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Geoscience 1st Semester Final Exam Review Geoscience 1 1. The smallest piece of an element is called a/an __. atom 2. Label the 3 particles of the atom and indicate each particle’s charge. A. Neutron C. Electron B. Proton Proton= positive charge Neutron = NO charge Electron = negative charge Geoscience 2 3. Label the pictures below as A. Heliocentric or Geoicentric. Then B. A. Heliocentric B. Copernicus A. Geocentric B. Ptolemy Geoscience 3 4. Look at the picture. Identify which is fusion which is fission. A. Fission and B. Fusion Geoscience 4 5. Identify each as fission, Fusion or Both A. Both releases Energy B. Fusion makes stars shine C. Both Produces Heat D. Fusion occurs in the cores of stars E. Both produces light F. Fission happens in nuclear reactors G. Fission atom nuclei split apart H. Fission occurs in radioactive elements I. Fusion atom nuclei come together J. Fission give off gamma radiation A (Low) Luminosity Magnitude (high) B C D 6. Which letter on the Hertz-Russell Diagram shows where the brightest and hottest stars would be? A 7. Which is brighter, a white dwarf or a red giant? Geoscience 6 A (Low) Luminosity Magnitude (high) B C D 8. Which is hotter, a white dwarf or a red giant? 9. Name one main sequence star? The Sun 10. What does magnitude measure? Brightness 11. How does our sun compare to other stars in… Size? Medium Hotness? Medium Brightness? Medium Geoscience 7 12. Label the stages in the life cycle of a star: Black Dwarf Geoscience 8 13. The less massive stars end their lifecycle as a White Dwarf or Black Dwarf. 14. The most massive stars will end up as a Black hole or neutron star. 15. When nuclear fusion is occurring in a star, the element Hydrogen fuses to form Helium. 16. Which Wavelength of light is the longest? Red Shortest? Violet 17. When objects are moving away, the spectrum lines are displaced toward longer wavelengths, this is called a Red shift. 18. When objects are toward earth, the spectrum lines are displaced toward shorter wavelengths, this is called a Blue shift. 19. Which shift suggests the universe is expanding? Red Shift Geoscience 9 20. Which wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum is the shortest and most dangerous? Gamma Rays 21. What is a spectral fingerprint and what does it tell us? A unique set of spectral lines. It tells us which element(s) we are viewing. 22. Why is the Big Bang called a theory? B. Hypotheses have been tested and supported with data 23. What does the Big Bang Theory explain? How the universe was formed Geoscience 10 24. What are 2 pieces of evidence for the Big bang theory? A. Background radiation B. Red Shift/Blue Shift 25.How long ago does the Big Bang Theory say was the universe created? 13.7 Billion years ago 26. What did the universe look like before the Big Bang? Unknown Geoscience 11 27. What scientist used red shift spectrums to provide evidence for the Big Bang? Edwin Hubble 28. Where could you find the Hubble Telescope? Directly outside the Earths atmosphere orbiting the Earth Geoscience 12 29. Why is the Hubble Telescope able to see clearer images than the ones on mountains on the Earth? No Interference from the atmosphere 30. Which type of telescope would be best to look at the moons of Jupiter? B. Refracting telescope Geoscience 13 31. What is Kepler’s 1st Law? The orbit of a planet about the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus. 32. Given that a = 9 and c = 7, calculate the eccentricity (e = c ÷ a): e = c ÷ a = 7 ÷ 9 = 0.78 33. Based upon the lab you did and the information above, what do you think the results would show if you either narrow or lengthen the distances between the Foci? Will Vary: Tell me what you think. (Hint: do not just copy this answer) 34. Label the 4 layers of the Earth on the Diagram. ©2015 www.myschoolhouse.com 35. Describe the temperature change of the layers as you go to the center of the Earth. Increases 36. Describe how pressure changes as you go to the center of the Earth. Increases 37. Why is the core of Earth so hot? Radioactive materials that are decaying, releasing heat. 38. What scientist came up with the theory of continental drift? Alfred Wegener 39. What is continental drift? Pangea, a large continent broke up and the pieces drift into their current positions 40. What 4 pieces of evidence was used to support the scientist in #5’s theory? A. Map Fit B. Fossils C. Same rock on two continents D. Glaciers in deserts/Deserts in Alaska 41. What is the name of the “supercontinent” of early Earth? Pangea 42. Transform 2 plates are sliding past each other horizontally 43. Convergent 2 tectonic plates are colliding (coming together) 44. Divergent 2 tectonic plates are moving away from each other 45. What explains how large pieces of the lithosphere move and change shape? Plate Tectonics/Continental Drift 46. Label these parts on the diagram below: core, lithosphere, asthenosphere and convection current. Asthenosphere Lithosphere Convection Currents Core ©2015 www.planetgeog.wordspress.com 47. Which 2 plates are converging? (say letters) B&C 48. Which 2 plates are diverging? (say letters) A&B 49. For each picture: 1. Label it as divergent, convergent or transform. 