Download Working with solutions

Working with solutions
Solutions and suspensions
Suspension-a mixture in which particles can be seen
and easily separated by settling or filtration
Solution- a well mixed mixture
Solvents and solutes
O Solvent- a part of a solution present in the
largest amount.
O Solute- a substance that is present in a
solution in a smaller amount and dissolved
by the solvent.
O Water as a solvent- water is called the
universal solvent.
O Water is not the only solvent.
Particles in a solution
O Whenever a solution forms, particles of the
solute leave each other and become
surrounded by particles of the solvent.
O Ionic solids in water- positive and negative
ions are attracted to polar water molecules.
O Molecular solids in water- break up into
individual neutral molecules and are
surrounded by water.
O Ionic compounds conducted electricity
molecular compounds do not.
Concentration
O Measurement of how much solute is in a given amount of
solvent.
O Dilute solution- only a little solute is dissolved in the water.
O Concentrated solution- more solute is dissolved in water.
solubility
O Solubility- a measure of how well a solute
can dissolve in a solvent at a given
temperature.
O Saturated solution- when you added so
much solute that no more dissolves.
O Unsaturated solution- you can continue to
dissolve more solute.
Changing solubility
O Two factors that effect solubility are
temperature and type of solvent.
O Temperature- heating the solvent allows
more solute to be dissolved.
O Solvents- polar compounds dissolve in polar
solvent, non-polar compounds do not
dissolve in polar solvents.
Effects of solutes on solutions
O Solutes lower the freezing points of a
solvent.
O Solutes raise the boiling point of a solvent.
Describing acids and bases
O Properties of acids
O Sour taste
O Reacts with metals and carbonates
O Turns blue litmus red (indicator)
O Corrosive- eat away metals
Properties of bases
O Bitter taste
O Slippery feel
O Turns red litmus blue (indicator)
O Do not react with metals
Acids and bases in solution
O Acids and solution
O Hydrogen ion (H+)- an atom of hydrogen that
lost its electron.
O An acid is any substance that forms
hydrogen ions (H+) in water.
Bases in solution
O Hydroxide ion- polyatomic oxygen and
hydrogen ion. (OH-)
O A base is any substance that forms
hydroxide ions in water.
O A strong acid will produce more hydrogen
ions than a weak one.
O A strong base will produce more hydroxide
ions than a weak one.
Measuring PH
O PH is measure a scale of 0 – 14 with 0
being the most acidic and 14 being the most
basic.
O Seven is neutral.
O Acid rain – normal rain equals 5.5, acid rain
is as low as 3.
O Acid base reaction- neutralization- a reaction
between an acid and a base who’s product
is a salt.
Digestion pH
O Digestion- The process in which complex food
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O
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molecules are broken down into smaller
molecules.
Two types of digestion
Mechanical digestion- tears, grinds, and
mashes large food particles into smaller ones.
Chemical digestion- breaks large molecules into
smaller molecules.
mouth= 7
Stomach= 2
Small intestine= 8