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Africa, India 1750-1870 WHAP Chapt 25 imperialism • Imperialism= expansion for profit • Industrialization equals need for natural resources • Colonial peoples used for cheap labor- build railroads, telegraph wires • Export economies- cash crops sent to colonial powers (Britain, etc.) to profit them • Over use declines soil productivity Imperialism • India previously produced textiles now Britain produces textiles and India only supplies cotton (British East India Company monopoly) • Railways built to move product • Cecil Rhodes- (founder of De Beers diamonds) wanted railway from Capetown to Cairo, British dominion over Africa, founded colony Rhodesia Rhodes Imperialism • Labor systems- indentured servants hired to work crops (sugar, pineapple) or perform domestic duties • Australia- penal colony, former convicts sent to perform free labor in exchange for freedom, disease/land taken hurts aborigines • New Zealand- british colony, 75% of Maori population wiped out due to disease Imperialism • Political reasons- build strong empires (nationalism) • Ideological reasons- social darwinism (herbert spencer), spread western civilization to “lesser peoples”, survival of the fittest • Missionaries (David Livingstone)- attempted to end illegal slave trade, provide medicine and set up schools to increase conversions. Livingstone India • British East India Company very powerful• Indians recruit to fight for the British army in India (Sepoy) • Sepoy Mutiny (1857)- a result of belief that British rifle cartridges had been greased with cow and pig fat (cows sacred to Hindus, pigs “unclean” to muslims) • British responds by imprisoning/exiling last Mughal emperor and taking more active role with British Raj (government who took orders from London) British Raj (Maharaja carriage) Africa • Europeans send guns, alcohol and factory goods to Africa in exchange for palm oil, gold diamonds, ivory. • French seize Algeria in 1830 (excuse to prevent pirate attacks) • Medicine- quinine (treats malaria) allows more Europeans to thrive in Africa Congo • Belgium Leader King Leopold II (1865-1909) oversaw invasion of Congo, personally “owns” new colony “Congo Free State” • Profits approximately 1 billion form rubber imports- brutal conditions, forced labor, hands cut off for those who refused to work , brutal/terror tactics used. 3-8 million perish • Belgium govt. takes over colony in 1908 and conditions improve King Leopold Scramble for Africa • Suez Canal- shorten route to Asia by creating Canal between Red Seas and Mediterranean. Completed in 1869. 1.5 million forced to work, no pay. • Britain takes control of Egypt in 1882 to stabilize region and ensure trade through suez canal. • Berlin Conference (1884-1885)- set rules for establishing colonies in Africa. Suez Canal today Scramble for Africa • By 1900 only Ethiopia, Liberia (former slaves from U.S.) remain independent • Ethiopia remains independent defeating Italy at war (Treaty of Addis Ababa). • Colonies created with little regard for ethic differences, Portuguese Angola had 10 major ethnic groups, unrest still today even after independence. Boer War • Dutch Afrikaners (S. Africa) fight with native Zulu. British continue fight with Zulu Kingdom in the 1870’s. Zulu originally successful under King Shaka Zulu. • British and Afrikaners fight over land resulting in the Boer War. (1880-1881, 1899-1902). • British victorious, force others into concentration camps. Shaka Zulu, Boers