Download Chapter 22 Foreign Policy and National Defense "No foreign policy

"No foreign policy—no matter how ingenious—
has any chance of success if it is born in the minds
of a few and carried in the hearts of none.“ (Henry
Kissinger)
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Foreign policy is a country’s official
principles, positions, and procedures for
dealing with powers outside its borders.
In contrast, domestic policy is the
government’s response to problems
at home.
Foreign policy has an outward
focus.
Domestic policy has an inward
focus.
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Crisis policy focuses on imminent threats to
our national interests or values.
Strategic policy is the basic U.S. position
toward another country or region or to a
particular policy.
Structural defense policy relates to defense
spending and military power.
Economic policy affects the growth and health
of the nation’s economy.
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U.S. foreign policy has three basic
goals:
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Security: Defend the homeland
Economic: Encourage the
growth of the U.S. economy
Political: Support democracy
around the world
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Many agencies contribute to the formation of U.S.
foreign policy.
However, the president is most likely to set the
foreign policy agenda.
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The president’s role in U.S. foreign policy
includes:
Making treaties with other countries (Those treaties
must then be approved by two-thirds of the Senate.)
 Making executive agreements with the heads of state
of other nations
 Acting as commander in
chief to lead the military
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Congress participates in U.S. foreign policy
through:
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Control over funding for foreign policy actions
The power to declare war
Senate approval of presidential treaties
The Commerce and Treasury Departments
contribute to foreign economic policy.
The Department of Labor addresses global
labor issues.
The Department of Agriculture promotes U.S.
products internationally.
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Before and after World War I, the
United States generally believed in
isolationism (staying out of
international affairs).
World Wars I and II forced the
United States to shift its policy to
interventionism (actively trying
to shape international events).
During the cold war, the United States
followed a policy of containment
(trying to prevent the spread
of a particular political principle).
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The use of military force in
foreign policy can create
clashes between Congress
and the president.
In 1973, Congress passed the
War Powers Act, which limits
the president’s ability to send
troops into military action
without congressional approval.
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Global pressures:
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Anarchy of the international system
The balance of power between nations
Economic interdependence of nations
Domestic pressures:
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Public opinion
The media
Interest groups
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Deterrence is used to prevent a foreign power
from taking an action the United States does
not want to occur.
Coercion (persuasion or force) is used to make
a foreign power act a certain way.
Preemption is used to strike
an enemy before it strikes the
United States.
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Political tools include:
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Propaganda, which influences the attitudes and
beliefs of others
Diplomacy, which
involves formal
communication and
negotiation between
countries
Covert operations,
which are secret actions that can include military
and political exercises
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Economic tools include:
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Foreign aid, which is economic assistance given to
another country
Economic sanctions, which restrict trade and are
used to punish or pressure other countries
Military tools include:
Troops sent to a region in which the United States
has interests
 Preemptive strikes
 Responses to attacks
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Terrorism has resulted in an increase in
antiterrorism and counterterrorism measures
in U.S. foreign policy.
The North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) embodies the free trade versus
protectionism debate.
Not all conflicts have borders.
Examples:
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Environmental issues
Drug trade
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George W. Bush and the Secretary of NATO, 2002
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