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Geoscience 1st Semester Final
Exam Review
Geoscience
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1. The smallest piece of an element is called a/an __.
atom
2. Label the 3 particles of the atom and indicate each
particle’s charge.
A. Neutron
C. Electron
B. Proton
Proton= positive charge
Neutron = NO charge
Electron = negative charge
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3. Label the pictures below as A. Heliocentric or
Geoicentric. Then B.
A. Heliocentric
B. Copernicus
A. Geocentric
B. Ptolemy
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4. Look at the picture. Identify which is fusion
which is fission.
A. Fission
and
B. Fusion
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5. Identify each as fission, Fusion or Both
A. Both releases Energy
B. Fusion makes stars shine
C. Both Produces Heat
D. Fusion occurs in the cores of stars
E. Both produces light
F. Fission happens in nuclear reactors
G. Fission atom nuclei split apart
H. Fission occurs in radioactive elements
I. Fusion atom nuclei come together
J. Fission give off gamma radiation
A
(Low) Luminosity Magnitude
(high)
B
C
D
6. Which letter on the Hertz-Russell Diagram
shows where the brightest and hottest stars
would be? A
7. Which is brighter, a white dwarf or a red
giant?
Geoscience
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A
(Low) Luminosity Magnitude
(high)
B
C
D
8. Which is hotter, a white dwarf or a red giant?
9. Name one main sequence star? The Sun
10. What does magnitude measure? Brightness
11. How does our sun compare to other stars in…
Size? Medium
Hotness? Medium
Brightness? Medium Geoscience
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12. Label the stages in the life cycle of a star:
Black Dwarf
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13. The less massive stars end their lifecycle as a White Dwarf
or Black Dwarf.
14. The most massive stars will end up as a Black hole or
neutron star.
15. When nuclear fusion is occurring in a star, the element
Hydrogen fuses to form Helium.
16. Which Wavelength of light is the longest? Red
Shortest? Violet
17. When objects are moving away, the spectrum lines are
displaced toward longer wavelengths, this is called a Red
shift.
18. When objects are toward earth, the spectrum lines are
displaced toward shorter wavelengths, this is called a Blue
shift.
19. Which shift suggests the universe is expanding? Red Shift
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20. Which wavelength of the electromagnetic
spectrum is the shortest and most
dangerous? Gamma Rays
21. What is a spectral fingerprint and what does it tell
us?
A unique set of spectral lines. It tells us which
element(s) we are viewing.
22. Why is the Big Bang called a theory?
B. Hypotheses have been tested and
supported with data
23. What does the Big Bang Theory explain?
How the universe was formed
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24. What are 2 pieces of evidence for the Big bang
theory?
A. Background radiation
B. Red Shift/Blue Shift
25.How long ago does the Big Bang Theory say was the
universe created?
13.7 Billion years ago
26. What did the universe look like before the Big Bang?
Unknown
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27. What scientist used red shift spectrums to provide
evidence for the Big Bang?
Edwin Hubble
28. Where could you find the Hubble Telescope?
Directly outside the Earths atmosphere orbiting the
Earth
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29. Why is the Hubble Telescope able to see clearer
images than the ones on mountains on the Earth?
No Interference from the atmosphere
30. Which type of telescope would be best to look at
the moons of Jupiter?
B. Refracting telescope
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31. What is Kepler’s 1st Law?
The orbit of a planet about the Sun is an
ellipse with the Sun at one focus.
32. Given that a = 9 and c = 7, calculate the
eccentricity (e = c ÷ a):
e = c ÷ a = 7 ÷ 9 = 0.78
33. Based upon the lab you did and the information
above, what do you think the results would show if
you either narrow or lengthen the distances between
the Foci?
Will Vary: Tell me what you think. (Hint: do not just
copy this answer)
34. Label the 4 layers of the Earth on the
Diagram.
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35. Describe the temperature change of the layers as you
go to the center of the Earth.
Increases
36. Describe how pressure changes as you go to the center
of the Earth.
Increases
37. Why is the core of Earth so hot?
Radioactive materials that are decaying,
releasing heat.
38. What scientist came up with the theory of continental
drift?
Alfred Wegener
39. What is continental drift?
Pangea, a large continent broke up and the pieces drift into
their current positions
40. What 4 pieces of evidence was used to support the
scientist in #5’s theory?
A. Map Fit
B. Fossils
C. Same rock on two continents
D. Glaciers in deserts/Deserts in Alaska
41. What is the name of the “supercontinent” of early
Earth?
Pangea
42. Transform
2 plates are sliding past each other horizontally
43. Convergent
2 tectonic plates are colliding (coming together)
44. Divergent
2 tectonic plates are moving away from each other
45. What explains how large pieces of the lithosphere move
and change shape?
Plate Tectonics/Continental Drift
46. Label these parts on the diagram below: core,
lithosphere, asthenosphere and convection current.
Asthenosphere
Lithosphere
Convection
Currents
Core
©2015 www.planetgeog.wordspress.com
47. Which 2 plates are converging? (say letters)
B&C
48. Which 2 plates are diverging? (say letters)
A&B
49. For each picture:
1. Label it as divergent,
convergent or
transform.
