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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS REVIEW GENETICS & INHERITANCE UNIT DNA TO PROTEINS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 1) DNA REPLICATION • DNA UNZIPS (HELICASE) • EACH STRAND ACTS AS A TEMPLATE 2 NEW STRANDS ARE FORMED AS DNA POLYMERASE MATCHES UP FREE NUCLEOTIDES TO UNZIPPED PORTIONS • IMPORTANCE= EXACT COPIES OF GENOME IN NEW CELLS • GENOME= AN ORGANISM'S ENTIRE GENETIC CODE DNA TO PROTEINS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 2) RNA’S BASIC STRUCTURE: • MADE OUT OF A DIFFERENT TYPE OF SUGAR THAN DNA • DNA= DEOXYRIBOSE • RNA= RIBOSE • URACIL INSTEAD OF THYMINE IN RNA • T (THYMINE) IS REPLACED BY U (URACIL) SO A (ADENINE) PAIRS WITH U AND C (CYTOSINE) PAIRS WITH G (GUANINE) • RNA IS A SINGLE STRAND DNA TO PROTEINS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 3 TYPES OF RNA= • MESSENGER RNA (MRNA)= SINGLE STAND THAT COPIES GENETIC INFO FROM THE DNA IN THE NUCLEUS TO & TRANSFERS IT TO THE RIBOSOME. • MADE DURING TRANSCRIPTION • TRANSFER RNA (TRNA)= CARRIES THE AMINO ACID TO THE MRNA STRAND IN TRANSLATION (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS). • RIBOSOMAL RNA (RRNA)= MAKES UP RIBOSOMES DNA TO PROTEINS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 3) TRANSCRIPTION= PROCESS WHERE DNA IS COPIED ONTO A COMPLIMENTARY STRAND OF MRNA • INFORMATION FOR A SPECIFIC PROTEIN IS TRANSFERRED FROM DNA RNA • MRNA MOVES OUT OF THE NUCLEUS AND ATTACHES TO THE RIBOSOME • NOW MRNA ACTS AS A TEMPLATE CARRYING THE CODE FOR THAT SPECIFIC PROTEIN TO THE RIBOSOME DNA TO PROTEINS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 4)TRANSLATION= PROTEIN SYNTHESIS FROM A STRAND OF MRNA IN THE RIBOSOME A) MRNA CARRIES THE CODE FOR MAKING CERTAIN PROTEINS FROM THE DNA • CODON= A GROUP OF 3 NUCLEOTIDES (LETTERS) THAT CODE FOR A SPECIFIC AMINO ACID FOUND ON MRNA • UAC GGG ACU • CODON CODON CODON • ANTICODON= GROUP OF 3 COMPLIMENTARY NUCLEOTIDES THAT MATCH UP THE CODON, FOUND ON THE TRNA (AMINO ACIDS ARE PHYSICALLY ATTACHED TO THE TRNA) • AUG CCC UGA • ANTICODON ANTICODON ANTICODON DNA TO PROTEINS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • EACH ANTICODON SPECIFIES A SPECIFIC AMINO ACID BE ADDED TO THE PROTEIN CHAIN SEE THE CODON CODE HANDOUT FOR THE ACTUAL AMINO ACIDS DNA TO PROTEINS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS TRANSLATION CONT. B) TRNA PICKS UP APPROPRIATE AMINO ACIDS (ACCORDING TO THE NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE (LETTERS) ON THE CODON) AND BRINGS THEM TO THE RIBOSOME. C) TRNA MATCHES UP WITH THE MRNA D) THE AMINO ACID ON THE TRNA THEN BONDS TO THE AMINO ACID NEXT TO IT WITH A PEPTIDE BOND FORMS A POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN E) THIS PROCESS CONTINUES UNTIL A ‘STOP’ CODON IS REACHED, INDICATION THE COMPLETION OF THE PROTEIN MOLECULE. F) MRNA IS RELEASED FROM THE RIBOSOME- RECYCLED DNA TO PROTEINS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS OR THE “CENTRAL DOGMA” Nucleus 1) DNA Replication 2) Transcription Nucleus New Protein 3) Translation Ribosome DNA TO PROTEINS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS OR THE “CENTRAL DOGMA” WATCH AN ANIMATION ON WHY FIREFLIES GLOW THAT EXPLAINS TRANSCRIPTION & TRANSLATION HTTP://LEARN.GENETICS.UTAH.ED U/CONTENT/BEGIN/DNA/FIREFLY / PRACTICE TRANSCRIBING & TRANSLATING A GENE HTTP://LEARN.GENETICS.UTAH.ED U/CONTENT/BEGIN/DNA/TRANS CRIBE/