Download Java Foundations - Ecom and COS classes

COS 312 DAY 4
Tony Gauvin
Agenda
• Questions?
• Assignment 1 Corrected
– 7 A’s
– Few minor issues with style and conventions
• Assignment 2 Posted
– Due Feb 5 prior to class
• Capstones proposals due Feb 5
– Can be a group project
• Finish Using Classes and Objects (Chap 3 of text)
• Begin Using Conditionals and Loops
Ch 1 -2
Grading Criteria
• Criteria 1 30 % Does the program compile with no errors or
warnings?
• Criteria 2 50% Does the program run and produce the
intended outputs for the intended inputs?
• Criteria 3 5% Is the Code properly Commented?
• Criteria 4 5% Does the Code adhere to proper style and
conventions for Java?
• Criteria 5 10% Is the code an original creative work of the
student?
Using leveraged code without citation  0
Students submitting duplicate code as another student  0
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
1-3
Style Convention Issues
• No space between a method and it’s parameter
list
– System.out.println(“<- No Spaces”)
• Identifiers must not start with a capital letter
– myFirstInt not MyFirstInt
• Spaces before after math operators
– num1 + num2 not num1+num2
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
1-4
The Halting Problem
• Will a program run to conclusion for a given set
of inputs?
• Halting Theorem first proved to be unsolvable by
Alan Turing (new movie The Imitation Game )
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=macM_MtS_w4
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=92WHN-pAFCs
– http://www.cgl.uwaterloo.ca/~csk/halt/
– http://plus.maths.org/content/what-computers-cantdo
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
1-5
Chapter 3
Using Classes and Objects
Formatting Ouput
• It is often necessary to format values in certain
ways so that they can be presented properly
• The Java API contains classes that provide
formatting capabilities
• The NumberFormat class allows you to format
values as currency or percentages
• The DecimalFormat class allows you to format
values based on a pattern
• Both are part of the java.text package
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
3-7
Formatting Output
• The NumberFormat class has static methods that
return a formatter object
getCurrencyInstance()
getPercentInstance()
• Each formatter object has a method called format
that returns a string with the specified information
in the appropriate format for the given computer
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
3-8
Formatting Output
• Some methods of the NumberFormat class:
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/text/NumberFormat.html
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
3-9
//********************************************************************
// Purchase.java
Java Foundations
//
// Demonstrates the use of the NumberFormat class to format output.
//********************************************************************
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.text.NumberFormat;
public class Purchase
{
//----------------------------------------------------------------// Calculates the final price of a purchased item using values
// entered by the user.
//----------------------------------------------------------------public static void main(String[] args)
{
final double TAX_RATE = 0.06; // 6% sales tax
int quantity;
double subtotal, tax, totalCost, unitPrice;
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
NumberFormat fmt1 = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance();
NumberFormat fmt2 = NumberFormat.getPercentInstance();
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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System.out.print("Enter the quantity: ");
quantity = scan.nextInt();
System.out.print("Enter the unit price: ");
unitPrice = scan.nextDouble();
subtotal = quantity * unitPrice;
tax = subtotal * TAX_RATE;
totalCost = subtotal + tax;
// Print output with appropriate formatting
System.out.println("Subtotal: " + fmt1.format(subtotal));
System.out.println("Tax: " + fmt1.format(tax) + " at "
+ fmt2.format(TAX_RATE));
System.out.println("Total: " + fmt1.format(totalCost));
}
}
Code\Chap3\Purchase.java
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Formatting Output
• The DecimalFormat class can be used to format
a floating point value in various ways
• For example, you can specify that the number
should be truncated to three decimal places
• The constructor of the DecimalFormat class
takes a string that represents a pattern for the
formatted number
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Formatting Output
• Some methods of the DecimalFormat class:
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/text/DecimalFormat.html
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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//********************************************************************
// CircleStats.java
Java Foundations
//
// Demonstrates the formatting of decimal values using the
// DecimalFormat class.
//********************************************************************
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
public class CircleStats
{
//----------------------------------------------------------------// Calculates the area and circumference of a circle given its
// radius.
