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Q4 Benchmark Review
hyper
• over, above
iso
• equal or same
hypo
• below, under
hetero
• different
homo
• alike, similar
tell the teacher
• The most important thing to remember if
something happens during a lab and you or
someone else has an accident is to
____________________________________.
Goggles
• ______________________are the most
important safety equipment.
eat, drink
• You should never ________ or __________
things during a lab experiment because you
could get sick.
quantitative observation
• a measurement of what you observe
qualitative observation
• a description of what you observe
inference
• A prediction or an educated guess based on
what you observe and what you know from
past experiences that is used to explain what
happened
inference or observation?
observation, is it quantitative
or qualitative?
• The flowers on the back porch grew 5
cm taller than the ones on the front
porch.
inference or observation?
inference
• There must be someone here
because the dog is barking.
inference or observation?
observation, is it quantitative
or qualitative?
• The fire alarm is very loud.
Biotic Factors
The living components of an
ecosystem are called biotic factors.
Examples of
Biotic Factors:
• Animals
• Plants
• Fungi
• Bacteria
• Protists
Abiotic Factors
The non-living components of an
ecosystem are called abiotic
factors.
Many abiotic factors are recycled
and reused in ecosystems.
Examples of
Abiotic Factors:
• Temperature
• Soil and rocks
• Water
• Carbon
• Nitrogen
A living thing is called an
organism.
Example: a deer
All of the organisms of the
same species that live in an
area at the same time is called
a population.
Example: a
herd of deer
All the populations of all species
that live in an area is called a
community.
Example: deer + rabbits + bears
All the organisms living in an
area, as well as the non-living
parts of their environment, is
called an ecosystem.
Example: deer + rabbits + bears +
sunlight + soil + air water +
carbon + nitrogen
What is the order from
smallest to largest?
• Organism
• Population
• Community
•Ecosystem
•Biome
Name the biotic factors in this picture.
Name the abiotic factors in this picture.
energy pyramid
• a model that shows the amount of energy at
each level of a food chain
The triangular face shows that there are more
organisms at the bottom (producers) and fewer
organisms as you move up to higher trophic
levels.
There are multiple faces to show the population
sizes and the amount of energy available at each
level, and that the amount of energy decreases
as you move up to the top.
• How much energy do organisms use up?
• 90%
• How much energy do organisms store?
• 10%
• How much energy is available to the organism
that consumes another?
• 10%
9 kc
90 kc
10% of the
energy is
passed on
900 kc
9, 000 kc
symbiosis
a close relationship
between two organisms
that benefits at least one of
the species
In what kind of symbiosis
does one organism benefits
and one gets neither harmed
nor helped?
Commensalism
In what kind of symbiosis
do both organisms
benefit?
Mutualism
In what kind of symbiosis
does one organism benefit
and the other is harmed?
Parasitism
Herbivores
• animals that only eat plants
Producers
• living things that can make their own food by
using energy in sunlight
Carnivores
• animals that eat meat
Consumers
• an organism that gets its energy by
eating other organisms
Omnivores
• organisms that eat both plants and animals
Large geographic areas that have
similar climates and ecosystems
are called
biomes.
Example: tundra, taiga, desert, etc.
Why would an ecosystem have fewer
organisms as you move up the food chain?
If there is less energy passed on to each level,
then there is not enough energy to support
a lot of organisms at the higher levels.
Water, Carbon, Oxygen
and Nitrogen
• Living things need water, oxygen,
carbon, and nitrogen to survive.
• These materials flow (cycle) through
an ecosystem.
• Matter is constantly recycled
between Earth’s organisms and the
environment.
multicellular
an organism that is made up of more than
one cell
eukaryotes
cells with a nucleus
(You carry oats to the horse.)
Cell Theory
1. All known living things are made up of cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and
function in all living things.
3. All cells come from other living cells.
asexual reproduction
• when only one parent is required to produce
offspring; offspring is identical to its parent
(no mixing of genetic material)
binary fission
• a form of asexual reproduction where a
chromosome is copied before the cell divides
to form two new cells
• used by bacteria (which are unicellular and
prokaryotes.)
