Download factories and societies wanted resources, new

The New Imperialism
Intro to Imperialism
Why Imperialism?
• Industrialization gave Europeans and some
other powers the technology to take over the
rest of the world more rapidly.
• Gold and religion were still important
motivations,
– but now factories and societies wanted resources,
new markets, and cheap sources of human labor.
• Few places in the world were not taken over
by an imperialist power by 1914.
Imperialism:
• When one nation controls the
political, economic, or cultural life
and/or territory of another nation or
region.
• for Example: taking over another
country to increase markets for one’s
products…..mercantilism.
Protectorate
• A foreign land whose local rulers appeared to
be free and in control
• Was really run by a foreign power
– Britain ran Egypt this way
– US ran Cuba this way
Sphere of Influence
• A foreign power only takes control of part of a
nation.
– Usually the profitable or strategic part
• Britain and others would take control of China
this way.
Africa at the beginning of
Imperialist Takeover
p. 290
Why Africa?
•
•
•
•
Africa was the last region taken over by Europeans.
European takeover was swift and frenzied.
It had many resources Europeans needed and wanted.
Though the slave trade was ended, Africans were seen
as a cheap source of agricultural and mineral labor.
• European colonists took the best lands, protected by
European/European controlled armies
• Europeans did not care about the rights of non-White
colonials (Africans, in this case).
WEST AFRICA
• Usman dan Fodio:
• Islamic leader of a religious revival in West Africa.
– He spoke out against corrupt leaders in Nigeria, who, he
felt, were not obeying Shari’a Law (Law according to the
Koran and teachings of Muhammad).
– He called for uprising against the Hausa leadership and the
Europeans.
– He and his followers set up a successful and peaceful
Muslim state in northern Nigeria.
SOUTHERN AFRICA
• Most people were farmers or herdsmen and lived in
small loosely dependent communities.
– That changed in the 1800s.
• Shaka:
• in the early 1800s, he united the Zulu people and
made violent wars to subjugate neighboring peoples.
– Intermarriage brought the people closer together in
Shaka’s empire, but others fled to other lands.
One major event stimulated great interest in
sub-Saharan Africa…..
• David Livingstone:
• A well respected explorer, doctor, and missionary
who had “disappeared” in the Congo region.
– He had been busy protecting the people there from slavery.
– He worked to make their lives better, but respected their
cultures.
• Europe and America asked, “what happened to
Livingstone?”
A statue of David Livingstone in
Zambia.
One major event stimulated great interest in
sub-Saharan Africa…..
• Henry Stanley:
• American journalist sent by his paper to find
Livingstone.
– After two years, he found him.
• “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”
– He also documented and mapped the places and
people he saw.
King Leopold II:
• Belgian king in the mid 1800s.
• He personally took control of the Congo area of
central Africa, to grow rubber trees from Asia.
• He hired Henry Stanley to explore it and later run it.
• Also found copper and ivory
– his administration’s brutal mistreatment of
Africans there earned world criticism.
• Arrests, beatings, mutilations, and executions
of those who did not work or pay taxes.
Boer War:
• Late 1800s.
• Britain pursued the Boer into northern South Africa,
– taking control of their lands and
– subjecting them to British laws protecting black Africans.
• The Boer rebelled and fought a guerrilla war.
– Though they were effective, they lost after three years.
• Britain learned to use camouflage and guerrilla
tactics from the Boer.
– This would change modern warfare, but not immediately.
Resistance
• Samori Toure:
–opposed French in West Africa
• Algeria
–Algerians futilely resisted
France.
Resistance
• Yaa Asantewaa:
• Asante Queen who continued her husband’s
war against the British.
• Nehanda:
• Woman leader of the Shona resistance against
the British in Zimbabwe.
• She was captured and executed.
• She is remembered as a symbol against White
Rule in southern Africa.
Menelik II:
• united Ethiopia in the late 1800s.
• He used European advisers to
develop his lands, military, and
education system.
– His European-trained and equipped army was
able to defeat an Italian invasion.
Collaboration or Resistance?
• Elite:
• upper class; usually powerful leaders of traditional
societies.
• African leaders who cooperated (collaborators) were
rewarded by the imperialists with power, land, and
honor:
– Learned European ways
– Rejected traditional ways
– As in all lands around the world conquered by Europeans,
those who served the Europeans were given more
privileges.
• Others led resistance movements and criticized the
Imperialist as immoral invaders.
p. 287 WE
• What does this poster show about the British
attitude toward Africa?
– New market, place for investment
– To be exploited
• EC: Is it pro or anti-imperialism?
– Pro
• EC: Are there stereotypes?
– Use the word “jungle”
– Locales dressed as savages
Standards Check, p. 287
• What factors contributed to European
Imperialism in the 1800s?
• Economic motives
• Military and political missions
• Humanitarian and religious reasons
• Social Darwinist reasons
Comparing Viewpoints, p. 288
• Favor
• English are superior
race
• Oppose
• The lands belong to the
inhabitants, who have
an established way of
life.
Image, p. 288
• Q Why were European armies often able to
defeat African and Asian forces?
• They had superior weapons
Standards Check, p. 289
• How did Western Imperialist spread through
Africa and Asia so quickly?
• Westerners had stronger economies,
governments, and technology
• Also the necessary manpower.
Standards Check, p. 289
• Britain
• Indirect Rule; through a
local ruling class
• France
• Direct Rule
Standards Check, p. 291:
• What factors shaped each of the main regions of
Africa during the early 1800s?
• In Muslim North Africa:
– The Ottoman empire was declining
• In West Africa:
– New Muslim leaders and strong kingdoms like the Asante
• In East Africa:
– The slave trade continued to the East.
• In South Africa:
– Zulus and Boers battled for control.
Image, p. 291
• Why was Cetshwayo considered a threat to
British colonial interests?
• Because of his powerful army
Standards Check, p. 292
• How did European contact with Africa
increase in the late 1800s?
• Medical advances and steamships allowed
explorers and missionaries to push deep into
Africa.
Image, p. 292
• Why did missionaries seek to convert people
to Christianity?
• They viewed African religions as inferior to
Christianity
Map, p. 293
• 2 In which part of Africa were most of France’s
colonies located?
• North and West Africa
• 3 How did imperialism in Africa in 1850
compare with that in 1914?
• By 1914, European colonies had spread across
most of the continent and very few regions
remained independent.
Standards Check, p. 295
• How did Leopold II set off a scramble for
colonies in Africa?
• By sending explorers to the Congo and trying
to establish treaties to dominate trade.
Biography, p. 295
• How did Menelik preserve Ethiopian
Independence?
• By obtaining and learning how to use Western
weapons.
Standards Check, p. 296
• How did Ethiopians resist Imperialism?
• Menelik II modernized and Westernized both
his country and army.
• Ethiopia was prepared to fight Western
troops.
• They defeated Italy’s invasion and remained
independent.
Image, p. 296
• What do the cloths of the man to the left of
king suggest about his social rank?
• That he may be an official or expert who
visited or was educated in Europe.
p. 297, thinking critically
• 1. Why did King Lobengula want to avoid
fighting the British?
• He appealed to their sense of justice.
• He knew he could not win militarily.
• 2. How does Samkange show that Lobengula’s
father disagreed with his son’s decision?
• His father shows his disagreement by continuing to
question why his son did not allow his troops to fight
when they were able and ready.