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Functions of the Respiratory
System
 1) Moves oxygen from the outside environment into
the body,
 2) Removes carbon dioxide and water from the
body.
This is a cartoony image of
your lungs, the main organs
of the respiratory system!
Why the Body Needs Oxygen
 Your body needs oxygen to keep you alive, right?
But why?
 Oxygen is a key player in respiration.
 Respiration is not breathing!
 Respiration is the process in which oxygen and
glucose undergo a complex series of chemical
reactions inside cells.
 This process of respiration is how your body
creates energy for itself! Pretty cool, huh?
Did You Know?
 The air you are breathing in right now is made of
a mixture of gases.
 Only about 21% of the air is oxygen.
 78% is nitrogen.
 What percentage are we up to?
 The remaining 1% is made up of carbon dioxide,
helium, and various other gases.
Components of the Upper
Respiratory Tract
Figure 10.2
Upper Respiratory Tract Functions
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Passageway for respiration
Receptors for smell
Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign
material
Moistens and warms incoming air
Resonating chambers for voice
Components of the Lower
Respiratory Tract
Figure 10.3
Lower Respiratory Tract

Functions:
Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food
and air appropriately, assists in sound production
 Trachea: transports air to and from lungs
 Bronchi: branch into lungs
 Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange
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Nose Functions
 Heats the air you breathe in.
 Produces mucus that traps dust and bacteria.
 Contains cilia (hairs) that sweep the mucus into
the throat
 Causes you to sneeze so that dust particles and
bacteria leave the body.
Pharynx (FAR ingks)
 Known as your throat
 Shared with the digestive system
 Both nose and mouth connect at the pharynx.
Trachea (TRAY kee uh)
 Known as your windpipe.
 Made of thick rings of cartilage that remain firm
to strengthen the trachea and keep it open.
 Why do you think it’s not squishy like the
esophagus?
 Also lined with cilia and mucus
 Allows you to cough if there are dust or bacteria
irritating your windpipe.
Bronchi & Lungs
 Bronchi are the two main branches that lead to
the lungs
 Bronchitis sound familiar?
 Each bronchus leads into a lung where it branches
out into smaller and smaller branches.
 At the ends of the smallest tubes are bundles of
“grapes” called alveoli.
 Alveoli are tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for
the movement of gases between air and blood.
Gas Exchange
 After air enters the alveoli, oxygen passes through
the wall of the alveoli and through the wall of a
tiny blood vessel. Carbon dioxide and water pass
from the blood into the alveoli.
Diaphragm
 A large dome-shaped muscle that plays an
important role in breathing located at the base of
the lungs.
 When you breathe in, the diaphragm moves down.
 When you breathe out, the diaphragm moves up.
Larynx (LAR ingks)
 Known as the voice box at the top of your trachea.
 Holds your vocal chords which produce your voice.
 Think of the way a balloon squeaks when you let
air through the neck. That’s kind of how your
vocal chords work.
 Muscles makes your vocal chords contract and the
movement makes the air molecules vibrate and
create a sound!
Respiratory Cycle
Figure 10.9
How Respiration Works
 1. As you breath in, air enters either the nose or mouth
 2. Air then passes through the larynx – voice box which
contains your vocal cords
See Them In Action!
 3. We then enter the trachea – or windpipe
Lung Function Explanation
 4. The trachea extends into two tubes which lead into
the lungs – these are called bronchi
How Respiration Works
 5. The bronchi are broken down into smaller
passageways called bronchioles
 a. think of this as a tree with branches
 6. Air then enters alveoli – tiny sacs at the end of
bronchioles
 A. This is where external respiration takes place!!!
 Let's Check it out...
How Respiration Works
 7. From here, O2 is transferred to capillaries – tiny
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vessels that surround each alveolis
8. A vein takes O2 to the cell
9. The cell uses O2 for energy. When this happens
CO2 is produced. The body needs to get rid of CO2.
This process is called internal respiration!
10. CO2 goes back to lungs through an artery
11. The same process occurs in reverse!
Inside The Lungs...
Lets put it all together…
 1. Air comes in the nose or
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mouth
2. Larynx
3. Trachea
4. Bronchi (in lungs)
5. Bronchioles
6. Alveoli (external respiration)
7. Capillaries
8. Vein
9. Cell (Internal Respiration)
 RED- WITH O2
 BLUE- IS WITHOUT O2 (CO2)
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10. Artery
11. Capillaries
12. Alveoli
13. Bronchioles
14. Bronchi
15. Trachea
16. Larynx
17. Out nose or mouth
Some more terms…
 1. Pleura – thin mucous membrane film that covers the
lungs
 2. Diaphragm – muscle which separates the lungs from
the abdominal cavity
 3. Cilia – tiny hairs that line the respiratory tract to
filter dust and other bacteria from inhaled air.
What do CELLS have to do with
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?
 Hemoglobin
 Cells take in OXYGEN (O2)
 Cells use the oxygen to BURN digested FOOD and
MAKE HEAT and ENERGY.
 Cells give off CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2).
 This process is called RESPIRATION.
CO2
glucose
energy
O2
water
All of our body systems work
together….
 Now we know that our respiratory system inhales
oxygen for us when we breathe, but that oxygen
wouldn’t go anywhere without the help of our
circulatory system.
 Also, our bodies couldn’t carry out respiration
without glucose (sugar) that our digestive system
breaks down.
Transport

Hemoglobin actively binds to dissolved oxygen,
removing it from plasma and enabling diffusion from
the alveoli to continue. Hemoglobin binds with so
much oxygen that it increases blood’s oxygen-carrying
capacity more than 60 times.
Transport
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When carbon dioxide diffuses from body tissues to
capillaries, most of it enters red blood cells and
combines with water, forming carbonic acid. The rest
of it dissolves in plasma or binds to hemoglobin and
proteins in plasma.
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These processes are reversed in the lungs, where
carbon dioxide is released into alveoli and exhaled.
Organs in the Respiratory System
STRUCTURE
FUNCTION
nose / nasal cavity
warms, moistens, & filters air as it is
inhaled
pharynx (throat)
passageway for air, leads to trachea
larynx
trachea (windpipe)
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
the voice box, where vocal chords are
located
keeps the windpipe "open"
trachea is lined with fine hairs called
cilia which filter air before it reaches the
lungs
two branches at the end of the trachea,
each lead to a lung
a network of smaller branches leading from
the bronchi into the lung tissue &
ultimately to air sacs
the functional respiratory units in the lung
where gases are exchanged
Malfunctions & Diseases of the Respiratory System
asthma
bronchitis
severe allergic reaction
characterized by the
constriction of bronchioles
inflammation of the lining of
the bronchioles
emphysema
condition in which the alveoli
deteriorate, causing the lungs
to lose their elasticity
pneumonia
condition in which the alveoli
become filled with fluid,
preventing the exchange of
gases
lung cancer
irregular & uncontrolled
growth of tumors in the lung
tissue
Four Respiration Processes
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Breathing (ventilation): air in to and out of
lungs
External respiration: gas exchange
between air and blood
Internal respiration: gas exchange
between blood and tissues
Cellular respiration: oxygen use to produce
ATP, carbon dioxide as waste