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Africa, India 1750-1870
WHAP Chapt 25
imperialism
• Imperialism= expansion for profit
• Industrialization equals need for natural
resources
• Colonial peoples used for cheap labor- build
railroads, telegraph wires
• Export economies- cash crops sent to colonial
powers (Britain, etc.) to profit them
• Over use declines soil productivity
Imperialism
• India previously produced textiles now Britain
produces textiles and India only supplies
cotton (British East India Company monopoly)
• Railways built to move product
• Cecil Rhodes- (founder of De Beers diamonds)
wanted railway from Capetown to Cairo,
British dominion over Africa, founded colony
Rhodesia
Rhodes
Imperialism
• Labor systems- indentured servants hired to
work crops (sugar, pineapple) or perform
domestic duties
• Australia- penal colony, former convicts sent
to perform free labor in exchange for
freedom, disease/land taken hurts aborigines
• New Zealand- british colony, 75% of Maori
population wiped out due to disease
Imperialism
• Political reasons- build strong empires
(nationalism)
• Ideological reasons- social darwinism (herbert
spencer), spread western civilization to “lesser
peoples”, survival of the fittest
• Missionaries (David Livingstone)- attempted to
end illegal slave trade, provide medicine and
set up schools to increase conversions.
Livingstone
India
• British East India Company very powerful• Indians recruit to fight for the British army in
India (Sepoy)
• Sepoy Mutiny (1857)- a result of belief that
British rifle cartridges had been greased with cow
and pig fat (cows sacred to Hindus, pigs “unclean”
to muslims)
• British responds by imprisoning/exiling last
Mughal emperor and taking more active role with
British Raj (government who took orders from
London)
British Raj (Maharaja carriage)
Africa
• Europeans send guns, alcohol and factory
goods to Africa in exchange for palm oil, gold
diamonds, ivory.
• French seize Algeria in 1830 (excuse to
prevent pirate attacks)
• Medicine- quinine (treats malaria) allows
more Europeans to thrive in Africa
Congo
• Belgium Leader King Leopold II (1865-1909)
oversaw invasion of Congo, personally “owns”
new colony “Congo Free State”
• Profits approximately 1 billion form rubber
imports- brutal conditions, forced labor, hands
cut off for those who refused to work ,
brutal/terror tactics used. 3-8 million perish
• Belgium govt. takes over colony in 1908 and
conditions improve
King Leopold
Scramble for Africa
• Suez Canal- shorten route to Asia by creating
Canal between Red Seas and Mediterranean.
Completed in 1869. 1.5 million forced to work,
no pay.
• Britain takes control of Egypt in 1882 to
stabilize region and ensure trade through suez
canal.
• Berlin Conference (1884-1885)- set rules for
establishing colonies in Africa.
Suez Canal today
Scramble for Africa
• By 1900 only Ethiopia, Liberia (former slaves
from U.S.) remain independent
• Ethiopia remains independent defeating Italy
at war (Treaty of Addis Ababa).
• Colonies created with little regard for ethic
differences, Portuguese Angola had 10 major
ethnic groups, unrest still today even after
independence.
Boer War
• Dutch Afrikaners (S. Africa) fight with native
Zulu. British continue fight with Zulu Kingdom
in the 1870’s. Zulu originally successful under
King Shaka Zulu.
• British and Afrikaners fight over land resulting
in the Boer War. (1880-1881, 1899-1902).
• British victorious, force others into
concentration camps.
Shaka Zulu, Boers