budding
• a form of asexual reproduction in which an
offspring (called a daughter) forms from an
outgrowth of a larger parent organism;
• ex. yeast
sexual reproduction
• when two parents are required to produce
offspring (via sperm cells and egg cells);
genetic information from each parent is
combined
fossil record
• 48. an ordered arrangement of fossils and the
data on where they were found;
• used to determine the history of Earth and its
organisms and how those organisms are
related
prokaryotes
cells that do not have a nucleus
pro rhymes with no
unicellular
an organism that is made up of only one cell
The five characteristics of living
things are that they:
1 Use energy
2 Grow & develop
3 Ability to reproduce
4 Respond to stimuli
5 Can exchange gases with the
environment
organelles
structures
inside a cell
chloroplast
organelles which use
the energy from the
sun to make food for
plants
mitochondria
the powerhouse of the
cell which releases
energy from food
alleles
• the different forms of a gene
dominant allele
• an allele that can mask another allele and
always “shows up” if present
heterozygous
2 different alleles for a trait
selective breeding
• the process through which humans use
naturally occurring genetic patterns to pass
desired traits on to generations of plants and
animals
recessive allele
• an allele that is hidden when a dominant
allele is present; can be masked by another
allele
• These characteristics only “show up” if both
alleles for a trait are this type.
homozygous
2 of the same alleles for a trait
plants
all organisms in this kingdom are
• multicellular, eukaryotic, and autotrophic
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
all of the organisms in these kingdoms are
• unicellular, prokaryotic
animals
all organisms in this kingdom are
• multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic
fungi
all organisms in this kingdom are eukaryotic and
heterotrophic
• most are multicellular, but one kind is
unicellular
protists
all organisms in this kingdom are eukaryotes
• divided into 3 groups: plant-like, animal-like,
and fungus-like
dichotomous key
• a tool to classify organisms by choosing their
characteristics from a series of paired
statements
Interactive Dichotomous Key
evolution
the gradual change in a species over time
natural selection
the process where individuals which are better
suited, or adapted, to their environment are
more likely to survive and reproduce than other
members of the same species
It’s sometimes
referred to as the
“survival of the
fittest.”
cells
• the basic units of structure and function of all
living things
tissue
• a group of similar cells working together to
perform a specific function
organ
• A group of tissues that work together to
perform a function or task
organ system
• a group of organs that work together to
perform a complex function
organism
• a living thing
zygote
• a new cell formed when an egg cell is
fertilized; how all multicellular organisms
begin life
What are the 3 types of
muscle tissue?
• Skeletal muscles
• Smooth muscles
• Cardiac muscles
voluntary muscles
•
muscles that are under your control
skeletal muscle
• the type of muscle tissue that connects to
bone; they pull on bones to make them move
(also called striated muscle)
involuntary muscles
•
muscles that are not under your control
cardiac muscle
• muscle tissue found only in the heart
smooth muscle
• muscles that are found in many organs such as
the stomach or the walls of veins
• not usually under conscious control
arteries
• blood vessels that carry blood away from the
heart (with oxygen)
• (shown in red)
veins
• blood vessels that carry blood toward the
heart (without oxygen)
• (shown in blue)
stomach
• a muscular organ that carries out both
mechanical and chemical digestion
small intestine
• a long, muscular tube where the body absorbs
nutrients from food
large intestine
• an organ of the digestive and excretory
systems that absorbs water from undigested
material and helps remove solid wastes from
the body
reflex
• 35. an automatic response that occurs without
conscious control
Major Organ Systems
• There are some parts/organs that are involved
in more than one system.
• The systems often work with more than one
other system.
• We are going to list the most important
parts/organs for each system.
Muscular System
Which system includes the following organs?
• Muscles
• Tendons
Skeletal System
Which system includes the following organs?
•
•
•
•
bones
ligaments
cartilage
tendons
Reproductive System
Which system includes the following organs?
• testes (males)
• ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus (female)
Digestive System
Which system includes the following organs?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
mouth
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
liver
gall bladder
pancreas
Respiratory System
Which system includes the following organs?
• trachea
• bronchi
• lungs
Circulatory System
Which system includes the following organs?
• heart
• blood
• blood vessels
Nervous System
Which system includes the following organs?
• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Nerves
Immune System
Which system includes the following organs?
• white blood cells
Digestive System
Name the organ system that:
• breaks down food into simpler molecules
that can be used by the body
Respiratory System
Name the organ system that:
• provides body with oxygen
• removes carbon dioxide from body
Nervous System
Name the organ system that:
• responds to stimuli inside and outside the
body
• controls the senses
• controls and coordinates the body
Circulatory System
Name the organ system that:
• brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to
cells
• takes wastes away from cells
• regulates body temperature
Reproductive System
Name the organ system that:
• produces sperm cells in males and egg cells in
females
Immune System
Name the organ system that:
• helps protect the body from disease
Skeletal System
Name the organ system that:
•
•
•
•
•
Supports the body
Protects internal organs
Stores minerals
Enables the body to move
Produces blood cells
Muscular System
Name the organ system that:
• Helps to move the body
• Helps blood to circulate
• Helps food move through digestive system