2. Name the plates
involved –oceanic,
continental
3. List its effects.
Convergent
Oceanic/Continental
Volcanism, earthquakes,
& Offshore trench
©2015 www.geology.com
Convergent
Oceanic/Oceanic
Volcanic Islands, Earthquakes
& Deep Ocean Trench
Convergent
Continental/Continental
Mountain Building
©2015 www.geology.com
©2015 www.geology.com
©2015 www.geology.com
Transform
Continental/Continental
Earthquakes
50. Sea-Floor spreading creates new lithosphere. Label
each of the following as True or False:
a. (T or F) Explains continental movement
True
b. (T or F) Rocks closer to ridges are younger than
rocks farther away.
True
c. (T or F) Continental rock is younger than oceanic
rock.
False
51. What are mid-ocean ridges?
Areas of sea floor spreading
Where do they occur?
Plate boundaries
Why didn’t Wegener use them as evidence for
continental drift?
Mid-ocean ridges were not
discovered until WWII
after his death.
52. Explain how plate tectonics works at mid-oceanic
ridges: First magma heats up in the asthenosphere and
rises, then it
Erupts along a fissure
Then
Pushes the plate apart and cools
©2016 http://www.bucknell.edu/x17758.xml
53. Name two plates that are diverging:
North American Plate & Eurasian Plate
Name two plates that are converging:
Nazca Plate & South American Plate
54.
54 (Cont.) Label the Diagram
Examples: WA-OR Coastline
Andes Mountains
Oceanic Crust
Effects: Volcanism
Seismic Activity
Offshore Trench
Continental
Crust
55. Explain the Theory of Continental
Drift in your own Words
Your Answer Goes Here
56. Describe the San Andreas fault and
how it affects the Southwestern United
States.
Your Answer Goes Here
57. The Theory of Continental Drift was
proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1920.
Explain why the theory was not proven
until the 1940s? What evidence was
missing to prove the theory?
Your Answer Goes Here
58. What do the dots on the
graph represent?
• Volcanoes
• Earthquakes
59. The dots form mostly on the same
lines. What are these lines representing?
Plate Boundaries
60. What is the Ring of Fire?
61. Where is the ring of fire on the
above diagram?
• An Arc of intensive seismic and volcanic activity
surrounding the Pacific Plate.
62. What U.S. states are a part of
the Ring of Fire?
• Alaska
• Washington
• Oregon
• California
63. What U.S. State is in the middle of
the ring of fire?
• Hawaii
64. How is an earthquake
produced?
With the sudden movement of the ground caused by
the release of energy when the rocks move along a
fault.
65. Label the parts in the
earthquake picture.
66. What is a fault?
A break in the rock where movement occurs.
67. What is the epicenter of an
earthquake?
A point on the Earth’s surface where the Earthquake
is first felt
68. What is the focus of the
earthquake?
Where the first movement occurs in the Earth’s Crust
69. What piece of equipment can
measure seismic waves?
A Seismograph
70. The area in the picture where no
seismic waves occur after the
earthquake is called the:
Shadow Zone
71. Identify each wave as either an SWave or a P-wave
A. P-wave
B. S-wave
72. Speed of wave A:
Fastest
Speed of wave B:
2nd Fastest
73. A Movement:
Back and Forth
B Movement:
Perpendicular
74. A moves through:
Solid, Liquid, Gas
B moves through:
Solid
75. What does the Richter Scale tells
about an earthquake?
Magnitude; Strength
76. What does the Mercalli scale tell us
about an earthquake?
Intensity: the amount of damage that occurred
77. The damage an earthquake
does is called:
Its Intensity – Mercalli Scale
78. The strength of an earthquake
is called its:
Magnitude – Richter Scale
79. What is a tsunami?
A giant wave that forms after a volcanic eruption,
submarine earthquake or landslide.
80. Where is magma found?
Below ground
81. Where would lava be found?
Above Ground
82. Label the three types of
volcanoes
A. Cinder Cone
B. Shield
C. Composite
83. Describe the slopes of each
volcano.
A. In-between
B. Gently sloping
C. Steep
84. Describe the eruptions of
each volcano?
A. Local
B. Quiet
C. Explosive
85. Crater Lake, Oregon is a _______________ that
formed when the magma chamber below a volcano
partially emptied and cause the ground to sink.
Caldera
86 (Cont.)Fill in the Diagram
87. If thick ice sheets covered large parts of Earth’s continents again, how
would you expect the lithosphere to respond to the added weight of the
continental ice sheets? Explain your answer.
• Isostasy- The balance between the pull of
gravity on the lithosphere and the push of the
asthenosphere.
• If the mass of the crust increases, it sinks.
• New mountains, glaciers, sediment
deposition
• If the mass of the crust decreases, it rises.
• Erosion of mountains, melting of glaciers.
• DO NOT just copy these notes think about what adding
weight to something does. Remember the Ship analogy (An
unloaded ship will float higher in the water than a fully
loaded ship.
88. How would the isostatic adjustment that results from the melting of glaciers
differ from the isostatic adjustment that may occur when a large river empties into
the ocean? Support your answer.
• Isostasy- The balance between the pull of
gravity on the lithosphere and the push of
the asthenosphere.
• If the mass of the crust increases, it sinks.
• New mountains, glaciers, sediment
deposition
• If the mass of the crust decreases, it rises.
• Erosion of mountains, melting of
glaciers.
• DO NOT just copy these notes think about what adding
weight to something does. Remember the Ship analogy
(An unloaded ship will float higher in the water than a
fully loaded ship.