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Chapter 35
WWII: Americans At
War
Section 2: Retaking Europe
I.
August of 1941 Atlantic Charter – declaration of
principles by Great Britain and the U.S. would later
form United Nations
a.
Defeated Hitler first, then Japan
A. North Africa (America entered the war against Germany)
1.
General Erwin Rommel nickname “The Desert Fox”
because of his screwed tactics won many battles
a.
b.
c.
Americans sent to reinforce British under the command of
General Dwight D. Eisenhower
November 1942 American victory at El Alamein against
Germans.
February 1943 – May – Americans learning to fight
Retaking Europe
B. Italy
1. Opens up 2nd front in Italy – except France
a.
b.
c.
Stalin never forgave us
1943 7th army General George S. Patton invade Sicily
King Victor E. II had Mussolini arrested, freed by
Germans
2. Germany sent troops to reinforce Italy
a.
b.
Face months of having fighting, broke their lines by late
1944
Mussolini was shot and killed in 1945 as he tried to flee
across Italian borders
War in Soviet Union
1.
Broke Non-Aggression Pact – June 22, 1941
a.
b.
c.
2.
Scorched earth policy – retreat, leave nothing for Germans as
you retreat
a.
b.
3.
3.6 million German and Axis troops
Took soviets by surprise
Russian who had suffered under Stalin at first were loved
Germans – but quickly turned when forced labor and
executions
Leningrad (now St. Petesburg) by autumn armies had
advantage several hundred miles into the soviet union
Moscow German troops threaten
Stalin – desperately wanted allies to attack in western Europe
to open up 2nd front war
Battle of Stalingrad
1. October winter hit, which stopped Germany’s
advance in October and the Soviet Union regained
lost territory. Next summer Germans launched
another massive attack (mid-Sept Stalingrad)
2. Winter hits again – house to house fighting
a. January 1943 90,000 Germans surrendered, what was
left of 330,000 troops
b. Soviet lost 1,100,000
** Turning point in the war – German would retreat
after this
Invasion of Western Europe
1.
Operation Overlord led by Dwight D. Eisenhower
A.
D Day
i.
June 6, 1944 – largest at sea, land assault in history
a.
b.
c.
ii.
B.
Normandy Beach
2,000 American soldiers lost at Omaha
By the time we conquered Italy we had 2 million troops
Stalled General George S. Patton 3rd Army raced across Northern
France broke through German lines
Battle of the Bulge
i.
December 1944 massive counter attack by Germany
a.
b.
C.
Patton drove 3rd Army into Belgium to Reinforce
German attack smashed into the U.S. first Army and pushed it back, forming a
bulge in the Allied line
Yalta Conference
i.
Months before the fall of Berlin, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at
Yalta, a place in the Soviet Union near the black sea. (re-establish
nations of war-torn Europe)
Section 3: The Holocaust
1.
Anti-Semitism – discrimination of violence against Jews
In Germany
1.
Holocaust – systematic murder of European Jews, over million Jews, 2/3 of European Jews
a.
2.
5 to 6 million others
Gestapo – secret state police pursue enemies of Hitler and Nazi party
a.
b.
SS or (Schutzstaffel) elite guard
Concentration camps – political prison camps
Nazi Policies
1.
1935 Nuremberg Laws – stripped Jews of citizenship, outlawed marriage to Jews
a.
b.
c.
Yellow Star of David on clothes
Wanted to completely move Jewish influence from the Aryan race.
Made all Jewish get a J on there passports.
Section 3: The Holocaust
Kristallnacht
1. 1938, November 9, “Night of Broken Glass”
a. Destroyed Jewish stores, houses, synagogues
b. Begin shipping Jews to concentration camps
2. Jews began trying to leave
a. Went to many countries outer limits
I. Murder to Genocide
1. Invasion of Poland brought 2 million Jews
a. Ghetto self-contained areas – damp, disease
b. Didn’t die fast enough
2. Wannsee Conference
a. January 1942 final solution
b. Special camps in Poland
c. Genocide – destruction of an entire ethnic group or
cultural group
Section 4: War in the Pacific
1. The Japanese Advance 1941-1942
A. Pearl Harbor was 1st in massive attack in the Pacific
i. Wake Island, Guam, Philippines
ii. Attacked Allied places as well
iii. Resources
B. Philippines Fall
i.
MacArthur executed before the fall of the Philippines,
11,000 American and Filipino troops surrendered – 1942
Bataan Death March
ii.
a.
25,000 died – 10,000 in his March
I. The Japanese Advance
1941-1942
A. War at Sea
1. Did not destroy aircraft carriers at Pearl Harbor
a.
And we had 3
2. April 1942 Colonel James Doolittle – dropped bombs
on Tokyo
a.
Plan flew several hundred of miles before crashing and
landing in China, boosted Allied morale
3. Battle at Coral Sea
a.
b.
c.
Northeast of Australia
Prevented invasion of Australia
* Aircraft carrier vs. aircraft carrier (open a chapter of
new warfare)
II. Allied Victories Turn Tide
of War
A. Battle of Midway
1.
Yamamoto – wanted to destroy what was left of the Pacific Fleet
a.
b.
2.
Lure us to Midway – knew would take everything to defend Midway
June 4, 1942 when it took place
Brilliant Trap by Admiral Chester Nimitz leader of U.S. Pacific Fleet
a.
b.
Sank 4 Japanese Aircraft carriers – 250 planes
Turning point of the war
B. Battle of Guadalcanal
1.
Now on the Offensive (victory at B.M. allowed Allies to)
a.
b.
c.
d.
Japan building another airfield to threaten nearby allied bases and lines
of communication with Australia
2,200 Japanese vs. 11,000 Marines
Island of Death – thousand of rein enforcement over the next 5 months
of fighting
Lost 9,000 Marines
II. Allied Victories Turn Tide
of War
C. Island Hooping
1.
2.
Attacking specific island and by passing others
Cut off supplies to other islands
D. Recapturing Philippines
1.
Douglas MacArthur – in charge of allied troops in the Pacific
a.
b.
c.
October 1944 – 160,000 troops recapture Philippines
Kamikazes – suicide planes were used in Battle of Leyte Gulf
Will not be until June 1945 that we totally had control of island
E. Okinawa
1.
April to June 1945, 350 miles from Japan
a.
b.
c.
Last island before invading Japan
100, 000 Japanese vs. 1,800,000 Allied troops
2,200 surrendered 50,000 allied casualties
III. Manhattan Project
1. Build the first Atomic Bomb – based on first research of
Albert Einstein
a.
Energy released by splitting atoms
2. Drop the Bomb or Not (620-621)
3. Truman President 3 months
a.
“You should do your weeping at Pearl Harbor”
4. Enola Gay dropped bomb on Hiroshima August 6, 1945
a.
Nagasaki 3 days later
5. August 14 – Japan surrendered
a.
Signed September 2, 1945 – USS Missouri – formal
surrender