//----------------------------------------------------------------public static void main(String[] args)
{
int radius;
double area, circumference;
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter the circle's radius: ");
radius = scan.nextInt();
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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area = Math.PI * Math.pow(radius, 2);
circumference = 2 * Math.PI * radius;
// Round the output to three decimal places
DecimalFormat fmt = new DecimalFormat("0.###");
System.out.println("The circle's area: " + fmt.format(area));
System.out.println("The circle's circumference: "
+ fmt.format(circumference));
}
}
Code\Chap3\CircleStats.java
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
3 - 15
Enumerated Types
• Java allows you to define an enumerated type,
which can then be used to declare variables
• An enumerated type establishes all possible
values for a variable of that type
• The values are identifiers of your own choosing
• The following declaration creates an enumerated
type called Season
enum Season { winter, spring, summer, fall};
• Any number of values can be listed
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Enumerated Types
• Once a type is defined, a variable of that type can
be declared
Season time;
and it can be assigned a value
time = Season.fall;
• The values are specified through the name of the
type
• Enumerated types are type-safe – you cannot
assign any value other than those listed
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Enumerated Types
• Internally, each value of an enumerated type is
stored as an integer, called its ordinal value
• The first value in an enumerated type has an
ordinal value of zero, the second one, and so on
• However, you cannot assign a numeric value to
an enumerated type, even if it corresponds to a
valid ordinal value
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Enumerated Types
• The declaration of an enumerated type is a
special type of class, and each variable of that
type is an object
• The ordinal method returns the ordinal value
of the object
• The name method returns the name of the
identifier corresponding to the object's value
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Example Enumerated Types
Useful for creating a card game
enum Suits {spade, clubs, hearts, diamonds}
enum Face {ace, one, two, three, four, five, six,
seven, eight, nine, ten, jack, queen, king}
Useful for a chess game
enum pieces {king, queen, rook, bishop, knight,
pawn}
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
1 - 20
//********************************************************************
// IceCream.java
Java Foundations
//
// Demonstrates the use of enumerated types.
//********************************************************************
public class IceCream
{
enum Flavor {vanilla, chocolate, strawberry, fudgeRipple, coffee,
rockyRoad, mintChocolateChip, cookieDough}
//----------------------------------------------------------------// Creates and uses variables of the Flavor type.
//----------------------------------------------------------------public static void main(String[] args)
{
Flavor cone1, cone2, cone3;
cone1 = Flavor.rockyRoad;
cone2 = Flavor.chocolate;
System.out.println("cone1 value: " + cone1);
System.out.println("cone1 ordinal: " + cone1.ordinal());
System.out.println("cone1 name: " + cone1.name());
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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System.out.println();
System.out.println("cone2 value: " + cone2);
System.out.println("cone2 ordinal: " + cone2.ordinal());
System.out.println("cone2 name: " + cone2.name());
cone3 = cone1;
System.out.println();
System.out.println("cone3 value: " + cone3);
System.out.println("cone3 ordinal: " + cone3.ordinal());
System.out.println("cone3 name: " + cone3.name());
}
}
Code\Chap3\IceCream.java
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
3 - 22
Wrapper Classes
• The java.lang package contains wrapper
classes that correspond to each primitive type:
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
3 - 23
Wrapper Classes
• The following declaration creates an Integer
object:
Integer age = new Integer(40);
• An object of a wrapper class can be used in any
situation where a primitive value will not suffice
• For example, some objects serve as collections of
other objects
• Primitive values could not be stored in such
collections, but wrapper objects could be
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Wrapper Classes
• Wrapper classes also contain static methods that
help manage the associated type
• For example, the Integer class contains a
method to convert an integer stored in a String
to an int value:
num = Integer.parseInt(str);
• The wrapper classes often contain useful
constants as well
• For example, the Integer class contains
MIN_VALUE and MAX_VALUE which hold the
smallest and largest int values
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Wrapper Classes
• Some methods of the Integer class:
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
3 - 26
Autoboxing
• Autoboxing is the automatic conversion of a primitive
value to a corresponding wrapper object
Integer obj;
int num = 42;
obj = num;
• The assignment creates the appropriate Integer object
• The reverse conversion (called unboxing) also occurs
automatically as needed
• A analogy would be autoboxing is wrapping a primitive
type to make it an object and unboxing is unwrapping a
wrapper object to get the primitive type
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Chapter 4
Conditionals and Loops
Chapter Scope
•
•
•
•
•
•
Flow of control
Boolean expressions
if and switch statements
Comparing data
while, do, and for loops
Iterators
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Flow of Control
• Statement execution is linear unless specified
otherwise
• Some programming statements allow us to:
– decide whether or not to execute a particular statement
– execute a statement over and over, repetitively
• These decisions are based on boolean
expressions (or conditions) that evaluate to true
or false
• The order of statement execution is called the
flow of control
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Conditional Statements
• A conditional statement lets us choose which
statement will be executed next
• Therefore they are sometimes called selection
statements
• Conditional statements give us the power to
make basic decisions
• The Java conditional statements are the
– if statement
– if-else statement
– switch statement
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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The if Statement
• The syntax of a basic if statement is:
The condition must be a
boolean expression. It must
evaluate to either true or false.
