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Transcript
"No foreign policy—no matter how ingenious— has any chance of success if it is born in the minds of a few and carried in the hearts of none.“ (Henry Kissinger) Foreign policy is a country’s official principles, positions, and procedures for dealing with powers outside its borders. In contrast, domestic policy is the government’s response to problems at home. Foreign policy has an outward focus. Domestic policy has an inward focus. © EMC Publishing, LLC Crisis policy focuses on imminent threats to our national interests or values. Strategic policy is the basic U.S. position toward another country or region or to a particular policy. Structural defense policy relates to defense spending and military power. Economic policy affects the growth and health of the nation’s economy. © EMC Publishing, LLC U.S. foreign policy has three basic goals: Security: Defend the homeland Economic: Encourage the growth of the U.S. economy Political: Support democracy around the world © EMC Publishing, LLC Many agencies contribute to the formation of U.S. foreign policy. However, the president is most likely to set the foreign policy agenda. © EMC Publishing, LLC The president’s role in U.S. foreign policy includes: Making treaties with other countries (Those treaties must then be approved by two-thirds of the Senate.) Making executive agreements with the heads of state of other nations Acting as commander in chief to lead the military © EMC Publishing, LLC © EMC Publishing, LLC © EMC Publishing, LLC Congress participates in U.S. foreign policy through: Control over funding for foreign policy actions The power to declare war Senate approval of presidential treaties The Commerce and Treasury Departments contribute to foreign economic policy. The Department of Labor addresses global labor issues. The Department of Agriculture promotes U.S. products internationally. © EMC Publishing, LLC Before and after World War I, the United States generally believed in isolationism (staying out of international affairs). World Wars I and II forced the United States to shift its policy to interventionism (actively trying to shape international events). During the cold war, the United States followed a policy of containment (trying to prevent the spread of a particular political principle). © EMC Publishing, LLC The use of military force in foreign policy can create clashes between Congress and the president. In 1973, Congress passed the War Powers Act, which limits the president’s ability to send troops into military action without congressional approval. © EMC Publishing, LLC Global pressures: Anarchy of the international system The balance of power between nations Economic interdependence of nations Domestic pressures: Public opinion The media Interest groups © EMC Publishing, LLC Deterrence is used to prevent a foreign power from taking an action the United States does not want to occur. Coercion (persuasion or force) is used to make a foreign power act a certain way. Preemption is used to strike an enemy before it strikes the United States. © EMC Publishing, LLC Political tools include: Propaganda, which influences the attitudes and beliefs of others Diplomacy, which involves formal communication and negotiation between countries Covert operations, which are secret actions that can include military and political exercises © EMC Publishing, LLC Economic tools include: Foreign aid, which is economic assistance given to another country Economic sanctions, which restrict trade and are used to punish or pressure other countries Military tools include: Troops sent to a region in which the United States has interests Preemptive strikes Responses to attacks © EMC Publishing, LLC Terrorism has resulted in an increase in antiterrorism and counterterrorism measures in U.S. foreign policy. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) embodies the free trade versus protectionism debate. Not all conflicts have borders. Examples: Environmental issues Drug trade © EMC Publishing, LLC George W. Bush and the Secretary of NATO, 2002 © EMC Publishing, LLC