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Transcript
Working with solutions Solutions and suspensions Suspension-a mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration Solution- a well mixed mixture Solvents and solutes O Solvent- a part of a solution present in the largest amount. O Solute- a substance that is present in a solution in a smaller amount and dissolved by the solvent. O Water as a solvent- water is called the universal solvent. O Water is not the only solvent. Particles in a solution O Whenever a solution forms, particles of the solute leave each other and become surrounded by particles of the solvent. O Ionic solids in water- positive and negative ions are attracted to polar water molecules. O Molecular solids in water- break up into individual neutral molecules and are surrounded by water. O Ionic compounds conducted electricity molecular compounds do not. Concentration O Measurement of how much solute is in a given amount of solvent. O Dilute solution- only a little solute is dissolved in the water. O Concentrated solution- more solute is dissolved in water. solubility O Solubility- a measure of how well a solute can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature. O Saturated solution- when you added so much solute that no more dissolves. O Unsaturated solution- you can continue to dissolve more solute. Changing solubility O Two factors that effect solubility are temperature and type of solvent. O Temperature- heating the solvent allows more solute to be dissolved. O Solvents- polar compounds dissolve in polar solvent, non-polar compounds do not dissolve in polar solvents. Effects of solutes on solutions O Solutes lower the freezing points of a solvent. O Solutes raise the boiling point of a solvent. Describing acids and bases O Properties of acids O Sour taste O Reacts with metals and carbonates O Turns blue litmus red (indicator) O Corrosive- eat away metals Properties of bases O Bitter taste O Slippery feel O Turns red litmus blue (indicator) O Do not react with metals Acids and bases in solution O Acids and solution O Hydrogen ion (H+)- an atom of hydrogen that lost its electron. O An acid is any substance that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in water. Bases in solution O Hydroxide ion- polyatomic oxygen and hydrogen ion. (OH-) O A base is any substance that forms hydroxide ions in water. O A strong acid will produce more hydrogen ions than a weak one. O A strong base will produce more hydroxide ions than a weak one. Measuring PH O PH is measure a scale of 0 – 14 with 0 being the most acidic and 14 being the most basic. O Seven is neutral. O Acid rain – normal rain equals 5.5, acid rain is as low as 3. O Acid base reaction- neutralization- a reaction between an acid and a base who’s product is a salt. Digestion pH O Digestion- The process in which complex food O O O O O O molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. Two types of digestion Mechanical digestion- tears, grinds, and mashes large food particles into smaller ones. Chemical digestion- breaks large molecules into smaller molecules. mouth= 7 Stomach= 2 Small intestine= 8