if is a Java
reserved word
if ( condition )
{
statement;
}
If the condition is true, the statement is executed.
If it is false, the statement is skipped.
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Equality and Relational Operators
• Often, conditions are based equality operators or
relational operators:
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Conditions
• Examples of if statements:
if (total == sum)
System.out.println("total equals sum");
if (count > 50)
System.out.println("count is more than 50");
if (letter != 'x')
System.out.println("letter is not x");
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Logical Operators
• Conditions can also use logical operators:
• They all take boolean operands and produce
boolean results
• Logical NOT (!) is a unary operator (it operates on
one operand)
• Logical AND (&&) and logical OR (||) are binary
operators (each operates on two operands)
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Logical NOT
• The logical NOT operation is also called logical
negation or logical complement
• If some boolean condition a is true, then !a is
false; if a is false, then !a is true
• Logical expressions can be shown using a truth
table:
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Logical AND and Logical OR
• The logical AND expression
a && b
is true if both a and b are true, and false otherwise
• The logical OR expression
a || b
is true if a or b or both are true, and false otherwise
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Logical AND and Logical OR
• A truth table shows all possible true-false
combinations of the terms
• Since && and || each have two operands, there
are four possible combinations
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Logical Operators
• Expressions that use logical operators can form
complex conditions
if (total < MAX+5 && !found)
System.out.println("processing…");
• All logical operators have lower precedence than
the relational operators
• Logical NOT has higher precedence than logical
AND (&&) and logical OR (||)
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Logical Operators
• Specific expressions can be evaluated using truth
tables:
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Short-Circuited Operators
• The processing of logical AND and logical OR is
short-circuited
• If the left operand is sufficient to determine the
result, the right operand is not evaluated
if (count != 0 && total/count > MAX)
System.out.println("Testing");
• This type of processing must be used carefully
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
4 - 41
The if Statement
• Consider the following if statement:
if (sum > MAX)
{ delta = sum – MAX; }
System.out.println("The sum is " + sum);
• First the condition is evaluated -- the value of sum is
either greater than the value of MAX, or it is not
• If the condition is true, the assignment statement is
executed -- if it isn’t, it is skipped.
• Either way, the call to println is executed next
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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The if Statement
• The logic of an if statement:
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
4 - 43
//********************************************************************
// Age.java
Java Foundations
//
// Demonstrates the use of an if statement.
//********************************************************************
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Age
{
//----------------------------------------------------------------// Reads the user's age and prints comments accordingly.
//----------------------------------------------------------------public static void main(String[] args)
{
final int MINOR = 21;
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter your age: ");
int age = scan.nextInt();
System.out.println("You entered: " + age);
if (age < MINOR)
{ System.out.println("Youth is a wonderful thing. Enjoy."); }
System.out.println("Age is a state of mind.");
}
}
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
Code\Chap4\Age.java
4 - 44
Indentation
• The statement controlled by the if statement is
indented to indicate that relationship
– Should also be in { } for proper style conventions
• The use of a consistent indentation style makes a
program easier to read and understand
• Although it makes no difference to the compiler,
proper indentation is crucial
"Always code as if the person who ends up
maintaining your code will be a violent
psychopath who knows where you live."
