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The Digestive System
Digestive System Test (just
information from this packet)
April 7, 2017
DV lessons 9-10 Quiz: April 11, 2017
Functions of the digestive system
• Ingestion: intake of food and liquids into the body. The
process of physical or mechanical digestion begins with
the teeth and the tongue during
________________________.
Mastication
• Digestion: food is broken down into smaller pieces.
Digestion can be physical or chemical. Physical
digestion breaks the food down into smaller physical
parts while chemical digestion breaks the food down
chemical
into smaller _______________________________
compounds.
• Absorption: nutrients leave the digestive tract and
enter the bloodstream then enter cells.
• Elimination: solid waste (undigested food, and unused
fiber, fat, protein and bacteria) is eliminated or
defecation
___________________________________________.
• Organs and Structures of
the Digestive System can
be broken up into the
alimentary canal (oral
cavity, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, colon,
rectum, and anus) and
the accessory organs
(teeth, tongue, salivary
glands, liver, gallbladder,
and pancreas).
Oral Cavity
– Mouth: food enters the mouth.
labia
• The _____________________
protects the anterior opening of the
buccae
mouth and the __________________________________
form the
lateral walls of the mouth.
• The anterior of the roof is made up the hard palate and the posterior is
made up of the soft palate.
• The ______________________________
hangs from the soft palate
uvula
which covers the nasopharynx (nose and throat) when swallowing.
• A mucous membrane lining covers the entire mouth
– Tongue
• Muscular organ attached to the base of the mouth
• Aids in mastication
papillae
• ________________________
on the tongue contain
taste buds and taste buds have taste receptors
• Necessary for speech production
– Teeth: divided into two major regions- the crown
and the root
• Crown: the part of tooth above the gum line
• Root: part embedded below the gum line
• The tooth is composed of three layers: enamel, dentin,
and pulp
– Enamel: hard covering
– Dentin: bone like material
pulp
– _________________________:
extends into the root;
contains blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue
– Salivary glands: the mouth contains three salivary
glands that secrete the enzyme amylase (an
enzyme that helps break down starches).
sublingual
• _____________________________
gland: under the
tongue
• Submandibular gland: floor of the mouth
parotid
• ___________________:
found anterior to the
________________________
ears
– Pharynx/throat: Broken into three parts
• Laryngopharynx: pathway for food, fluids and air. When
deglutition
________________________
occurs, epiglottis covers
the trachea and the muscular action of
____________________________
brings the food down
peristalsis
• Esophagus: mucous membrane-lined
muscular tube that connects the pharynx with
the stomach
– __________________________________
Cardiac sphincter
sphincter controls the flow of substances between
the esophagus and the stomach
• Stomach:
– sac-like organ composed of three parts
• Fundus: upper round portion of the stomach
• Body: main section
• Antrum: lower section
– Contains folds in the lining called
Rugae
_____________________.
Rugae produce gastric
fluids that aid in digestion
– gastric juices + partially digested food =
chyme
________________
– stomach is connected to the small intestine by the
pylorus which is controlled by the
pyloric
__________________________
sphincter.
• Small Intestine: chemical digestion continues;
longest stretch of digestion
– Three parts of the small intestine all lined with villi
to increase surface area
• Duodenum: receives food from stomach and is digested
by bile from the liver and gallbladder and pancreatic
juices from the pancreas
• Jejunum: nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats,
vitamins, & minerals) are absorbed into the
bloodstream
• Ileum: site of vitamin B12 absorption; ileum joins the
large intestine at the cecum, controlled by the
ileocecal
___________________________
valve (sphincter
muscle)
• Colon/large intestine: water absorption; lined
with goblet cells that secrete mucous
– Six parts of the colon or large intestine
• Cecum: pouch that connects small and large intestine;
appendix attached
• Ascending colon: travels upward from cecum to underside of
liver
• Transverse colon:
______________________________________
crosses the
horizontally
abdomen
• Descending colon: travels from transverse colon to sigmoid
colon
• Sigmoid colon/sigmoid: connects to
rectum
_______________________
• Rectum: storage area for solid wastes
• Anus: opening at the end of the digestive tract
which fecal waste is eliminated through
• Accessory organs
– Liver
• Storage of nutrients
• Filtration and removal of chemicals, waste products,
and old RBCs
• Converts glycogen to glucose
bile
• Produces ____________________
to help break down
fatty foods
– Gallbladder
• Stores ________________________________
bile
– Pancreas: produces many enzymes for digestion
• Amylase: helps break down carbohydrates
• Lipase: helps breakdown
_________________________________
fats
• Protease: helps breakdown proteins
• Insulin: hormone that aids in the absorption of sugar
Digestive Diseases & Disorders
• Appendicitis: inflammation of the
_____________________________________;
appendix
caused by a blockage
• Celiac disease: malabsorption syndrome
characterized by weight loss and diarrhea.
Thought to be caused by food containing
gluten
____________________________________.
• Cholelithiasis: abnormal condition of
stones
_____________________
in the
gallbladder
_________________________________
• Cirrhosis: scarring of the liver due to alcohol,
drugs, or a virus
• Hepatitis: inflammation of the
___________________________
usually caused by viral
liver
infection
– Hep A: acute; food contaminated by the feces of infected
person
– Hep B: chronic; transmitted by blood or bodily fluids,
usually through childbirth or sexual contact
– Hep C: chronic; transmitted by blood or bodily fluids,
usually through blood transfusions or drug needles