Download Ottoman Empire Cloze Notes

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Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire Map Demonstration
 After the destruction of Baghdad and the Abbasid Empire by the Mongols in 1290, the Ottoman Empire came into
power. It was dominated by the Turks and centered in what is modern-day Turkey.
 The Ottoman state was born on the frontier between Islam and the Byzantine Empire. Turkish tribes, driven from their
homeland in the steppes of Central Asia by the Mongols, had embraced Islam and settled in Anatolia.
 The Ottoman Turks began to absorb the other states, and during the reign (1451–81) of Muhammad II they ended all
other local Turkish dynasties.
 In the late 14th century, the Ottomans started to use Janissaries (which means “new troops” in Turkish). They were
conscripted youths from Christian families in the Balkans. After conscription, they were defined as the property of the
Sultan, and practically all of them converted to Islam. They became known for their military skills.
 In 1453, they conquered Constantinople (which had been founded as the capital of all Christendom by Constantine
himself), renamed it Istanbul, and made it the capital of their Empire.
 Here the leaders are called Sultans ("emperors").
Imperialism
IMPERIALISM IS A TYPE OF
GOVERNMENT THAT SEEKS TO
INCREASE ITS SIZE, EITHER BY
FORCING (THROUGH WAR) OR
INFLUENCING (THROUGH POLITICS)
OTHER COUNTRIES TO SUBMIT TO
THEIR RULE (IMPERIALISM, 2013).
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
 The Ottoman Empire expanded into southeastern Europe (the
Balkans and Hungary) and then east and south into Iraq, Arabia,
and Egypt.
SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT
 Suleiman I (nicknamed 'the Magnificent' in
Europe and 'the Lawgiver' in the Islamic World)
was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from
1520 to 1566.
 While he may have been seen as dangerous to
the outside world, he was known as a fair ruler
within the empire, fought corruption, and was a
great supporter of artists and philosophers. He
was also noted as one of the greatest Islamic
poets.
 He earned his nickname the Lawmaker from
his complete reconstruction of the Ottoman
law system. The laws that he gathered covered
almost every aspect of life at the time.
SULTAN SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT
 Suleiman died in 1566, the night before
victory at the Battle of Szigetvar, in
Hungary. He is buried in a mausoleum
with his wife Roxelana at the Suleymaniye
Mosque.
 After rising to its peak under Sultan
Suleiman the Magnificent, the Empire
gradually began to deteriorate before the
increasing technological and industrial
might of the European nations.
European Partitioning
• Initially, the Ottoman Empire hoped to stay out of World War I.
• However, pressure from European nations (both from friends and enemies)
and fear of losing territory pushed the empire into the war.
• The Ottomans joined the war on the side of the Germans and the Austro-
Hungarian Empire.
• The Ottomans and their allies were defeated by the Allied Powers led by
the British, French, and American armies.
THE END OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
 By the beginning of WWI in 1914, the
Ottoman Empire had shrunk in size. It had
weakened because it tried to rule such a
huge empire with leaders who could not
manage to hold on to the territory.
 When WWI began, the Ottoman Empire
decided to join forces with Germany and
Italy against the rest of Europe and the US.
They lost the war, and as a result, the
Ottoman Empire was overthrown, and
Ottoman territory was broken up into a
number of smaller countries in what is
now known as the Middle East.
Mandate
COUNTRY PLACED UNDER THE
CONTROL OF ANOTHER POWER BY
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT,
TYPICALLY GIVEN INDEPENDENCE BY
A CERTAIN DATE.
PARTITIONING
to divide up a piece of land
into separate portions
representing different
ethnic or religious groups.
CARVING UP THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
 The European politicians who decided where the
boundaries of these new countries would be paid little
attention to the ethnic and religious groups who were
already living in these areas.
 The new boundaries that were drawn did not take into
consideration the concept of nationalism (the idea that
countries are most successful if the people who live there
share some common cultural, historic, or religious beliefs).
 As a result, there has been a lot of conflict. Many different
groups tried to live together in countries that were created
by those who did not realize the problems some of these
new boundaries would cause.
CONFLICT FOLLOWS . . .
ATATURK, THE FATHER OF THE TURKS
 The Turkish defeat in the First
World War (in which the
Ottoman Empire sided with
Germany and the Central
Powers) finally discredited the
Young Turks, however, and
paved the way for the success
of a new nationalist movement
under the leadership of an
army officer named Mustafa
Kemal, later known as Ataturk
or "Father of the Turks."
 The nationalist government
under Ataturk, dedicated to
leading Turkey in the direction
of secularism and
Westernization, abolished the
sultanate, declared a republic,
and eventually (in 1924)
abolished the caliphate as
well.
SO, WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED ABOUT THE EUROPEAN PARTITIONING OF THE MIDDLE
EAST AFTER THE COLLAPSE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE?
 Muslims lost control of their land and trade routes to foreign European
western powers (Great Britain and France)
 Boundary lines were drawn without considering the ethnic and religious
groups already living there, which caused conflicts (Israel)
 Struggle for independence
 All of the conflicts led to great changes throughout the Middle East
 After World War I, the empire was in ruins and the majority of its
territories were seized by victorious European powers.