-- Martin Golding
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
4 - 45
The if-else Statement
• An else clause can be added to an if statement to make
an if-else statement
if ( condition )
{ statement1; }
else
{ statement2; }
• If the condition is true, statement1 is executed; if the
condition is false, statement2 is executed
• One or the other will be executed, but not both
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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//********************************************************************
// Wages.java
Java Foundations
//
// Demonstrates the use of an if-else statement.
//********************************************************************
import java.text.NumberFormat;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Wages
{
//----------------------------------------------------------------// Reads the number of hours worked and calculates wages.
//----------------------------------------------------------------public static void main(String[] args)
{
final double RATE = 8.25; // regular pay rate
final int STANDARD = 40;
// standard hours in a work week
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
double pay = 0.0;
System.out.print("Enter the number of hours worked: ");
int hours = scan.nextInt();
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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System.out.println();
// Pay overtime at "time and a half"
if (hours > STANDARD)
{ pay = STANDARD * RATE + (hours - STANDARD) * (RATE * 1.5); }
else
{ pay = hours * RATE; }
NumberFormat fmt = NumberFormat.getCurrencyInstance();
System.out.println("Gross earnings: " + fmt.format(pay));
}
}
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Block Statements
• Several statements can be grouped together into
a block statement delimited by braces
• A block statement can be used wherever a
statement is called for in the Java syntax rules
if (total > MAX)
{
System.out.println("Error!!");
errorCount++;
}
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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The if-else Statement
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
4 - 50
//********************************************************************
// Guessing.java
Java Foundations
//
// Demonstrates the use of a block statement in an if-else.
//********************************************************************
import java.util.*;
public class Guessing
{
//----------------------------------------------------------------// Plays a simple guessing game with the user.
//----------------------------------------------------------------public static void main(String[] args)
{
final int MAX = 10;
int answer, guess;
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
Random generator = new Random();
answer = generator.nextInt(MAX) + 1;
System.out.print("I'm thinking of a number between 1 and "
+ MAX + ". Guess what it is: ");
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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guess = scan.nextInt();
if (guess == answer)
System.out.println("You got it! Good guessing!");
else
{
System.out.println("That is not correct, sorry.");
System.out.println("The number was " + answer);
}
}
}
Code\Chap4\Guessing.java
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Indentation Revisited
• Remember that indentation is for the human reader,
and is ignored by the computer
if (total > MAX)
System.out.println("Error!!");
errorCount++;
• Despite what is implied by the indentation, the
increment will occur whether the condition is true or
not
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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The if-else Statement
• In an if-else statement, the if portion, or the
else portion, or both, could be block statements
if (total > MAX)
{
System.out.println("Error!!");
errorCount++;
}
else
{
System.out.println("Total: " + total);
current = total*2;
}
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
4 - 54
The Conditional Operator
• Java has a conditional operator that uses a boolean
condition to determine which of two expressions is
evaluated
• Its syntax is
true
false
condition ? expression1 : expression2
• If the condition is true, expression1 is evaluated;
if it is false, expression2 is evaluated
• The value of the entire conditional operator is the value
of the selected expression
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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The Conditional Operator
• The conditional operator is similar to an if-else
statement, except that it is an expression that
returns a value
• For example
larger = ((num1 > num2) ? num1 : num2);
• If num1 is greater than num2, then num1 is assigned
to larger; otherwise, num2 is assigned to larger
• The conditional operator is ternary because it
requires three operands
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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The Conditional Operator
• Another example:
System.out.println ("Your change is " +
count + ((count == 1) ? "Dime" : "Dimes"));
• If count equals 1, then "Dime" is printed
• If count is anything other than 1, then "Dimes"
is printed
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Nested if Statements
• The statement executed as a result of an if
statement or else clause could be another if
statement
• These are called nested if statements
• An else clause is matched to the last unmatched
if (no matter what the indentation implies)
• Braces can be used to specify the if statement
to which an else clause belongs
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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//********************************************************************
// MinOfThree.java
Java Foundations
//
// Demonstrates the use of nested if statements.
//********************************************************************
import java.util.Scanner;
public class MinOfThree
{
//----------------------------------------------------------------// Reads three integers from the user and determines the smallest
// value.