2. Name the plates involved –oceanic, continental 3. List its effects. Convergent Oceanic/Continental Volcanism, earthquakes, & Offshore trench ©2015 www.geology.com Convergent Oceanic/Oceanic Volcanic Islands, Earthquakes & Deep Ocean Trench Convergent Continental/Continental Mountain Building ©2015 www.geology.com ©2015 www.geology.com ©2015 www.geology.com Transform Continental/Continental Earthquakes 50. Sea-Floor spreading creates new lithosphere. Label each of the following as True or False: a. (T or F) Explains continental movement True b. (T or F) Rocks closer to ridges are younger than rocks farther away. True c. (T or F) Continental rock is younger than oceanic rock. False 51. What are mid-ocean ridges? Areas of sea floor spreading Where do they occur? Plate boundaries Why didn’t Wegener use them as evidence for continental drift? Mid-ocean ridges were not discovered until WWII after his death. 52. Explain how plate tectonics works at mid-oceanic ridges: First magma heats up in the asthenosphere and rises, then it Erupts along a fissure Then Pushes the plate apart and cools ©2016 http://www.bucknell.edu/x17758.xml 53. Name two plates that are diverging: North American Plate & Eurasian Plate Name two plates that are converging: Nazca Plate & South American Plate 54. 54 (Cont.) Label the Diagram Examples: WA-OR Coastline Andes Mountains Oceanic Crust Effects: Volcanism Seismic Activity Offshore Trench Continental Crust 55. Explain the Theory of Continental Drift in your own Words Your Answer Goes Here 56. Describe the San Andreas fault and how it affects the Southwestern United States. Your Answer Goes Here 57. The Theory of Continental Drift was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1920. Explain why the theory was not proven until the 1940s? What evidence was missing to prove the theory? Your Answer Goes Here 58. What do the dots on the graph represent? • Volcanoes • Earthquakes 59. The dots form mostly on the same lines. What are these lines representing? Plate Boundaries 60. What is the Ring of Fire? 61. Where is the ring of fire on the above diagram? • An Arc of intensive seismic and volcanic activity surrounding the Pacific Plate. 62. What U.S. states are a part of the Ring of Fire? • Alaska • Washington • Oregon • California 63. What U.S. State is in the middle of the ring of fire? • Hawaii 64. How is an earthquake produced? With the sudden movement of the ground caused by the release of energy when the rocks move along a fault. 65. Label the parts in the earthquake picture. 66. What is a fault? A break in the rock where movement occurs. 67. What is the epicenter of an earthquake? A point on the Earth’s surface where the Earthquake is first felt 68. What is the focus of the earthquake? Where the first movement occurs in the Earth’s Crust 69. What piece of equipment can measure seismic waves? A Seismograph 70. The area in the picture where no seismic waves occur after the earthquake is called the: Shadow Zone 71. Identify each wave as either an SWave or a P-wave A. P-wave B. S-wave 72. Speed of wave A: Fastest Speed of wave B: 2nd Fastest 73. A Movement: Back and Forth B Movement: Perpendicular 74. A moves through: Solid, Liquid, Gas B moves through: Solid 75. What does the Richter Scale tells about an earthquake? Magnitude; Strength 76. What does the Mercalli scale tell us about an earthquake? Intensity: the amount of damage that occurred 77. The damage an earthquake does is called: Its Intensity – Mercalli Scale 78. The strength of an earthquake is called its: Magnitude – Richter Scale 79. What is a tsunami? A giant wave that forms after a volcanic eruption, submarine earthquake or landslide. 80. Where is magma found? Below ground 81. Where would lava be found? Above Ground 82. Label the three types of volcanoes A. Cinder Cone B. Shield C. Composite 83. Describe the slopes of each volcano. A. In-between B. Gently sloping C. Steep 84. Describe the eruptions of each volcano? A. Local B. Quiet C. Explosive 85. Crater Lake, Oregon is a _______________ that formed when the magma chamber below a volcano partially emptied and cause the ground to sink. Caldera 86 (Cont.)Fill in the Diagram 87. If thick ice sheets covered large parts of Earth’s continents again, how would you expect the lithosphere to respond to the added weight of the continental ice sheets? Explain your answer. • Isostasy- The balance between the pull of gravity on the lithosphere and the push of the asthenosphere. • If the mass of the crust increases, it sinks. • New mountains, glaciers, sediment deposition • If the mass of the crust decreases, it rises. • Erosion of mountains, melting of glaciers. • DO NOT just copy these notes think about what adding weight to something does. Remember the Ship analogy (An unloaded ship will float higher in the water than a fully loaded ship. 88. How would the isostatic adjustment that results from the melting of glaciers differ from the isostatic adjustment that may occur when a large river empties into the ocean? Support your answer. • Isostasy- The balance between the pull of gravity on the lithosphere and the push of the asthenosphere. • If the mass of the crust increases, it sinks. • New mountains, glaciers, sediment deposition • If the mass of the crust decreases, it rises. • Erosion of mountains, melting of glaciers. • DO NOT just copy these notes think about what adding weight to something does. Remember the Ship analogy (An unloaded ship will float higher in the water than a fully loaded ship.