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Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth1 Name__________________________________________________________Lab_____Block_____ Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction Gametes, Zygotes and Stem Cells Indiana Standards B.6.2 Understand that most cells of a multicellular organism contain the same genes, but develop from a single cell (e.g., a fertilized egg) in different ways due to differential gene expression. Objectives Identify gametes in multicellular organisms Give the number of chromosomes in each gamete Give the number of chromosomes in a zygote Describe cellular reproduction from zygote to blastula Explain why embryotic stem cells must be extracted at the blastula stage Discuss pros and cons of stem cell treatments _____________________________________________________________________________________ Notes Cellular Reproduction: Gametes (egg and sperm cells): Drawing, Including # of Chromosomes in Each: Zygote: Drawing, Including # of Chromosomes in Each: Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth2 Zygote Cleavage 2: Drawing, Including # of Chromosomes in Each Section: Zygote Cleavage 4: Drawing, Including # of Chromosomes in Each Section: Zygote Cleavage 8: Drawing, Including # of Chromosomes in Each Section: Morula: Drawing, Including # of Chromosomes in Each Section: Blastula: Drawing, Including # of Chromosomes in Each Section: Gastrula: Drawing, Including # of Chromosomes in Each Section: Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth3 Stem Cells: Why are undifferentiated (stem) cells important to medical research? Research and Report Find recent Information about stem cell research or stem cell therapy: Why is stem cell therapy controversial? What is your opinion about stem cell research and therapy? Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth4 Differentiation, Germ Layers & Cellular Organization Indiana Standards B.6.2 Understand that most cells of a multicellular organism contain the same genes, but develop from a single cell (e.g., a fertilized egg) in different ways due to differential gene expression. B.6.3 Explain that in multicellular organisms the zygote produced during fertilization undergoes a series of cell divisions that lead to clusters of cells that go on to specialize and become the organisms tissues and organs. Objectives Explain the tissues that arise from the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm (germ layers) Predict what would happen if a genetic mutation affected the mesoderm Order the levels of cell organization from organelle to organ system _____________________________________________________________________________________ Notes Differentiation: Gastrula: Levels of Cellular Organization from Simple to Complex: Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth5 Critical Thinking Questions Which series shows the different levels of cellular organization in order from the least complex to the most complex? A. cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism B. tissue, cell, organ, organism, organ system C. cell, organism, tissue, organ, organ system Which kingdom does not include multi-cellular organisms? A. Animalia B. Fungi C. Bacteria D. Plantae What is cell differentiation? A. The process of a cell turning into an organ B. The process of a cell multiplying C. The process of a stem cell changing into another cell Give examples of what a stem cell might differentiate into: A. heart, lung, stomach, skin B. skin cell, muscle cell, erythrocyte, nerve cell C. mitochondria, lysosome, ribosome Which series lists the structures in order of their formation during embryonic development? B. zygote, blastula, mesoderm layer C. gastrula, ectoderm layer, zygote D. zygote, endoderm layer, blastula What embryonic tissue layer gives rise to the small intestine? A. ectoderm B. endoderm C. mesoderm Which organ results from ectoderm tissue layer? A. bladder B. heart C. eye D. stomach If a mutation occurred in one of the mesoderm cells of a developing embryo which tissues or organs might be affected? A. muscles, heart, reproductive organs B. lungs, bladder, stomach C. eyes, brain, spinal cord Embryonic stem cells are taken from an embryo that can divide endlessly and give rise to every type of tissue in the body. Embryonic stem cells must be harvested before the endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm layers have formed. Why couldn’t they be harvested after this stage? A. They would encounter phagocytosis B. They would already be going through the process of differentiation C. They would be too large at this point Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth6 Mitosis Indiana Standards B.6.1. Describe the process of mitosis and explain that this process ordinarily results in daughter cells with genetic make-up identical to the parent cells. Objectives Describe and illustrate what happens in prophase Describe and illustrate what happens in metaphase Describe and illustrate what happens in anaphase Describe and illustrate what happens in telophase Describe and illustrate what happens in cytokinesis Describe and illustrate what happens in interphase Order phases of Mitosis.interphase and cytokinesis _____________________________________________________________________________________ Notes: Mitosis: What pneumonic device will remind you of the order? Instructions: Use the boxes on the next page to describe and diagram, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis and interphase. Record the written description on one side and a make a drawing with no label on the other side. Cut the flash cards and practice the following for your test: You will be responsible for identifying diagrams of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis and interphase. You will be responsible for putting the diagrams of the phases in the correct order. You will be responsible for matching the descriptions of each phase to the appropriate diagram. You will be responsible for putting the names of the phases in order. Use your flash cards to practice. The correct order from beginning to end: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Interphase happens between cytokinesis and prophase since this is a cycle Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth7 Prophase Description Diagram Metaphase Description Diagram Anaphase Description Diagram Telophase Description Diagram Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth8 Leave blank for flash cards. Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth9 Cytokinesis Description Diagram Interphase Description Diagram Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth10 Leave blank for flash cards. Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth11 The Cell Cycle Indiana Standard B.6.3 Explain that in multicellular organisms the zygote produced during fertilization undergoes a series of cell divisions that lead to clusters of cells that go on to specialize and become the organisms tissues and organs. Objectives Describe the cell cycle stating that it is made up of mitosis, cytokinesis and interphase Describe the length of interphase as to be compared with mitosis Describe what happens during interphase stating that DNA is being replicated _________________________________________________________________________________ Notes: Somatic Cell: Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth12 Lab: Identifying Stages of the Cell Cycle Instructions: complete the Classzone activity. You do not have to submit the final screen, you will be completing this on the honor system. The purpose of this activity is to give you practice identifying the phases of the cell cycle before completing the Onion Root Lab. Classzone Activity: https://www.classzone.com/books/ml_science_share/vis_sim/chm05_pg71_celldiv/chm05_p g71_celldiv.html Lab: Online Onion Root Lab Instructions: Complete the online onion root lab. The data table for the lab is included in your work packet. Enter the data you collect in the data table provided in your work packet. Read every screen, follow the instructions on every screen. Click “next” at the bottom of each screen until the activity is complete. You do NOT have to click the “vocabulary” links at the bottom of each screen. Online Onion Root Lab: http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/activities/cell_cycle/cell_cycle.html Onion Root Tip Lab Data What phase had the largest number of cells? Why were there more cells in that phase? Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth13 Meiosis Indiana Standards B.6.4 Describe and model the process of meiosis and explain the relationship between the genetic make-up of the parent cell and the daughter cells (gametes). B.6.5 Explain how, in sexual reproduction, crossing-over, independent assortment, and random fertilization, result in offspring that are genetically different from the parents. Objectives Describe the two most important things that happen during Meiosis I Describe and illustrate Prophase I Describe and illustrate Metaphase I Describe and illustrate Anaphase I Describe and illustrate Telophase I Describe and illustrate Prophase II Describe and illustrate Metaphase II Describe and illustrate Anaphase II Describe and illustrate Telophase II Illustrate the chromosomes in the daughter cells and explain their relationship between the parent cell Describe and illustrate crossing over Describe and illustrate independent assortment Explain how crossing over and independent assortment result in genetically different offspring ____________________________________________________________________________________ VOCABULARY Meiosis: Instructions: There are 10 phases of Meiosis. Your work packet includes a chart with all ten phases. 1. Diagram all ten phases 2. Write a description of the phase next to it 3. Label each page “Meiosis I” or “Meiosis II” Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth14 Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth15 Standard 6: Cellular Reproduction, L. Huth16 Critical Thinking Questions Imagine that sex cells divided by mitosis instead of meiosis. What would the result be? A. The formation of two identical cells B. The new individual would be identical to only one parent C. Fertilization would cause crossing over and recombination of genes D. Cells of the new individual would have double the necessary number of chromosomes Which statement explains why half of an individual’s DNA sequence comes from each parent? A. A cell from one parent undergoes meiosis producing offspring cells that have both parent’s DNA. B. A cell from one parent undergoes mitotic cell division, producing offspring cells that have only half of that parent’s DNA. C. Cells in the parents undergo meiosis, producing haploid gametes that meet up during fertilization to produce a diploid individual. Meiosis is the form of cell division that produces gametes. Which of the following statements correctly describes gametes? A. In spermatogenesis, eight sperm cells are produced B. Eggs are diploid and, when fertilized, give rise to haploid cells C. In the formation of eggs, four identical haploid cells are produced D. In oogenesis, the cytoplasm divides unequally, producing an ovum and three smaller polar bodies Cells and the organisms they make up reproduce through cell division. Some organisms reproduce through mitosis, while others reproduce through meiosis and fertilization. What advantage does meiosis give to organisms that reproduce sexually? A. Meiosis ensures that offspring inherit genes from their parents. B. Meiosis ensures that offspring will not inherit any genetic disorders. C. Meiosis ensures that offspring are genetically different from their parents. Crossing over contributes to the recombination of genetic material in offspring. When does crossing over happen in meiosis? Prophase I Prophase II Metaphase I Metaphase II