//----------------------------------------------------------------public static void main(String[] args)
{
int num1, num2, num3, min = 0;
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter three integers: ");
num1 = scan.nextInt();
num2 = scan.nextInt();
num3 = scan.nextInt();
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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if (num1 < num2)
if (num1 < num3)
min = num1;
else
min = num3;
else
if (num2 < num3)
min = num2;
else
min = num3;
System.out.println("Minimum value: " + min);
}
}
Code\Chap4\MinOfThree.java
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Comparing Data
• When comparing data using boolean
expressions, it's important to understand the
nuances of certain data types
• Let's examine some key situations:
–
–
–
–
comparing floating point values for equality
comparing characters
comparing strings (alphabetical order)
comparing object vs. comparing object references
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Comparing Float Values
• You should rarely use the equality operator (==) when
comparing two floating point values (float or double)
• Two floating point values are equal only if their underlying
binary representations match exactly (hardly ever
happens)
1.49999999999999999 is not equal to 1.499999999999999999
• Computations often result in slight differences that may be
irrelevant
• In many situations, you might consider two floating point
numbers to be “close enough” even if they aren't exactly
equal
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Comparing Float Values
• To determine the equality of two floats, you may
want to use the following technique:
if (Math.abs(f1 - f2) < TOLERANCE)
System.out.println("Essentially equal");
• If the difference between the two floating point
values is less than the tolerance, they are
considered to be equal
• The tolerance could be set to any appropriate
level, such as 0.000001
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Comparing Characters
• As we've discussed, Java character data is based
on the Unicode character set
• Unicode establishes a particular numeric value
for each character, and therefore an ordering
• We can use relational operators on character
data based on this ordering
• For example, the character '+' is less than the
character 'J' because it comes before it in the
Unicode character set
• Appendix C provides an overview of Unicode
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Comparing Characters
• In Unicode, the digit characters (0-9) are
contiguous and in order
• Likewise, the uppercase letters (A-Z) and
lowercase letters (a-z) are contiguous and in
order
Characters
0–9
A–Z
Unicode Values
48 through 57
65 through 90
a–z
97 through 122
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Comparing Strings
• Remember that in Java a character string is an
object
• The equals method can be called with strings to
determine if two strings contain exactly the same
characters in the same order
• The equals method returns a boolean result
if (name1.equals(name2))
System.out.println("Same name");
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Comparing Strings
• We cannot use the relational operators to compare
strings
• The String class contains a method called compareTo
to determine if one string comes before another
• A call to name1.compareTo(name2)
– returns zero if name1 and name2 are equal (contain the same
characters)
– returns a negative value if name1 is less than name2
– returns a positive value if name1 is greater than name2
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Comparing Strings
if (name1.compareTo(name2) < 0)
System.out.println(name1 + "comes first");
else
if (name1.compareTo(name2) == 0)
System.out.println("Same name");
else
System.out.println(name2 + "comes first");
• Because comparing characters and strings is
based on a character set, it is called a
lexicographic ordering
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Lexicographic Ordering
• Lexicographic ordering is not strictly alphabetical
when uppercase and lowercase characters are mixed
• For example, the string "Great" comes before the
string "fantastic" because all of the uppercase
letters come before all of the lowercase letters in
Unicode
• Also, short strings come before longer strings with
the same prefix (lexicographically)
• Therefore "book" comes before "bookcase"
Code\Chap4\Paradox.java
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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== vs. equals
• The == operator can be applied to objects – it
returns true if the two references are aliases of
each other
• The equals method is defined for all objects,
and unless we redefine it when we write a class,
it has the same semantics as the == operator
• It has been redefined in the String class to
compare the characters in the two strings
• When creating new classes, you can/should
redefine the equals method to return true
under whatever conditions are appropriate
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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The switch Statement
• The switch statement provides another way to
decide which statement to execute next
• The switch statement evaluates an expression, then
attempts to match the result to one of several
possible cases
• Each case contains a value and a list of statements
• The flow of control transfers to statement associated
with the first case value that matches
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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The switch Statement
• The general syntax of a switch statement:
switch
and
case
are
reserved
words
switch ( expression )
{
case value1 :
statement-list1
case value2 :
statement-list2
case value3 :
statement-list3
case ...
