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Unit 1: Early Civilizations
Prehistory – A.D. 1570
Quick Review of Ch. 4
• Compare Spartan society to the society of
Athens.
• What caused and resulted from the Persian
Wars?
• Based on the teaching of men like Socrates,
Plato, and Aristotle, what did the Greeks
value?
• Why is Alexander of Macedonia referred to as
‘Alexander the Great’?
Ch. 5: Ancient Rome and the Rise of
Christianity
• 509 BC – 476 AD
• Key Idea: Rome began as a single city and
grew into a huge, diverse empire!
Section 1: The Roman World Takes Shape
• About 800 BC, the ancestors of the Romans migrate into
Italy
• They borrow much from the Etruscans, Greek Colonists
• 509 BC – drive out Etruscan ruler and found the Roman
State
The Romans Establish a Republic
• Republic = government officials are chosen by
the people
• Patricians
– Land-owing upper class
– Served in the Senate and influenced laws
• Plebeians
– Farmers, Merchants, Artisans and Traders
– Gained the right to elect Tribunes to represent
them in government
Section 2: From Republic to Empire
• Key: As Roman society expands, the republic
falls apart, but gives birth to a mighty empire.
Rome Grows Through Conquest
• Rome Defeats Carthage (N.E. Africa) in the
Punic Wars between 264 BC and 146 BC
• Page 156
The Republic Ends and the Empire
Begins
• Political Disagreements lead to Civil Wars.
• Julius Caesar Attempts to lead the Romans
but is assassinated before he can take charge.
• Octavian gains power and is given the title
Augustus, or ‘Exalted One’
– This is the beginning of what would become the
Roman Empire
Roman Republic
Roman Empire
The Pax Romana Brings Prosperity
• Pax Romana = Roman Peace
• 200 year span from Augustus to Marcus
Aurelius (27 BC to 180 AD)
• Brought peace, order, unity, and prosperity to
the Empire.
Section 3 The Roman Achievement
• Key: By war and conquest, Rome took the
achievements of Roman civilization (blended
with Greek and Hellenistic Culture) to distant
lands.
Roman Achievements
• Romans Write Literature, History, and
Philosophy
– Borrowed Heavily from the Greeks
• Roman Art and Architecture Develops
– Roman Sculptures Stress Realism
– Architecture emphasize grandeur (power)
• Romans Apply Science and Mathematics for
Practical Use
– Ex: The Aqueducts
• Underground or bridge-like stone structures that
carried water from the hills into the cities
Section 4: The Rise of Christianity
• Key: During the Pax Romana, a new religion
known as Christianity begins to spread
throughout the Roman Empire. At first
Christians are persecuted, but by about 400
AD it is the official religion of the Empire.
The Teachings of Jesus
• The life and teachings of Jesus are recorded in the Gospels
of the New Testament: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John
• Jesus of Nazareth, born around 4 B.C., is a Jew living in a
Roman occupied Israel.
• He builds upon Jewish teachings (Old Testament) and
claims to be the promised Messiah, offering salvation to
anyone who believes in him.
• Jewish leaders who disagree with Jesus convince Roman
authorities to have him crucified.
• The disciples of Jesus claim that he rose from the dead and
begin to spread his teachings throughout the Roman
Empire.
The Message of Christianity Spreads
• The Apostle Paul travels throughout the Roman Empire helping
start churches and writing much of what would become the New
Testament.
• Despite persecution from the Roman government, the message of
Christianity continues to spread and is eventually accepted by
Rome, later becoming the official Roman religion.
• The Early Christian Church Develops
– Scattered communities become an organized church
Section 5 The Long Decline
• Key Idea: Economic problems, foreign
invasions, and a decline in traditional values
eventually undermined stability and security
in the Roman Empire.
Many Problems Cause Rome to Fall
• Military Attacks
– Invasions from Germanic Peoples
• Political Turmoil
– Corrupt Officials Lost the Support of the People
• Economic Weakness
– Increasingly Heavy Taxes Drove Many to Poverty
• Social Decay
– Loss of Patriotism, Discipline, and Duty
Quick Review of Ch. 5
• Where and when did Roman civilization
begin?
• How did the Roman republic form of
government operate? Why did it end?
• What does the phrase ‘Pax Romana’
represent?
• Describe the early stages of Christianity.
• How did the Roman Empire lose it’s power?