Download Chapter 13 - Ms. Mac`s Class

Contributed by
Suzanne Nichols and Lisa Arrell
Chapter 13
Europeans were looking for new sea
routes to the Asia as overland trade
became more difficult
Europeans willing to risk
exploration because:
• They wanted to halt the expansion of Islam
• Spread Christianity
• Find the Northwest passage
• Find a shorter trade route to the east
• Later, discover land & wealth
* Europeans had acquired much technology from the
Arabs
European Exploration
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Individuals were motivated by:
Gold
Glory
Religious Freedom
Find a better a life
“God, Glory, and Gold”
Looking Back (Chapter 12)
Protestant Reformation led to a
Economic Revolution
• The Age of Exploration expanded their
economy
• Search for wealth led to Free Enterprise
(Modern Capitalism)
• Nations replaced the city & village as
Europe’s basic economic unit.
Looking Back (Chapter 12)
Protestant Reformation led to a
Economic Revolution
• New business institutions such as jointstock companies & banks opened
opportunities for investment
• The roots of modern business methods
can by traced to this Age
New Technology Learned from Arabs
• How to make better maps and charts
• Astrolabe ( showed latitude)
16th Century Astrolabe
• Sails that could go into the wind (Triangular Lateen
sails)
• Compass (Chinese invention, but Europeans
gained knowledge through the Arabs)
This map, made
by Arab
geographer alIdrisi, was one of
the most accurate
world maps prior
to the age of
European
exploration
Portugal Lead the Way
• Portugal took the lead in European
Exploration
• Prince Henry (the Navigator) sponsored
Portuguese fleets and had a school for
sailors and cartographers
• Portugal was interested in finding routes
around Africa to get to India
Portugal Lead the Way
• Dias- 1488 rounded the tip
of Africa
• Da Gama – 1498 made it to
Calcutta in India and
returned with spices, the
route became well traveled
• De Albuquerque set up a
port at Goa and then sailed
to Melaka on the Malay
Peninsula
Portugal continued:
• Portugal also made
expeditions to China & the
Moluccas (Spice Islands) to
export cloves
• However, Portugal did not
have the power or people to
colonize Asian regions
• Later they were pushed out by
more powerful European
nations
Spain
• The newly united nation Spain’s
rulers Queen Isabella &
Ferdinand financed Columbus’s
(Cristóbal Colón) famous trip
across the Atlantic
• In 1492 he reached the
coastline of Cuba, thinking it
was an island off the coast of
India.
• Hence, Native Americans were
miscalled Indians
• Spain sponsored Columbus on
4 journeys
Voyage One
Three ships, the Santa
Maria, Nina, and Pinta.
Voyage Two
The main objective of Columbus' journey had
been gold. To further this goal, he imposed a
system on the natives in, whereby all those
above fourteen years of age had to find a
certain quota of gold, to be signified by a token
placed around their necks. Those who failed to
reach their quota would have their hands
chopped off
Voyage Three
Voyage Four
Spain
• Later, Spain and
other countries
realized Columbus
had discovered a
new Frontier
Europeans called these lands the New World, but
in fact they had had flourishing civilizations for
centuries before
Europeans arrived
The Columbian Exchange
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The Americas
Corn
Potatoes
Beans
Chocolate
GRAPH
Coffee
Tobacco
Dramatic decrease in population
Syphilis
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Europe & Africa
Horses
Pigs
Goats
Chickens
Donkeys
Wheat
Grapes
Bananas
Coconut
Sugar Cane
Disease (Smallpox, measles,
Influenza
Slave Trade
Dramatic Increase in population
Spanish Empire
• Spain created a system of colonial
administration (Native Americans were
considered Spanish subjects)
• Catholic missionaries converted & baptized
thousands of native peoples. European
religion, culture, language, and govt. replaced
the Native American social & political
structures.
• The Spanish were supposed to protect Native
Americans, but it rarely happened.
• European diseases ravaged native
populations. (Hispaniola had 250,000 when
Columbus arrived & by 1538 only 500
survived)
Economic Impact & Competition
• Europeans sought silver & gold
when they went to the Americas
• Colonists set up plantations (sugar,
cotton, vanilla, & livestock)
• Mediterranean trade became less
important and Europeans sought
Asian markets via the sea. (spice
trade)
• Several rivals entered the trading
scene and competed like rival
siblings. (France, England, the
Dutch)
Treaty of
Tordesillas
(1494)
SPAIN
PORTUGAL
• The Pope made the Line of Demarcation to stop conflicts
between Spain & Portugal.
• The 2 countries agreed on the imaginary line. All the land to
the west of the land was to be given to Spain and the land
east of the line was to be controlled by Portugal.
• Later, the line was moved further to the west because
Portugal felt they had been cheated.
Economic Impact continued
• Countries sponsored exploration ventures for a
percentage of the profits.
• Later, countries allowed Stock Companies to
trade as virtual monopolies. (ex. Dutch East
India Company)
• European nations in the 1500’s & 1600’s
established many colonies in the Americas & the
east.
Economic Impact continued
• Colonies & trading posts greatly increased
international trade
• Mercantilism was a set of principles that
dominated 17th century economic thought. A
nation’s prosperity depended on a large supply
of bullion (gold & silver) because it gave a
country a favorable balance of trade.
• Governments stimulated export industries &
trade by granting subsidies to new industries,
improving transportation systems, & placing
high tariffs (taxes) on foreign goods to keep
them out of the parent country.
• Colonies were an important source of raw
materials for the parent country & markets for
their finished goods.
Slave Trade
• In the 15th century the primary market for slaves was S.W.
Asia where they were used as domestic servants. However,
the demand for slaves rose dramatically with sugar cane
plantations. (growing cane is labor intensive and the small
native population could not hold up under the strain)
• A Spanish ship carried the 1st African slaves to the Americas
in 1518. The trade grew tremendously in the next 2
centuries
Slave Trade continued
• Triangular trade – connected Europe/Africa/America
(European merchants carried goods to Africa, where
they traded for slaves. Then the slaves were shipped
to & sold in the Americas. European merchants then
bought tobacco, molasses, sugar, & cotton for sale in
Europe
• Up to ten million slaves in all were shipped from Africa
to the Americas beginning in the 15th century and not
ended until the 18th century.
• Many slaves died on the
“Middle Passage”
From Europe
to the Africa
From Africa to the
Americas
Slave Trade continued
• The slave trade depopulated & deprived many African
communities of their youngest & strongest men &
women.
• For example, Benin was effected so dramatically that
their people lost faith in their gods, and it became brutal
& corrupt. It took years to overcome what slavery had
destroyed.
Political and Social Structures influenced in
Africa
• Europeans, in general did not start permanent
colonies in Africa.
• The exceptions were South Africa & Mozambique
• Europeans did cause some political changes in
Africa, Like the Moroccan Dynasty (1591) that
controlled the Saharan gold & Salt Trade.