}
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
If expression
matches value2,
control jumps
to here
4 - 72
The switch Statement
• Often a break statement is used as the last
statement in each case's statement list
• A break statement causes control to transfer to the
end of the switch statement
• If a break statement is not used, the flow of control
will continue into the next case
• Sometimes this may be appropriate, but often we
want to execute only the statements associated with
one case
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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The switch Statement
• An example of a switch statement:
switch (option)
{
case 'A':
aCount++;
break;
case 'B':
bCount++;
break;
case 'C':
cCount++;
break;
}
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The switch Statement
• A switch statement can have an optional default
case
• The default case has no associated value and simply
uses the reserved word default
• If the default case is present, control will transfer to
it if no other case value matches
• If there is no default case, and no other value
matches, control falls through to the statement after
the switch
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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The switch Statement
• The expression of a switch statement must result in
an integral type, meaning an integer (byte, short,
int, long) or a char
• It cannot be a boolean value or a floating point
value (float or double)
• The implicit boolean condition in a switch
statement is equality
• You cannot perform relational checks with a switch
statement
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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//********************************************************************
// GradeReport.java
Java Foundations
//
// Demonstrates the use of a switch statement.
//********************************************************************
import java.util.Scanner;
public class GradeReport
{
//----------------------------------------------------------------// Reads a grade from the user and prints comments accordingly.
//----------------------------------------------------------------public static void main(String[] args)
{
int grade, category;
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a numeric grade (0 to 100): ");
grade = scan.nextInt();
category = grade / 10;
System.out.print("That grade is ");
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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switch (category)
{
case 10:
System.out.println("a perfect score. Well done.");
break;
case 9:
System.out.println("well above average. Excellent.");
break;
case 8:
System.out.println("above average. Nice job.");
break;
case 7:
System.out.println("average.");
break;
case 6:
System.out.print("below average. Please see the ");
System.out.println("instructor for assistance.");
break;
default:
System.out.println("not passing.");
}
}
}
Code\Chap4\GradeReport.java
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Loops
• Repetition statements allow us to execute a
statement multiple times
• Often they are referred to as loops
• Like conditional statements, they are controlled
by boolean expressions
• Java has three kinds of repetition statements:
– the while loop
– the do loop
– the for loop
• The programmer should choose the right kind of
loop for the situation
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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The while Loop
• A while loop has the following syntax
while ( condition )
statement;
• If the condition is true, the statement is executed
• Then the condition is evaluated again, and if it is
still true, the statement is executed again
• The statement is executed repeatedly until the
condition becomes false
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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The while Loop
• The logic of a while loop:
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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The while Loop
• Example:
int count = 1;
while (count <= 5)
{
System.out.println (count);
count++;
}
• If the condition of a while loop is false initially, the
statement is never executed
• Therefore, the body of a while loop will execute zero
or more times
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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The while Loop
• Let's look at some examples of loop processing
• A loop can be used to maintain a running sum
• A sentinel value is a special input value that
represents the end of input
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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//********************************************************************
// Average.java
Java Foundations
//
// Demonstrates the use of a while loop, a sentinel value, and a
// running sum.
//********************************************************************
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Average
{
//----------------------------------------------------------------// Computes the average of a set of values entered by the user.
// The running sum is printed as the numbers are entered.
//----------------------------------------------------------------public static void main(String[] args)
{
int sum = 0, value, count = 0;
double average;
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter an integer (0 to quit): ");
value = scan.nextInt();
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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while (value != 0)
{
count++;
// sentinel value of 0 to terminate loop
sum += value;
System.out.println("The sum so far is " + sum);
System.out.print("Enter an integer (0 to quit): ");
value = scan.nextInt();
}
System.out.println();
if (count == 0)
System.out.println("No values were entered.");
else
{
average = (double)sum / count;
DecimalFormat fmt = new DecimalFormat("0.###");
System.out.println("The average is " + fmt.format(average));
}
}
}
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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The while Loop
• A loop can also be used for input validation,
making a program more robust
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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//********************************************************************
// WinPercentage.java
Java Foundations
//
// Demonstrates the use of a while loop for input validation.
