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The Digestive System Digestive System Test (just information from this packet) April 7, 2017 DV lessons 9-10 Quiz: April 11, 2017 Functions of the digestive system • Ingestion: intake of food and liquids into the body. The process of physical or mechanical digestion begins with the teeth and the tongue during ________________________. Mastication • Digestion: food is broken down into smaller pieces. Digestion can be physical or chemical. Physical digestion breaks the food down into smaller physical parts while chemical digestion breaks the food down chemical into smaller _______________________________ compounds. • Absorption: nutrients leave the digestive tract and enter the bloodstream then enter cells. • Elimination: solid waste (undigested food, and unused fiber, fat, protein and bacteria) is eliminated or defecation ___________________________________________. • Organs and Structures of the Digestive System can be broken up into the alimentary canal (oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, and anus) and the accessory organs (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). Oral Cavity – Mouth: food enters the mouth. labia • The _____________________ protects the anterior opening of the buccae mouth and the __________________________________ form the lateral walls of the mouth. • The anterior of the roof is made up the hard palate and the posterior is made up of the soft palate. • The ______________________________ hangs from the soft palate uvula which covers the nasopharynx (nose and throat) when swallowing. • A mucous membrane lining covers the entire mouth – Tongue • Muscular organ attached to the base of the mouth • Aids in mastication papillae • ________________________ on the tongue contain taste buds and taste buds have taste receptors • Necessary for speech production – Teeth: divided into two major regions- the crown and the root • Crown: the part of tooth above the gum line • Root: part embedded below the gum line • The tooth is composed of three layers: enamel, dentin, and pulp – Enamel: hard covering – Dentin: bone like material pulp – _________________________: extends into the root; contains blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue – Salivary glands: the mouth contains three salivary glands that secrete the enzyme amylase (an enzyme that helps break down starches). sublingual • _____________________________ gland: under the tongue • Submandibular gland: floor of the mouth parotid • ___________________: found anterior to the ________________________ ears – Pharynx/throat: Broken into three parts • Laryngopharynx: pathway for food, fluids and air. When deglutition ________________________ occurs, epiglottis covers the trachea and the muscular action of ____________________________ brings the food down peristalsis • Esophagus: mucous membrane-lined muscular tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach – __________________________________ Cardiac sphincter sphincter controls the flow of substances between the esophagus and the stomach • Stomach: – sac-like organ composed of three parts • Fundus: upper round portion of the stomach • Body: main section • Antrum: lower section – Contains folds in the lining called Rugae _____________________. Rugae produce gastric fluids that aid in digestion – gastric juices + partially digested food = chyme ________________ – stomach is connected to the small intestine by the pylorus which is controlled by the pyloric __________________________ sphincter. • Small Intestine: chemical digestion continues; longest stretch of digestion – Three parts of the small intestine all lined with villi to increase surface area • Duodenum: receives food from stomach and is digested by bile from the liver and gallbladder and pancreatic juices from the pancreas • Jejunum: nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, & minerals) are absorbed into the bloodstream • Ileum: site of vitamin B12 absorption; ileum joins the large intestine at the cecum, controlled by the ileocecal ___________________________ valve (sphincter muscle) • Colon/large intestine: water absorption; lined with goblet cells that secrete mucous – Six parts of the colon or large intestine • Cecum: pouch that connects small and large intestine; appendix attached • Ascending colon: travels upward from cecum to underside of liver • Transverse colon: ______________________________________ crosses the horizontally abdomen • Descending colon: travels from transverse colon to sigmoid colon • Sigmoid colon/sigmoid: connects to rectum _______________________ • Rectum: storage area for solid wastes • Anus: opening at the end of the digestive tract which fecal waste is eliminated through • Accessory organs – Liver • Storage of nutrients • Filtration and removal of chemicals, waste products, and old RBCs • Converts glycogen to glucose bile • Produces ____________________ to help break down fatty foods – Gallbladder • Stores ________________________________ bile – Pancreas: produces many enzymes for digestion • Amylase: helps break down carbohydrates • Lipase: helps breakdown _________________________________ fats • Protease: helps breakdown proteins • Insulin: hormone that aids in the absorption of sugar Digestive Diseases & Disorders • Appendicitis: inflammation of the _____________________________________; appendix caused by a blockage • Celiac disease: malabsorption syndrome characterized by weight loss and diarrhea. Thought to be caused by food containing gluten ____________________________________. • Cholelithiasis: abnormal condition of stones _____________________ in the gallbladder _________________________________ • Cirrhosis: scarring of the liver due to alcohol, drugs, or a virus • Hepatitis: inflammation of the ___________________________ usually caused by viral liver infection – Hep A: acute; food contaminated by the feces of infected person – Hep B: chronic; transmitted by blood or bodily fluids, usually through childbirth or sexual contact – Hep C: chronic; transmitted by blood or bodily fluids, usually through blood transfusions or drug needles