIODIC TABLE Transition metals USING THE PERIODIC TABLE USING THE PERIODIC TABLE Transition metals Properties: Silvery in colour (except gold and copper) A couple are magnetic Electron arrangement does not fit the Bohr model of the atom USING THE PERIODIC TABLE Metalloids USING THE PERIODIC TABLE Silicon USING THE PERIODIC TABLE Metalloids Properties Some of the properties of metals and non-metals eg. Conducting electricity. USING THE PERIODIC TABLE Non-metals USING THE PERIODIC TABLE Sulphur USING THE PERIODIC TABLE Non-metals Properties: Dull Brittle Mostly form gases in elemental form USING THE PERIODIC TABLE The Halogens USING THE PERIODIC TABLE Chlorine USING THE PERIODIC TABLE The Halogens Properties: React with metals to form salts Bleaching properties USING THE PERIODIC TABLE The Noble Gases USING THE PERIODIC TABLE Helium USING THE PERIODIC TABLE The Noble Gases Properties: Unreactive due to full outer shell ATOMIC STRUCTURE Remember! Protons and neutrons in the nucleus, electrons in shells surrounding the nucleus. Electron Shell Structure 2n2 2, 8, 18, 32, 50 (n = shell number) SHELLS SHELLS Atoms are least reactive when they have a ‘full’ outer shell. This usually means having eight electrons in the outer shell but can also be two if there is only one shell. IONS F - IONS S 2- + Na + K DRAWING SHELL DIAGRAMS DRAWING SHELL DIAGRAMS The period (row) that the element is in gives you the number of shells. The group (column) that it is in gives you the number of outer shell electrons. IMAGE CREDITS ‘The Shannon Portrait of the Hon Robert Boyle’ Chemical Heritage Foundation available at http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/The_Shannon_Portr ait_of_the_Hon_Robert_Boyle.jpg, via Wikimedia Commons ‘Antoine Lavoisier color’ By Louis Jean Desire Delaistre, after Boilly (Courtesy of Chemical Achievers) available at http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Antoine_lavoisier_col or.jpg, via Wikimedia Commons ‘Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner’ By Carl August Schwerdgeburth, 17851878 (engraver), and Fritz Ries, 1826-1857 (painter) available at http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Johann_Wolfgang_D %C3%B6bereiner.jpg, via Wikimedia Commons ‘Periodic Table (polyatomic)’ By DePiep (Own work) available at http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Periodic_table_%28p olyatomic%29.svg, via Wikimedia Commons IMAGE CREDITS ‘John Alexander Reina Newlands’ By DALIBRI at de.wikipedia available at http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/John_Alexander_Rei na_Newlands.jpg, from Wikimedia Commons ‘DIMendeleevCab’ By -.Serge Lachinov at ru.wikipedia available at http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/DIMendeleevCab.jpg, from Wikimedia Commons Glenn Seaborg – 1964’ By Atomic Energy Commission. (1946 - 01/19/1975) available at http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Glenn_Seaborg__1964.jpg, via Wikimedia Commons