//********************************************************************
import java.text.NumberFormat;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class WinPercentage
{
//----------------------------------------------------------------// Computes the percentage of games won by a team.
//----------------------------------------------------------------public static void main(String[] args)
{
final int NUM_GAMES = 12;
int won;
double ratio;
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter the number of games won (0 to "
+ NUM_GAMES + "): ");
won = scan.nextInt();
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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while (won < 0 || won > NUM_GAMES)
{
System.out.print("Invalid input. Please reenter: ");
won = scan.nextInt();
}
ratio = (double)won / NUM_GAMES;
NumberFormat fmt = NumberFormat.getPercentInstance();
System.out.println();
System.out.println("Winning percentage: " + fmt.format(ratio));
}
}
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Infinite Loops
• The body of a loop eventually must make the
condition false
• If not, it is called an infinite loop, which will
execute until the user interrupts the program
• This is a common logical error
• You should double check the logic of a program
to ensure that your loops will terminate normally
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Infinite Loops
• An example of an infinite loop:
int count = 1;
while (count <= 25)
{
System.out.println (count);
count = count - 1;
}
• This loop will continue executing until
interrupted (Control-C) or until an underflow
error occurs
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Nested Loops
• Similar to nested if statements, loops can be
nested as well
• That is, the body of a loop can contain another
loop
• For each iteration of the outer loop, the inner
loop iterates completely
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Nested Loops
• How many times will the output be printed?
count1 = 1;
while (count1 <= 10)
{
count2 = 1;
while (count2 <= 50)
{
System.out.println ("Here again");
count2++;
}
count1++;
}
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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//********************************************************************
// PalindromeTester.java
Java Foundations
//
// Demonstrates the use of nested while loops.
//********************************************************************
import java.util.Scanner;
public class PalindromeTester
{
//----------------------------------------------------------------// Tests strings to see if they are palindromes.
//----------------------------------------------------------------public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str, another = "y";
int left, right;
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
while (another.equalsIgnoreCase("y")) // allows y or Y
{
System.out.println("Enter a potential palindrome:");
str = scan.nextLine();
left = 0;
right = str.length() - 1;
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
4 - 93
while (str.charAt(left) == str.charAt(right) && left < right)
{
left++;
right--;
}
System.out.println();
if (left < right)
System.out.println("That string is NOT a palindrome.");
else
System.out.println("That string IS a palindrome.");
System.out.println();
System.out.print("Test another palindrome (y/n)? ");
another = scan.nextLine();
}
}
}
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Iterators
• An iterator is an object that allows you to process
a collection of items one at a time
• It lets you step through each item in turn and
process it as needed
• An iterator object has a hasNext method that
returns true if there is at least one more item to
process
• The next method returns the next item
• Iterator objects are defined using the Iterator
interface, which is discussed further in Chapter 9
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Iterators
• Some classes in the Java API are iterators
• The Scanner class is an iterator
– the hasNext method returns true if there is more data to be
scanned
– the next method returns the next scanned token as a string
• The Scanner class also has variations on the
hasNext method for specific data types (such as
hasNextInt)
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Iterators
• The fact that a Scanner is an iterator is
particularly helpful when reading input from a
file
• Suppose we wanted to read and process a list of
URLs stored in a file
• One scanner can be set up to read each line of
the input until the end of the file is encountered
• Another scanner can be set up for each URL to
process each part of the path
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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//********************************************************************
// URLDissector.java
Java Foundations
//
// Demonstrates the use of Scanner to read file input and parse it
// using alternative delimiters.
//********************************************************************
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.io.*;
public class URLDissector
{
//----------------------------------------------------------------// Reads urls from a file and prints their path components.
//----------------------------------------------------------------public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
{
String url;
Scanner fileScan, urlScan;
fileScan = new Scanner(new File("websites.inp"));
// Read and process each line of the file
while (fileScan.hasNext())
{
url = fileScan.nextLine();
System.out.println("URL: " + url);
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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urlScan = new Scanner(url);
urlScan.useDelimiter("/");
// Print each part of the url
while (urlScan.hasNext())
System.out.println("
" + urlScan.next());
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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The do Loop
• The do loop has the following syntax:
do
{
statement;
}
while ( condition )
• The statement is executed once initially, and then
the condition is evaluated
• The statement is executed repeatedly until the
condition becomes false
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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The do Loop
• The logic of a do loop:
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
4 - 101
The do Loop
• An example of a do loop:
int count = 0;
do
{
count++;
System.out.println (count);
} while (count < 5);
• The body of a do loop is executed at least once
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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//********************************************************************
// ReverseNumber.java
Java Foundations
//
// Demonstrates the use of a do loop.
//********************************************************************
import java.util.Scanner;
public class ReverseNumber
{
//----------------------------------------------------------------// Reverses the digits of an integer mathematically.
//----------------------------------------------------------------public static void main(String[] args)
{
int number, lastDigit, reverse = 0;
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a positive integer: ");
number = scan.nextInt();
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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do
{
lastDigit = number % 10;
reverse = (reverse * 10) + lastDigit;
number = number / 10;
}
while (number > 0);
System.out.println("That number reversed is " + reverse);
}
}
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Comparing while and do Loops
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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The for Loop
• The for loop has the following syntax:
The initialization
is executed once
before the loop begins
The statement is
executed until the
condition becomes false
for ( initialization ; condition ; increment )
statement;
The increment portion is executed at the
end of each iteration
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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The for Loop
• The logic of a for loop:
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
4 - 107
The for Loop
• A for loop is functionally equivalent to the
following while loop structure:
initialization;
while ( condition )
{
statement;
increment;
}
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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The for Loop
• An example of a for loop:
for (int count=1; count <= 5; count++)
System.out.println (count);
• The initialization section can be used to declare a
variable
• Like a while loop, the condition of a for loop is tested
prior to executing the loop body
• Therefore, the body of a for loop will execute zero or
more times
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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The for Loop
• The increment section can perform any
calculation
for (int num=100; num > 0; num -= 5)
System.out.println (num);
• A for loop is well suited for executing statements
a specific number of times that can be calculated
or determined in advance
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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//********************************************************************
// Multiples.java
Java Foundations
//
// Demonstrates the use of a for loop.
//********************************************************************
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Multiples
{
//----------------------------------------------------------------// Prints multiples of a user-specified number up to a user// specified limit.
//----------------------------------------------------------------public static void main(String[] args)
{
final int PER_LINE = 5;
int value, limit, mult, count = 0;
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a positive value: ");
value = scan.nextInt();
System.out.print("Enter an upper limit: ");
limit = scan.nextInt();
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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System.out.println();
System.out.println("The multiples of " + value + " between " +
value + " and " + limit + " (inclusive) are:");
for (mult = value; mult <= limit; mult += value)
{
System.out.print(mult + "\t");
// Print a specific number of values per line of output
count++;
if (count % PER_LINE == 0)
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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//********************************************************************
// Stars.java
Java Foundations
//
// Demonstrates the use of nested for loops.
//********************************************************************
public class Stars
{
//----------------------------------------------------------------// Prints a triangle shape using asterisk (star) characters.
//----------------------------------------------------------------public static void main(String[] args)
{
final int MAX_ROWS = 10;
for (int row = 1; row <= MAX_ROWS; row++)
{
for (int star = 1; star <= row; star++)
System.out.print("*");
System.out.println();
}
}
}
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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The for Loop
• Each expression in the header of a for loop is
optional
• If the initialization is left out, no initialization is
performed
• If the condition is left out, it is always considered
to be true, and therefore creates an infinite loop
• If the increment is left out, no increment
operation is performed
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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Iterators and for Loops
• A variant of the for loop simplifies the repetitive
processing for any object that implements the
Iterable interface
• An Iterable interface provides an iterator
• For example, if BookList is an Iterable object
that manages Book objects, the following loop
will print each book:
for (Book myBook : BookList)
System.out.println (myBook);
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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The for-each Loop
• This style of for loop can be read "for each Book
in BookList, …"
• This version is sometimes referred to as the foreach loop
• It eliminates the need to call the hasNext and
next methods explicitly
• It also will be helpful when processing arrays,
which are discussed in Chapter 7
Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase
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